乾電池1本から100Vを作る
Summary
TLDRThe video demonstrates boosting the voltage of a single 1.5V AA battery to over 100V using a cascade connection of homemade boost converter circuits. It explains the operating principles of boost converters, shows the process of assembling the boards and components, and tests the high voltage output. Despite voltage dropping under load, it succeeds in producing 156V from the battery. The presenter reflects on design improvements for stability, but is pleased to prove the bootstrap concept for now.
Takeaways
- 😀 Uses a boost converter circuit to increase 1.5V AA battery voltage to 100V
- 🔋 Connects multiple boost converter modules in series to further increase voltage
- ⚡ Shorting the high voltage with a graphite pencil lead creates sparks
- 🔬 Explains the principle of boost converter operation and energy transfer
- 🤔 Boosting to 100V from 1 AA battery alone causes issues like voltage drop
- 📈 Adding more batteries in parallel can help increase boosted voltage
- 🛠 Creates custom PCB and hand assembles the circuit components
- 📺 Overview of DigiKey's new YouTube series on vector analysis
- 💡 Suggests applications like corporate PR, factory tours, recruitment
- 🤝 Offers various video production services to potential clients
Q & A
What circuit does the video use to boost the voltage from a 1.5V battery?
-The video uses a boost converter circuit consisting of an inductor, switch, diode, and capacitor to boost the voltage from the 1.5V battery.
How does the boost converter work to increase the voltage?
-It works by storing energy in the inductor when the switch is closed and then transferring that energy to the capacitor when the switch is opened, thereby increasing the voltage across the capacitor.
Why was it difficult to directly boost the voltage to 100V from one 1.5V battery?
-The high current required to boost to 100V would cause too much voltage drop across the internal resistance of a single 1.5V battery, reducing efficiency. Also the inductor may overheat.
How did the video creator finally achieve a 100V output?
-By using a Murata module to boost the 1.5V battery voltage to 5V to supply the MOSFET control circuit, and then connecting multiple boost converter modules in series to incrementally step up the voltage.
What were some reasons the output voltage dropped significantly under load?
-Lack of voltage feedback control, change in converter operating mode affecting boost ratio, and battery internal resistance voltage drop under the high load current.
How could the output voltage under load be improved?
-Using more batteries in parallel to supply more current, adding more converter modules in series, and implementing voltage feedback control.
What safety precautions were taken with the high voltage circuit?
-An ON/OFF switch, insulating gloves when handling it, checking for sparks across the output terminals.
What was the purpose of showing the high voltage short circuit spark?
-To demonstrate the higher power capability compared to a normal 1.5V battery when drawing significant load current.
What was the sponsor DigiKey promoting?
-DigiKey was promoting their Japanese YouTube channel and a new video series explaining vector analysis.
What products were advertised at the end of the video?
-Breadboard PCBs and pre-wired LED products made by the video creator Ichiken were advertised.
Outlines
😊 Introduction to Boosting Voltage with a Simple Circuit
The video introduces making a 100V battery from a single 1.5V battery using boost converter circuits. It explains the basic working principle of boost converters to transfer energy from an inductor to a capacitor to step up voltage. A proof-of-concept circuit is built and tested to verify the voltage boosting capability.
👨🔬 Assembling a Boost Converter Prototype
A prototype boost converter PCB is assembled by applying solder paste through a stencil and placing surface mount components. It is reflow soldered and through-hole components are added. Control circuitry is powered from the 1.5V battery using a Murata voltage boost module to drive the MOSFET switch.
⚡ Initial Testing and Limitations
The circuit is tested to successfully boost 1.5V to 150V. However, voltage drops significantly under load due to lack of feedback control, discontinuous operation mode changes, and battery internal resistance. This shows the challenge of creating a practical 100V battery with just a single AA cell.
🌟 Conclusion and Future Work
The concept is proven to work but needs improvements for robust real-world operation. Suggestions include adding more AA cells in parallel for lower internal resistance, increasing vertical cascade stages towards 3kV, and implementing closed-loop feedback voltage control.
