Graph Data Modeling | Neo4j Tutorial Lecture 3
Summary
TLDRこのビデオスクリプトでは、グラフデータベースとリレーショナルデータベース、NoSQLデータベースの主な相違点と類似点を比較し、特定のユースケースでグラフデータベースがより適している理由を探求します。次に、グラフでのデータモデリングについて学び、問題をグラフに変換し、さまざまなノードと関係性を使って意味のある洞察を得る方法を解説します。ノードと関係性のプロパティ、ラベルの重要性、そしてグラフデータベースでのデータモデリングの最適化とクエリ言語Cypherの基本についても触れています。
Takeaways
- 📚 このビデオでは、グラフデータベースとリレーショナルデータベース、NoSQLデータベースの主な相違点と類似点を学びました。
- 🔄 グラフデータベースは特定のユースケースに適しており、データモデリングに重要な役割を果たします。
- 🎯 グラフデータベースの目標は、ビジネスに価値を提供することにあります。
- 📈 グラフモデリングは知識グラフを構築する際の非常に早い段階で、非常に重要なステップです。
- 🌐 ノードと関係性はグラフデータベースの中心であり、意味のある洞察を得るためには重要な役割を果たします。
- 🏷️ ラベルはグラフ内のノードをグループ化し、リレーショナルデータベースのテーブル名と同様の役割を果たします。
- 🔄 ノードは1つまたは複数のラベルにタグ付けされ、これはデータの重複を避けるために重要です。
- 🔗 関係性には特定の方向があり、これはグラフの読みやすさを高めるために重要です。
- 📅 関係性にはプロパティを持ち、これによりグラフの豊かさとメタデータを増やすことができます。
- 🤔 モデルを改善するためには、シンプルな質問に答えることでグラフを洗練させることができます。
- 🛠️ グラフデータベースの最適化は、大規模なデータセットでの推薦システムのパフォーマンスを確保するために重要です。
Q & A
グラフデータベースとリレーショナルデータベース、NoSQLデータベースの主な違いは何ですか?
-グラフデータベースは特定のユースケースに適しており、ノードと関係性を使ってデータモデルを構築します。リレーショナルデータベースはテーブルとリレーションシップを使ってデータを管理し、NoSQLデータベースはスキーマレスでスケーラブルな構造を持っています。
グラフデータベースでデータをモデル化する際の重要なステップは何ですか?
-グラフデータベースでデータをモデル化する際の重要なステップは、目標を定めることです。これは、グラフ上で何を達成したいかを決定するプロセスです。
ソーシャルネットワークグラフの例は何を示していますか?
-ソーシャルネットワークグラフの例は、異なるユーザーが様々な関係性でつながっていることを示しており、これらの関係性は自然なソーシャルネットワークグラフを形成します。
グラフデータベースでの推薦エンジンや詐欺分析はどのように役立つか説明してください。
-グラフデータベースは、ユーザー間の関係性を使って推薦エンジンを作成したり、PII値を共有しているかどうかを確認して詐欺分析を行うことができます。
ノードと関係性はどのようにデータモデルを形成しますか?
-ノードはエンティティを表し、関係性はそれらのエンティティ間の接続を表します。これらはデータモデルを形成し、問題解決や分析に使われます。
グラフデータベースにおけるラベル付きプロパティグラフモデルとは何ですか?
-ラベル付きプロパティグラフモデルは、ノード、関係性、プロパティ、そしてラベルから成り立ちます。ラベルはノードをグループ化し、プロパティはノードや関係性に追加の情報を提供します。
ノードが1つまたは複数のラベルを持つことの重要性は何ですか?
-ノードが1つまたは複数のラベルを持つことは、データの重複を避け、グラフデータベースのスケーラビリティと読みやすさを高めるために重要です。
関係性の方向性はなぜ重要ですか?
-関係性の方向性は、グラフの読みやすさと意味を定義するため重要で、例えば「住んでいる」関係性は人から場所へ、そして場所からは逆にはありません。
グラフデータベースにおける関係性にプロパティを追加することの利点は何ですか?
-関係性にプロパティを追加することで、トランザクションデータのタイムスタンプのようなメタデータを格納し、グラフの豊かさと分析の深さを高めることができます。
モデルを改善するために質問に答える方法とは何ですか?
-モデルを改善するために質問に答える方法は、初期のグラフ設計後、ユースケースに応じたシンプルな質問に答えることで、モデルを適切に調整し、意味のある洞察を得ることができます。
Cypherクエリ言語とは何で、SQLとどのように異なりますか?
