Genetic engineering | Genetics | Biology | FuseSchool
Summary
TLDRThis video script delves into the world of genetic engineering, showcasing its applications in producing human insulin. It explains how microorganisms, such as E. coli and yeast strains, are genetically modified to manufacture insulin, a crucial protein for diabetics. The script outlines the process of genetic engineering, from extracting genes with restriction enzymes to inserting them into plasmids, creating transgenic organisms. It highlights how these bacteria, now containing recombinant DNA, reproduce asexually in fermenters, producing large quantities of human insulin. The result is a revolution in insulin therapy, moving from animal-derived insulin to a more efficient and humane method.
Takeaways
- π In the past, diabetics had to rely on injections of cow or pig insulin, which was not ideal.
- π± Today's insulin for diabetics is human insulin, produced by microorganisms like E. coli bacteria and certain yeast strains.
- 𧬠Genetic engineering is the manipulation of an organism's DNA to change its genetic makeup.
- π¬ A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein, and genetic engineering involves transferring a gene from a donor to a recipient organism.
- π The recipient organism, after genetic modification, is called a transgenic or genetically modified organism (GMO).
- π Genetic engineering serves two main purposes: producing large volumes of specific proteins and giving organisms new advantageous traits.
- π An example of genetic engineering is introducing a gene from one organism to another, like making a plant insect-resistant by incorporating a bacterium's toxic gene.
- 𧬠The process of genetic engineering involves using restriction enzymes to cut and join DNA from different sources.
- π¬ Plasmids, small circular DNA strands in bacteria, are used as vectors to insert foreign genes into bacterial cells.
- π οΈ The modified plasmid with the desired gene is reinserted into the bacterium, creating a genetically modified organism with recombinant DNA.
- π Bacteria reproduce asexually in a controlled environment, ensuring all offspring are clones with the recombinant DNA, allowing for mass production of the desired protein.
- π The genetically engineered bacteria are used as 'mini factories' to produce human insulin, which is then extracted, purified, and made available for medical use.
Q & A
What was the initial method of obtaining insulin for diabetics?
-Initially, diabetics had to inject insulin derived from cows or pigs into their bodies.
How is insulin produced today for diabetics?
-Today, insulin is produced by microorganisms such as the E. coli bacterium and certain strains of yeast through genetic engineering.
What is genetic engineering?
-Genetic engineering is the manipulation or changing of the DNA of an organism, which involves removing a gene from one organism (the donor) and transferring it to another (the recipient).
What are the two basic purposes of genetic engineering mentioned in the script?
-The two basic purposes are to produce large volumes of a particular protein, such as insulin, growth hormone, or vaccines, and to give an organism an advantage it does not naturally have, such as making a plant toxic to certain insects.
What is a transgenic organism?
-A transgenic organism, also known as a genetically modified organism, is one that has had a gene from a different organism introduced into it.
How is the insulin gene located in the human body?
-The insulin gene is found on chromosome 11 at position 15.5.
What are restriction enzymes and what is their role in genetic engineering?
-Restriction enzymes are special enzymes used to cut DNA at specific sequences. They are used to cut the insulin gene from the human chromosome and to cut open a plasmid to insert the gene.
What is a plasmid and how is it used in genetic engineering?
-A plasmid is a small, circular strand of DNA found in bacteria. It is extracted from the bacterium, cut open with restriction enzymes, and used to join the insulin gene, forming recombinant DNA.
What is the role of ligase in the genetic engineering process?
-Ligase is an enzyme used to complete the joining of the insulin gene to the plasmid by sealing the DNA strands together.
How are the genetically modified bacteria used to produce human insulin?
-The modified bacteria, which contain recombinant DNA, are placed in a fermenter that allows for rapid asexual reproduction. The bacteria express the human insulin gene, producing human insulin that can be extracted and used by diabetics.
What is the significance of the fermenter in the production of human insulin?
-The fermenter provides an environment for the genetically modified bacteria to reproduce asexually, ensuring that all offspring are clones of the original transgenic bacterium with the ability to produce human insulin.
Outlines
π Evolution of Insulin Production
This paragraph discusses the historical shift from using animal-derived insulin to the current method of producing human insulin through genetic engineering. It explains how microorganisms, such as E. coli and yeast strains, are utilized to create human insulin by altering their genetic makeup. The paragraph introduces the concept of genetic engineering as the manipulation of an organism's DNA to produce desired proteins, such as insulin, growth hormones, or vaccines, and highlights the two main purposes of this technology: large-scale protein production and the creation of organisms with advantageous traits, like insect-resistant crops.
𧬠The Basics of Genetic Engineering
This section delves into the fundamental principles of genetic engineering, describing it as the process of altering an organism's DNA by removing a gene from a donor and transferring it to a recipient, resulting in a genetically modified or transgenic organism. It explains the role of genes in coding for proteins necessary for an organism's survival and how genetic engineering can be used to confer new advantages to organisms, such as resistance to pests in the case of genetically modified crops. The paragraph also outlines the initial steps in the genetic engineering process, focusing on the extraction and insertion of the human insulin gene into a bacterium.