Mindmap
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Keywords
💡Dry cell battery
💡Boost converter
💡Voltage multiplier
💡Inductor
💡Capacitor
💡MOSFET
💡Feedback control
💡Current mode
💡Internal resistance
💡Parallel connection
Highlights
We're going to make a 100V dry cell battery using power electronics technology and just one 1.5V battery.
We will use a boost converter circuit configuration which is very simple - just an inductor, switch, diode and capacitor.
The key is transferring energy from the inductor to the capacitor by turning the switch on and off repeatedly.
A challenge is driving the MOSFET switch with only 1.5V, but a Murata module boosts the voltage to 5V to control the switch.
Connecting multiple boost converter modules vertically in cascade multiplies the voltage greatly.
With 3 stages of 5x boosts, the 1.5V battery voltage is multiplied by 125x to 187V!
The finished battery-shaped unit with an on/off switch produces 150V from a single AA battery!
Short circuiting the 150V battery creates loud sparking, showing the power versus a normal 1.5V cell.
When a load is connected, the voltage drops significantly to around 50V due to no feedback control.
The 1A load current also causes the AA battery voltage to drop, reducing boost converter effectiveness.
In parallel AA batteries or more cascade stages could further increase the voltage towards 3kV.
The boost circuit works, but feedback and load management are needed to stabilize high voltages.
DigiKey has a Japanese YouTube channel with new technical video series and free Python code.
Contact Ichiken channel for help with corporate videos, PR, recruitment, factory tours, and more.
Ichiken sells custom breadboards, prewired boards, LED products and other electronics.
Transcripts
This video is brought to you courtesy of DigiKey
Good afternoon.
Today we're going to take advantage of power electronics technology.
We're going to make a 100V dry cell battery.
This is a dry cell power supply that can produce 100V here
We use only one 1.5V dry cell battery here.
Actually from this one small battery
How much voltage can you get out of it?
I'm sure many of you are wondering.
So that's what we're going to try.
First of all, we try to figure out what kind of circuit configuration we want to use.
If you search for DC high voltage or something like that, you'll find a lot of stuff.
The first one is the Cockcroft-Walton circuit.
This is a very famous circuit
It is often used to make DC high voltage
But if you look closely, you can see that an AC power supply is required.
This is a circuit that converts AC voltage to DC voltage
But this time, we use DC dry cell batteries.
So, with this circuit, it seems to be a little difficult to boost the voltage.
Converting AC voltage to AC voltage
The circuit that converts AC voltage to DC voltage is
There are various
Further boosting the DC voltage
The circuit that converts a DC voltage to a DC voltage is
It looks quite difficult.
For example, a flyback converter like this
There are some circuits like this
It's a little bit difficult to make this transformer part.
So this time, number 1 straight forward
And I'd like to proceed in a simple way
We're going to use a boost converter here.
Very simple circuit configuration
Boost converter is an inductor switch
This time we use a power MOSFET
And it can be composed of a diode and a capacitor
It's a very simple circuit
I'll explain the principle of operation in a moment.
For clarity, the MOSFET here is
Rewrite it as a switch
What's the most important thing about this circuit?
The energy that's accumulated in the inductor here.
If you accumulate it in the capacitor
From inductor to capacitor
It's about transferring energy
Let's close this switch first.
Then here's what happens
Current flows through this inductance and battery loop
The energy stored in the inductor at this time is
1/2 LI².
This L is the inductance
And I is the current through the inductor
And next when the current is flowing in the inductor
This switch is opened
Then there will be no current flow to this switch, so
So current flows through this switch.
And that current is
It flows into this capacitor here
If there is a load
Of course it will flow like this with load
Let's turn off the load for a moment this time, because it's in the way
The energy stored in the inductor
It is transferred to the capacitor
At this point, the energy in the capacitor is 1/2 CV².
C is the capacitance of the capacitor
By the way, the voltage of an ultracapacitor is
The integral of the current through the capacitor
This current charges the capacitor
The switch was turned off
Turned on again
When current flows through the inductor
And if you turn this switch off
Now we're going to put the current through the capacitor again.