-Cypherクエリ言語はグラフデータベースに対するクエリ言語で、SQLと同様にデータを取得し分析するために使われます。しかし、Cypherはグラフ構造に特化しており、ノードや関係性に対するクエリを効率的に実行できます。
Outlines
📚 グラフデータベースのデータモデリング
この段落では、グラフデータベースとリレーショナルデータベース、NoSQLデータベースの比較から始め、グラフデータベースが特定のユースケースに適している理由について学びます。次に、グラフでのデータモデリングの方法と、問題をグラフに変換し、ノードと関係性を使って意味のある洞察を得る方法について説明します。また、ソーシャルネットワークグラフの例を通じて、グラフデータベースでの推奨エンジンや詐欺分析の実現方法についても触れています。
🏷️ ラベル付きプロパティグラフモデルの基礎
この段落では、ラベル付きプロパティグラフモデルの概念とその構成要素について詳しく説明しています。ラベルはリレーショナルデータベースのテーブル名に相当し、ノードをグループ化する役割を果たします。ノードはドキュメントとして捉えられ、プロパティ(キーバリューペア)によって特徴付けられます。また、ノードが1つまたは複数のラベルを持つことができるという柔軟性についても説明しています。
🔍 グラフデータベースの関係性と応用
この段落では、グラフデータベースにおける関係性の重要性とその方向性について説明しています。関係性はグラフの構造を提供し、グラフの可読性を高める要素です。さらに、関係性にプロパティを追加することで、トランザクションデータのタイムスタンプのようなメタデータを格納できると触れています。また、モデルの改善についても、シンプルな質問に答えることでグラフを洗練し、より意味のある洞察を得る方法を紹介しています。
🎬 推奨システムにおけるグラフの活用
最後の段落では、Netflixの推奨システムを例に、グラフがどのように巨大で複雑なデータセットを迅速かつ効果的に扱うかについて説明しています。推奨システムは、ユーザーの友達や友達の友達が購入した商品をもとに、リアルタイムでの推奨を行います。また、今後の講座ではCypherクエリ言語について学ぶことができると告知しています。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡グラフデータベース
💡データモデリング
💡ノード
💡関係性
💡ラベル
💡プロパティ
💡知識グラフ
💡偽造検出
💡推奨エンジン
💡Cypherクエリ言語
Highlights
讲座讨论了图数据库、关系数据库和NoSQL数据库之间的主要差异和相似性,并强调了图数据库在某些用例中的适用性。
介绍了数据建模与图的关系,以及如何将问题转化为具有不同节点和关系的图来获得有意义的洞察。
强调了确定使用图的目标和所需达成的目标是至关重要的。
通过社交网络图的例子,展示了如何通过图数据库获取推荐引擎和欺诈分析等有意义的洞察。
解释了知识图谱的概念及其在构建知识图时的重要性。
使用白板和标记来形象化地说明如何构建图模型。
展示了具有不同标签的简单图模型,如人、公司等,并说明了节点的属性。
讨论了在Neo4j图数据库中如何存储关系本身的不同属性。
介绍了标记属性图模型,包括节点、关系、属性以及标签的概念。
说明了标签如何帮助组织节点并避免数据重复。
通过信用卡欺诈检测的例子,展示了如何使用图数据库来识别欺诈活动。
解释了关系在图数据库中的重要性以及它们如何提供图的结构。
讨论了关系的方向性以及它如何使图更易于阅读和理解。
强调了关系也可以拥有属性,这增加了图的丰富性。
讨论了通过提出问题来细化图模型的过程。
通过社交推荐系统的例子,说明了如何通过图来推荐产品。
强调了图的规模和优化对于实现实时推荐系统的重要性。
预告了下一讲将介绍Cypher查询语言及其与SQL的相似性。
Transcripts
hello and welcome back to the channel in
the previous lecture we have seen all
about the major differences and the
similarities between graph databases
relational databases as well as the
nosql databases and how graph databases
are more suitable for certain kind of
use cases so in this lecture let's keep
this discussion ahead and let's discuss
about data modeling with graphs and how
we can convert our problem into a graph
with different kinds of nodes and
relationships as well as they will have
some purpose in the graph and how we can
get a meaningful Insight out of those
nodes and relationships so without
further any do let's get into it so the
first thing we need to discuss is what
are our goals and what we need to
achieve using the graphs so that would
be very important so as you already know
that we already communicate in graph let
me explain you with a simple example so
as we saw in our previous lecture we had
some examples of a social network graph
so as you can see we have a different
users who are connected to each other
with different relationships we have the
different relationships like friends
then married to then boss off and so on
there are so many relationships between
those users that forms natural social
network graph and we can get meaningful
insights like recommendation engine as
well as fraud analytics by seeing if
they share any pii values or whatever it
is it totally depends on what you need
to achieve using the graph databases
because you will ingest the data but the
insights are more important because at
the end of the day you need to provide a
value to your business so to do that
graph modeling is a very early and the
most crucial step in building the
knowledge graph so as we say that
Knowledge Graph is very wide board
friendly
so let me tell you with some simple
example so if you have a problem and
your team is has started discussing
around and finding the solution for that
problem so most of the team members will
quickly go to the Whiteboard get the
marker and start drawing the circles
having the different entities and then
connect it using the lines and so on to
get and provide a solution to that
problem so that is a simple graph that
you can imagine because at the end of
the day these nodes so this circles will
represent a node and the lines that they
have drawn between them will represent
the relationship so this is how you can
build a graph so as you can see with a
simple example we have a graph model
very simple graph model where we have
different labels like person the company
a and the company B so as you can see we
have different properties in a person so
you can see that this properties with
this properties you can see a node as a
one document so if you know about the
nosql databases like the mongodb we have
a record we don't have record we have a
document as a record so record is
present in the relational databases and
the same we call it as a document in
mongodb so mongodb document contains
different kinds of key value pairs which
has in this example like name H function
similarly in the graph databases our
node person has different properties
properties means the key value pair so
we have name of that particular person
then the H as well as the function as
well as we have the works in
relationship between person to company a
which denotes that this particular
person Works in a company a and as you
can see we have a Works in relationship
goes from person to company a so that is
the direction of that and it also has
some properties present in its
relationship so in neo4j graph database
we can also store different properties
