O GOVERNO DE JOÃO GOULART E O GOLPE MILITAR DE 1964

Summary

The video script delves into the historical account of João Goulart, the last president of Brazil before the 1964 military coup. It outlines his political career, the challenges he faced including the shift from a presidential to a parliamentary system, and his progressive yet controversial 'Plano Trienal'. The script highlights his key reforms, particularly the agrarian reform and the nationalization of the petroleum sector, which stirred opposition from conservative sectors, the military, and the church. The narrative culminates with the coup that led to Goulart's exile and his mysterious death, setting the stage for discussions on the subsequent military governments in Brazil.

Takeaways

• 😀 João Goulart was the last president of Brazil before the 1964 coup that established the military dictatorship.
• 🏛️ Goulart had a significant political career before his presidency, including being a state and federal deputy, and a minister during Getúlio Vargas' government.
• 📜 He became president after Jânio Quadros' resignation, but his initial assumption to power was blocked by the military, leading to a constitutional amendment to a parliamentary system.
• 🌍 Goulart's presidency was marked by his progressive and nationalist policies, including efforts to strengthen the Brazilian industry and reduce imports.
• 📊 The 'Plano Trienal' was an economic plan aimed at reviving Brazil's economy and controlling inflation, but it was largely unsuccessful and faced opposition.
• 🗳️ In 1962, a plebiscite was held to decide on the political system, resulting in a majority vote to revert to a presidential system, restoring Goulart's full presidential powers.
• 🏛️ Goulart's 'Reformas de Base' included wide-ranging changes in education, taxation, banking, and land reform, aiming to address social inequalities and stimulate the economy.
• 🌾 The land reform was particularly controversial, proposing the expropriation of unproductive lands to be redistributed to the needy, which faced strong opposition from the elite agricultural class.
• 📜 Goulart's announcement of nationalization of private oil refineries and further land expropriation in a public speech significantly escalated tensions leading to the coup.
• ⛓️ The coup against Goulart was supported by conservative sectors, the military, the Catholic Church, and was influenced by anti-communist sentiments and propaganda.
• 🕊️ Goulart went into exile after the coup, and there are theories suggesting his death in Argentina in 1976 might have been an assassination, possibly ordered by the Brazilian military dictatorship.

Q & A

Who was João Goulart and what was his political significance in Brazil?

João Goulart was the President of Brazil from 1961 to 1964. He was the last president before the 1964 coup that established the military dictatorship in Brazil. Prior to his presidency, he had an important political career, including being a state and federal deputy, and he was also the Minister of Labor during Getúlio Vargas' populist government.

What was the political situation in Brazil that led to João Goulart's presidency?

João Goulart became president following the resignation of Jânio Quadros. However, due to the military's refusal to accept Goulart, a temporary parliamentary system was implemented, reducing his powers until a plebiscite in 1962 restored the presidential system and his full powers.

What was the 'Plano Trienal' and what were its goals?

The 'Plano Trienal' was an economic plan launched by João Goulart's government with the economist Celso Furtado as Minister of Planning. Its main objective was to revive Brazil's economy by controlling inflation and promoting national industry through reduced imports and increased state investment.

Why did the 'Plano Trienal' fail according to the script?

The 'Plano Trienal' failed because it required an increase in taxation to invest in national industries, which was unpopular among various sectors of the population. Additionally, inflation continued to rise, and the government had to negotiate with the IMF and the World Bank for more loans, indicating a worsening economic situation.

What were the 'Reformas de Base' and why were they significant?

The 'Reformas de Base' were a series of reforms proposed by João Goulart to stimulate the Brazilian economy and combat social inequalities. They included educational, tax, political, banking, and agrarian reforms, aiming to democratize education, provide credit access to small producers, and implement a more progressive tax system.

What was the controversy surrounding the agrarian reform proposed by João Goulart?

The agrarian reform proposed by João Goulart aimed to expropriate unproductive or non-socially functional lands and redistribute them to the needy. However, it faced opposition from the elite agricultural class, who were against the expropriation of their lands, and from the military, who saw it as a threat to the social order.

What was the 'Mudança do Sistema Político' and how did it affect João Goulart's presidency?

The 'Mudança do Sistema Político' was a shift from the presidential system to a parliamentary system in Brazil, which occurred temporarily during João Goulart's presidency. This reduced his powers until a plebiscite in 1962 voted to restore the presidential system, granting him full powers again.

What were the factors that led to the military coup against João Goulart in 1964?

The military coup against João Goulart was influenced by several factors, including his progressive reforms, which were seen as communist by conservative sectors, the opposition from the elite agricultural class, the military's distrust of his political affiliations, and international pressure, particularly from the United States.

How did the Catholic Church and conservative sectors view the reforms proposed by João Goulart?

The Catholic Church and conservative sectors viewed the reforms proposed by João Goulart as communist threats to traditional values, property rights, and social order. They propagated the idea that Brazil would become communist under Goulart's rule, leading to widespread opposition and contributing to the climate that led to the 1964 coup.

What was the 'Marcha da Família com Deus pela Liberdade' and its purpose?

The 'Marcha da Família com Deus pela Liberdade' was a march organized by conservative sectors in São Paulo on March 20, 1964. It was led by the Catholic Church and aimed at opposing João Goulart's government, expressing fears that Brazil would become communist and advocating for the protection of private property and traditional values.

What was the outcome of the 1964 coup and João Goulart's fate after it?

The 1964 coup resulted in the establishment of a military dictatorship in Brazil, which lasted for two decades. João Goulart went into exile, first to Uruguay and then to Argentina. He continued to participate in opposition movements against the military dictatorship until his death in 1976, which some believe may have been an assassination ordered by the Brazilian military government at the time.