Repeat this operation to increase the voltage
The current flowing in the inductor boosts the capacitor to
Let's estimate how much the capacitor can be charged
For example, this circuit
1mH inductor and 100µF capacitor.
1A flows through this inductor
Then the energy stored in the inductor is
1/2・LI²
Calculation yields 0.5 mJ
The energy of this inductor is
Assume 100% of the energy is used to charge the capacitor
Capacitor energy is 1/2 CV².
Actual calculation shows that the voltage of the capacitor is 3.16V
As explained earlier
By turning the switch here on and off
The energy stored in the inductor
The energy is transferred to the capacitor
By the way, when the voltage is low, it means
The voltage of the capacitor can easily go up.
When the voltage of an ultracapacitor is high, it means
The voltage increase becomes a little more difficult
because the energy of the capacitor is
because it is proportional to the square of the voltage
For example, let's say the initial voltage of a capacitor is 100V
If the same energy is stored in a 100V capacitor as before
The voltage of the capacitor only rises to 100.05V
So the voltage is increased like this
By the way, you can watch the following video about boost converters.
I made it before.
If you watch that video as well
You'll learn more about boost converters, and you'll be able to see how to use them.
Please take a look.
There is a link in the summary section
We are going to make a boost converter
Whether the boost converter actually works
We'll go ahead and verify the principle first.
This is Ichiken's original PCB and
Combination of inductors, capacitors, power semiconductors, etc.
Making a boost converter
Electrolytic capacitor
Inductors
And power semiconductors.
This is a diode
This is a capacitor in the output section
Step-up converter for verification of principle is completed
We will run this one.
The front side looks like this
The reverse side looks like this
By the way, here is a breadboard type printed circuit board
Sold on Amazon
If you would like to use it
Please purchase from the link in the summary column.
Then we'll do a proof-of-principle test.
Here's how it's set up
There's a voltmeter.
The top is the input voltage
The bottom is the output voltage of the boost converter
Now let's add the voltage
First, we set the input voltage to 5V
This time, the voltage is set to be boosted by a factor of 2.
Since the output voltage is 9.5V
Roughly doubled
Let's increase the voltage further
Now
10V
That gives 19.7V
Looks about right
Here we increase the voltage further
It's on fire
Thus the boost converter is
It was found to be working without any problems
There's just one problem
What it is is the voltage to run the MOSFETs.
This is a MOSFET
To run a MOSFET
Between this GATE-SOURCE
You will need at least about 5V
But this time we can use it as a power supply.
Only one of these batteries can be used as a power source.
The voltage of the battery is 1.5V
between gate and source here
Not quite the minimum required voltage of 5V
So without these power supplies
So driving MOSFETs without these power supplies?
I'm thinking, "This is going to be difficult.
I'm in a bit of a pickle.
I was looking for parts on DigiKey.
What an amazing part I found!
This is a product of Murata Manufacturing Co.
This is a module that boosts the voltage of 1.5V of a dry cell battery to about 5V.
This time, I will use this for the control circuit of MOSFET.
This is the circuit we are going to make.
With the Murata power supply module that we just used
Boosts the battery's 1.5V voltage to 5V
This voltage is used to control the MOSFET
This is used for the control circuit part.
Now we use the MOSFET as a switch
It can now be turned on and off
Then you can use a boost converter to turn the voltage of this battery on and off
We can now boost the voltage.
Now we will actually build the circuit
As usual, the printed circuit board is made from scratch.
And the components that we use there are
purchased from our sponsor DigiKey.
This time, I used surface mount components for weak electric circuits.
And for the power circuit part
We use a lot of through-hole components
Assembled as soon as possible
There's a printed circuit board, and then we're going to put a stencil on top of it.
There is this stencil hole
We put solder paste on top of the stencil
And then you can use a credit card or something like that.
And then you rub it here.
Solder paste in the stencil holes.
It is an image of pushing it into the stencil
It's done.
This is the difference between before and after applying solder paste
Below is before applying solder paste
Above is after applying solder paste
The area where solder paste is applied
Surface mount components are placed
Now that all the components have been placed
Next, we will bake them on this reflow plate.