π¬ The Process of Insulin Gene Transfer
This paragraph provides a detailed account of how the human insulin gene is transferred into a bacterium to enable the production of human insulin. It describes the use of restriction enzymes to cut the insulin gene from human chromosome 11 and a plasmid from the bacterium. The process of joining the insulin gene to the plasmid using complementary base pairing and the enzyme ligase is explained. The modified plasmid is then reintroduced into the bacterium, creating a genetically modified organism with recombinant DNA. The paragraph concludes with the description of how these bacteria are cultured in a fermenter to reproduce asexually, ensuring all offspring contain the human insulin gene, leading to the production of human insulin on a large scale.
Mindmap
Keywords
π‘Diabetics
π‘Insulin
π‘Genetic Engineering
π‘Microorganisms
π‘Transgenic Organism
π‘Restriction Enzymes
π‘Plasmids
π‘Ligase
π‘Recombinant DNA
π‘Fermenter
π‘Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
Highlights
Historically, diabetics had to inject animal insulin, which was not ideal.
Today, human insulin is produced through genetic engineering using microorganisms like E. coli and yeast.
Genetic engineering is the manipulation of an organism's DNA to change its genetic makeup.
Genes code for proteins essential for an organism's survival.
Genetic engineering involves transferring a gene from a donor to a recipient organism.
Transgenic or genetically modified organisms are created as a result of genetic engineering.
Two main purposes of genetic engineering are large-scale protein production and organism enhancement.
Transgenic microorganisms are used to produce large volumes of proteins like insulin, growth hormone, or vaccines.
Genetic modification can give organisms advantages they do not naturally possess, such as insect resistance in plants.
The process of transferring genetic characteristics involves cutting and joining DNA from different sources.
Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sequences.
Plasmids, small circular DNA strands in bacteria, are used as vectors for gene insertion.
Ligase enzymes join the inserted gene to the plasmid, creating recombinant DNA.
The modified bacterium with recombinant DNA is a genetically modified organism.
Bacteria reproduce asexually in fermenters, ensuring all offspring have the same recombinant DNA.
The genetically modified bacteria act as mini factories, producing human insulin.
The insulin produced by these bacteria is extracted, purified, and packaged for human use.
Genetic engineering has made it possible for humans to inject themselves with human insulin.
Transcripts
[Music]
many years ago diabetics who needed
insulin to survive had to inject cow or
pig insulin into their bodies this was
not ideal for many reasons
today the insulin that diabetics inject
is human insulin and it is produced by
micro organisms such as the e coli
bacterium and certain strains of yeast
but how do these micro organisms produce
human insulin genetic engineering
scientists are able to turn certain
microorganisms into mini factories that
make useful substances that improve our
health the environment and the economy
but what is genetic engineering an
organism's DNA makes up its genes which
code for all the proteins the organism
needs to survive each gene codes for a
different protein or part of a protein
genetic engineering is the manipulation
or changing of the DNA of an organism
genetic engineering involves removing a
gene from one organism which is called
the donor and transferring it to another
organism which is referred to as the
recipient the recipient is called a
transgenic organism or a genetically
modified organism there are two basic
purposes of genetic engineering
sometimes we require large volumes of a
particular protein to be made scientists
use transgenic micro organisms to
produce large volumes of this protein
for example insulin growth hormone or
vaccines
an organism bee can have a gene from a
different organism a introduced to give
it be some advantage that a has
naturally organisms like bee are called
genetically modified or transgenic
organisms for example a gene that
manufactures a toxic chemical in a
bacterium can be introduced into a maize
plant to make the plant toxic to certain
insects that would eat it such as
caterpillars let's now look at the
process of genetic engineering how do
you transfer a genetic characteristic
from one organism to another although
it's a very complex process it can be
summarized rather simply we'll use the
example of how the insulin gene is
inserted into a bacterium in order to
manufacture large amounts of human
insulin the gene that codes for human
insulin is found on chromosome 11 at
position 15 point 5 the insulin gene is
cut from chromosome 11
using special enzymes called restriction
enzymes bacteria possesses small
circular strands of DNA floating in
their cytoplasm these strands of DNA are
called plasmids a plasmid is extracted
from the bacterium cell the plasmid is
cut open using the same restriction
enzymes that were used to cut the
insulin gene from the human chromosome
the restriction enzymes leave sticky
ends where one of the two DNA strands is
slightly longer than the other because
the same restriction enzyme was used to
cut both the human DNA and the bacterial
plasmid the sticky ends are
complementary and will allow for joining
using complementary base pairing the
insulin gene is joined to the plasmid by
the sticky ends an enzyme called ligase
is used to complete the joining of the
two pieces of DNA the modified plasmid
is then reinserted into the bacterial
cell the modified bacterium is a
genetically modified or transgenic
organism because it contains some human
DNA along with its own bacterial DNA its
bacterial DNA is called recombinant DNA
bacterial DNA Rican
lined with human DNA the bacterial cell
is placed in a fermenter which allows
for rapid asexual reproduction in ideal
conditions with the optimal temperature
pH and lots of food because the bacteria
reproduce asexually the offspring are
all clones of the original transgenic
bacterium they all have identical
recombinant DNA the bacteria expressed
their own genes in order to survive in
other words they make their normal
bacterial proteins but they also Express
the human insulin gene and make human
insulin the fermenter has become a
culture of mini factories all producing
human insulin the insulin is then
extracted purified and packaged humans
can now inject themselves with human
insulin and that is how genetic
engineering works if you liked the video
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