in the relationship itself and as you
can see the company a has different
properties so that is also a specific
document present in our graph and as you
can see Company B is a client of company
a so which means that there is a
relationship between company A and B and
the direction is from Company B to
company a and as you can see client off
also has some properties present okay so
now let's talk about the labeled
property graph model and we are going to
see this throughout this tutorial so
what it is that it is made up of
different nodes
relationships properties as well as the
labels
so let's discuss this with some simple
example so as you can see we got a very
small graph present so in our model we
have different labels so label means you
can relate it as a table name in the
relational databases so labels Will
Group all those nodes together so in
this case person so we have different
labels like person location accident car
as well as the insurance so these all
are the labels and we can have multiple
nodes present for a particular label so
we have person so person A B C all those
nodes will have the same label so we can
relate it as a documents so as you can
see we got nodes and nodes contain some
properties so nodes we can say it as a
particular record as compared to the
relational database as well as we can
relate it to a document in a mongodb no
C database so it is like a document
which contains different kinds of key
value pairs so key value pair means it
will have the name as key and the name
of that particular person so the person
will have different key values like name
as well as it could have like first name
last name the occupation the salary etc
etc so which will contain the attributes
related to that particular person
so similarly we will be having car so
car has different brands as well as
price tag to it and so other attributes
related to a vehicle so those can be
represented as a label in our graph so
label will Define a suitable or certain
role in our graph and as you can see
here the next point is nodes can be
tagged to one or more labels this is
very important so you may ask like we
cannot put car label to a particular
person no I am not talking about this
example but let's take an example of
actors directors and all the movie data
set so in our movie data set a
particular actor could also be a
director right many actors will be
directors as well as producers and also
they will be actors as well as they can
have different roles in a particular
movie so how we can relate this you
cannot create duplicate nodes and give
them different labels that will be mess
up and you will be having duplicate data
in our graph so let's say Tom Cruise has
directed acted as well as produce one
movie so you cannot create three Tom
Cruise notes that will not make any
sense right so it will have different
labels so the first thing is Tom Cruise
is a person before an actor right so it
will have the label of a person the
first label then it will have the label
of the actor then it will be a producer
as well as the Director so it will have
different labels and it is very
important to avoid these duplications in
our graph this is a very simple example
but as you go further and as per your
use case it will make more sense so in
my project we are leveraging graph
databases to find a fraudulent
activities in a credit card portfolio so
we have different kinds of application
locations like credit card applications
URL applications and the business cards
so to distinguish them it has the
application label but it also has
business card label for a business card
application credit card label for credit
card application to distinguish them and
we have a different set of rules applied
for those applications using the graph
data science so to distinguish them
labels will really help us to make our
graph scalable because as we introduce
different kinds of information having
the different sorts of label to
distinguish a particle record will
really help us in the further
implementations so that is very
important also we have the relationships
which connect the nodes and also it
provides a structure to the graph so
relationships are really important in
the graph database and that is the
reason graph databases are so popular
and they are so much faster than other
relational databases as well as no C
databases so relationship has a certain
direction it can't have no directions
right it should have a specific
Direction so in this case we have a
person which has a lives at as well as
the works at relationship between the
location so person and the location has
two relationships and it is pointing
from person to the location because that
makes sense location cannot be at person
person should live at location so that's
why the relationship direction is from
person to the location and relationships
that are really makes our graph more
readable so as you can see by seeing in
this graph it is very simple for a
beginner as well to understand what is
happening in our graph database we have
different kinds of nodes and we have
different relationships and they really
make sense so as you can see person
lives at a certain location but also
person has witnessed some accident and
that accident occurs at that location so
this is the way the graph is getting