We're going to put it on this one.
Put the board on top of this
Now we will burn it.
Now it is heated
So the temperature is going up and up and up.
I'm going to leave it like this for a while.
The solder seems to have melted.
Let's take it out.
I was able to solder quite nicely
First, let's see if it works with just the control circuit.
Put a single AA battery in
Voltage is 1.5V
Now let's look at the control circuit voltage
Now there is no battery connected to the control circuit
When this jumper is connected
Power is supplied to the control circuit and
5V voltage is supplied
Next, let's look at the voltage between the gate and source of the MOSFET
Here we have NE555
Pulse wave is emitted from there to drive MOSFETs
When you turn on the power
Now it looks like this
The amplitude of the pulse wave here is 4.5V
To drive a MOSFET
I found that I needed about 5V
4.5V is enough to drive the device.
There is no problem with the voltage level.
This control part sets the boost ratio of the boost converter
There is a trimmer resistor here, but
Adjust this part
Like this
In this state, the pressure increase is not that high
Conversely, in this state
The boost ratio becomes high
That duty ratio.
The longer the duration of ON
The higher the output voltage of the boost converter
Now that we know something is going to work
We're going to solder the power circuit components as well.
Electrolytic capacitors of 450V/100μF are used
Diode, 650V withstand voltage
N-channel MOSFET, also 650V
Inductor 100μH
The circuit is completed as shown here
Let's try an actual experiment
When you put a battery in
First of all, here is the input voltage. Here is the battery voltage.
1.5V
And right side output voltage
It is lower than the input voltage
This is because the control circuit is not powered yet
It's just the voltage drop across the diode
Drop from input voltage
Now turn on the control circuit
The voltage is boosted
It is working properly
The variable resistor here can be used to change the boost ratio.
Like this
Higher or lower voltage
Pretty good
You can increase the voltage like this
I know it works fine and looks good, but...
So, if I try to make 100V from here
There is only one problem
What is that?
Just one module here
If we try to boost the voltage from 1.5V to 100V
A very large current must flow through the inductor
And with only one dry cell battery
The current cannot be that high.
It is possible, but...
It's not like the voltage is 1.5 or something.
It drops considerably to 0.7V or something like that
This is because there is an internal resistance in the battery
And also because of the high current
Inductor here
Worst case scenario, it burns up
Other than that, power semiconductors are
must withstand high currents
So, with one module
Boosting voltage from 1.5V to 100V is
I guess I better rethink this.
I've been trying to think of different ways to boost the pressure.
I thought that this is the best way to do it.
I came to a conclusion
This boost circuit as a single module
If we connect the beads like this
I think it would be easy to create a high voltage
This kind of connection is called a vertical connection
Cascade connection.
For example, if you had a circuit that doubled the voltage in one module
where the voltage is doubled
Double here, too
And here also doubled
Connecting three of them gives a total multiplier of x8
So, for example, if you have a 1.5V input
This is calculated to be 12V.
Besides that, for example, here is 5 times
Here is also 5 times
And if we multiply the last step by 5
That's 5 to the power of 3, so we get 125 times the voltage.
Then it is 125 times 1.5V, so
That gives 187V
So to make a vertical connection
We will make several of these modules
Three modules are created and connected vertically
Boosting the voltage at the first stage
Boost the pressure in the second stage as well
And the third stage also boosts the pressure
We actually turn on the power supply
I think we're going to get a pretty high voltage, so
I'm going to put on insulated gloves as well.
Now we turn on the power.
There's a little beeping sound.
but it seems to be working fine.
I'm going to measure the voltage.
Here it comes!
156V
So the voltage of the dry cell here is 1.5V
100 times more than that.
The pressure has been boosted.
I made this kind of battery type case with a 3D printer
There are three modules inside.
If you put one AA battery for power supply here
Here's the positive pole metal
And the negative pole is
It is pasted here
There is an ON/OFF switch on the back side of the unit
Close the lid
It's something like this, pretty much like a battery.
This is quite interesting.
This is a huge 150V dry cell battery.
