Sejarah dan Teori: Siapa Dalang Gerakan 30 September 1965?

Summary

The September 30, 1965 tragedy is one of Indonesia's bloodiest events, with lingering controversies about who was responsible. The incident led to the deaths of seven Army officers, including influential generals in Sukarno's government. Multiple theories exist: the PKI's involvement, Sukarno's role, internal Army conflicts, CIA's interference, and the complex interplay of various actors. These theories reflect the ongoing debate and the need for a deeper understanding of Indonesia's history to avoid repeating past mistakes.

Takeaways

• 🔴 Tragedy 30 September 1965 is one of the bloodiest events in Indonesian history, with ongoing controversy and theories about who is responsible.
• ⚔️ The tragedy resulted in the deaths of seven army officers, including six influential generals and Captain Pierre Tendean, an aide to General Abdul Haris Nasution.
• 👮‍♂️ Bripka Karel Sadsuitubun, a guard for Deputy Prime Minister II Dr. J. Leimena, was also killed.
• 🕵️‍♂️ Multiple theories exist about who is responsible for the tragedy, including internal and external actors.
• 📚 The first and most prominent theory blames the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), as suggested by Nugroho Notosusanto and Ismail Saleh in their book, which was used as a reference for the film 'Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI'.
• 📖 The second theory accuses President Soekarno, detailed in the book 'The Sukarno File' by Antonie C.A. Dake, which faced significant backlash from Soekarno's supporters.
• 📚 The third theory, proposed by historian Benedict Anderson in 'A Preliminary Analysis of the October 1, 1965, Coup in Indonesia', attributes the events to internal conflicts within the Indonesian Army.
• 🇺🇸 The fourth theory involves the CIA, as detailed by Peter Dale and John Roosa, suggesting American and British intelligence agencies were involved due to Cold War interests.
• 🌏 The fifth theory, presented by Soekarno in his 'Nawaksara' and 'Pelengkap Nawaksara' speeches, posits that the tragedy resulted from a complex mix of neocolonialism, communism, and irresponsible elements.
• 🧩 Theories are interrelated, highlighting the need for further research to gain a comprehensive understanding of this historical event and to avoid repeating past mistakes.

Q & A

What is the 'Tragedi 30 September 1965' in Indonesian history?

The 'Tragedi 30 September 1965' refers to a bloody event in Indonesian history that led to significant controversy and debate over who was responsible for the incidents.

How many military officers died in the tragedy of September 30, 1965?

Seven military officers died in the tragedy, including six influential generals in Sukarno's government and one captain who was an aide to General Abdul Haris Nasution.

What are the various theories surrounding the responsibility for the September 30 tragedy?

There are several theories, including the involvement of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), President Sukarno, internal conflicts within the military, foreign involvement such as the CIA, and the idea that there was no single perpetrator.

Who are Nugroho Notosusanto and Ismail Saleh, and what is their contribution to the understanding of the event?

Nugroho Notosusanto and Ismail Saleh are historians who, in their 1968 book, identified the PKI as the mastermind behind the events of September 30, 1965, which has been a reference for the New Order's version of history.

What is the significance of the 'Cornel Paper' in the analysis of the September 30th events?

The 'Cornel Paper', written by Benedict Anderson and Ruth McVey, offers an argument that the events were the result of internal military conflict, particularly within the Diponegoro Command in Central Java.

What role did Soeharto play according to the theories mentioned in the transcript?

According to the transcript, Soeharto is said to have spread information that the PKI was behind the 1965 coup attempt, which he then used to seize power, including replacing Sukarno as president.

What is the 'Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI' film and its relation to the historical narrative?

The 'Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI' film is a cinematic work that is based on the book by Nugroho Notosusanto and Ismail Saleh, which portrays the PKI as the orchestrator of the September 30th events.

What is the theory that suggests the involvement of the CIA in the 1965 events?

The theory posits that the CIA was involved due to the Cold War context, with the United States and Western countries interested in preventing Indonesia from falling into communist hands.

What was the reaction to the book 'The Sukarno File' which implicated Sukarno in the events?

The book 'The Sukarno File' faced strong protests from Sukarno's family and supporters, who accused it of historical distortion and character assassination.

What does the term 'Nawaksara' refer to and its significance in the context of the September 30th events?

The term 'Nawaksara' refers to speeches by Sukarno to the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS), where he argued that the September 30th events were caused by neocolonialist, colonialist, and imperialist elements, along with irresponsible actors.

What does the final theory suggest about the complexity of the 1965 events?

The final theory suggests that the 1965 events were a complex political moment involving more than one issue, indicating that there was no single perpetrator and that various factors contributed to the tragedy.