connected and we can have like 2 degrees
3 degrees as well as 10 degrees apart
data which can provide a certain value
and insight and many businesses can take
certain important decisions so in the
product recommendation cycle it is not
very easy to recommend a product to a
customer you need to check all the
record like the order history of the
customers as well as if that particular
product has brought by some other users
as well as other users preferences you
need to dig a little bit deeper into
that graph and apply your algorithms to
recommend a certain product for a
particular person and it happens in a
real time and that is the power of the
graph so because of the graph Embraces
the relationships it provides the
solution within seconds
and also our last point is like notes
relationship can also have some
properties so it is very beneficial
because let's say we have a
transactional data present in our graph
so if a transaction happens to a certain
timestamp then we can store that
timestamp into that relationship so
account has some transactions so has
transaction and in the hash transaction
relationship we can track those
timestamp so this will enhance the
richness of our graph we can have more
metadata in our graphs so that we can
utilize that metadata or the extra
information present in that relationship
into the graph algorithm
okay so the further step is also very
important like refining our model using
the questions so let's discuss it with
some simple example so as you can see
after we have just initially designed
our graph we can refine it by answering
some simple questions so it totally
depends on what use case you have been
working on whether it could be a social
network graph or product recommendation
system or a fraud analytics or money
laundering system it could be anything
so in this case we have a social
recommendation system so as you can see
in this figure we can search for the
pattern of immediate friends as well as
the friends of friends so we have like
the different customers and they have
the friends relationship between them
and as you can see this customer on the
right hand side has bought some product
it has some classification as well so
customer has bought some product and
product has a classification and the
type is headphones so that particular
customer has bought some headphones so
that product has properties like the
type which is in-ear headphones as well
as the brand and the cost of that
product it doesn't matter so to solve
our issue we can ignore that the
immediate purchases of a customer so
let's say if I bought something from
Amazon then I can ignore it it is not
like recommendation system in
recommendation system if my friend or
friend has bought something and I also
search for that term then it will
recommend that particular product which
that friend of friend of mine has
brought so that is how you need to
refine your graph so that you can get
some meaningful Insight out of it and it
will happen eventually so in the Agile
development as per the business
requirement the new data and the
attributes will come and your use case
will change a bit so you have to refine
that model by answering some simple
questions because what you need to
achieve is the most important thing
while modeling your graph database
so when we refine our model then it will
have different kinds of labels as well
as numerous relationships in our graph
it will not be limited to this kind of
limited information it will have a
different customers it will have like
subscription so if like particular
customer has a Amazon Prime subscription
then also the friend or friend or the
immediate friend of that particular
person will also get a recommendation to
buy a Prime subscription so for example
in the Netflix recommendation engine
let's say if I saw some movie and I like
a particular genre of the movies and
also we have a particular person also
likes movies from that particular genre
and if I saw some new movie then that
particular person will get recommended
with the same movie because I saw that
movie and that recommendation system
will predict that that particular person
can also like that movie so this is how
the recommendation system works so this
is a pretty huge graph because Netflix
has millions of users and millions of
users has millions of nodes so let's
imagine how big that graph will be and
how that recommendation system has to
perform to give you the recommended
movie within a second so that is the
power of the graph and you have to also
optimize that graph so in the next
lecture we are going to talk about the
cipher query language which is also very
similar to SQL but SQL is used for the
relational databases to fetch the
particular data and do some analytics so
similarly Cipher query language is used
for the graph databases so I hope you
like this lecture in this lecture we
have seen all about what is a graph data
model and how we need to build our graph
ontology and also refine it on the way
by asking simple question according to
your use cases okay so this is not the
end our next lecture is totally focused
on querying graphs and we will have an
introduction to Cipher and its syntax so
stay tuned And subscribe to the channel
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