Just like a normal battery
If you always put out 150V
Very dangerous Dangerous Dangerous Itiken specification
So just to be safe
I put an ON/OFF switch here
But this one is also turned on
I don't have any LED indicators or anything on.
The switch ON/OFF is the only thing that determines whether the switch is ON or OFF.
It is a rather dangerous specification.
Let's measure the voltage of this giant dry cell battery again
The needle is inserted properly, but
Is it 144V?
The voltage is firm.
Let's do a little experiment
Normal dry cell battery, low voltage
Even if both ends of this terminal are short-circuited
No sparks will be generated.
But what happens with these 150-volt dry cells?
I'll try an experiment.
Here is a mechanical pencil lead
I'll try to short-circuit it.
It crackles pretty solidly
As expected from the high voltage
Voltage comes down a little bit
This is just one dry cell.
It's not as powerful as it should be.
I think the voltage drops a lot when you take a load.
I think it will drop to about 50V.
That's quite a jump, now.
Can you hear it crackling a lot?
Once it shorts out and discharges
Until the voltage rises like this
Since it seems to take quite a long time
Sparks don't fly easily when discharged continuously
If you give it a little time
There's a big spark, but
If you leave it only for a short time
Sparks will be such that they will hardly fly
This is because it takes time to charge the voltage booster circuit inside
By the way, what happens when you take the load off
I'll try it with this resistance
If you look at the voltmeter display
It is below 50V
With no load, 150V was being produced, but
When the load is taken like this
The voltage drops as soon as it reaches 50V
When a load is connected to the step-up circuit
The voltage is now lower
There are many reasons for this
There's about three reasons this time.
The first one is
is that we don't have voltage feedback.
If the circuit converts the voltage in this way
Usually there is a voltage divider resistor that monitors the voltage
This is how the voltage is input to the control circuit
The calculated pulse width is then input to the MOSFET
And so the feedback works nicely
The output voltage of the load is always constant
but this time there is no feedback control
This signal is input by fixed input
So the voltage of the load goes down.
The second one...
The current flowing through the inductor here is
Very important in a step-up circuit
It's called current continuous mode, and
There is a mode called current discontinuous mode
The boost ratio changes depending on the mode of operation.
In this case, the operating mode is not calculated.
So the mode changes depending on the load current
It means that the voltage will not be increased as expected.
And here's reason number three.
These dry cell batteries here
Actually, the current is always about 1A in the dry cell
This current of 1A is
This is a very large load for an AA battery.
If you put this much current into a battery
1.5V will drop to about 1V
The voltage at the input drops, which means
The output voltage drops as well
For this reason, we have changed to this 100V dry cell battery.
When I connected a load, the voltage dropped
So I'm going to summarize
Dry cell here
Voltage can be output up to about 150V
But if we just take the load
I found that the voltage drops accordingly.
We are using only one AA battery in this case.
If you connect some of these AA batteries in parallel
There is a possibility to boost the voltage a little more.
We're going to need a more robust battery that we're using for the power supply.
And if you increase the number of vertical connections in the module
If you go up to about 3kV
This circuit configuration seems to work.
But what I found out by doing it this time is that
The fact that the voltage multiplier circuit itself is somehow working is a good thing.
It's easy, but
If you try to make it work properly
It turns out to be quite difficult.
So here's today's sponsor, DigiKey
Here you go.
I hope you all know that DigiKey has a Japanese YouTube channel.
Do you know about DigiKey Japanese YouTube channel?
A new series is starting over there.
This is a series on vector analysis starting with high school math
Physical position, velocity, and acceleration
Electrical magnetic and electric fields are often expressed as vectors
This series is about what a vector is in the first place
Mastering gradients, divergences, and rotations in vector analysis
This series is designed to help you use them in your designs.
You can see in the video summary section of this series
to visualize those vectors and see them clearly.
Python programs are also available free of charge
Just like the series school lessons here.
They want you to remember the formulas as you write them down.
Please try this one!
Please click on the link in the summary column.
And now, last but not least
Thank you for watching the video.
This is the end of the video.
Ichiken channel, please.
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