Durkheim Resumen Completo

Resumenes Entelekia

15 Jul 201910:00

Summary

TLDRThis video delves into the foundational theories of Émile Durkheim, a pioneer in sociology. It highlights his work on social facts, their coercive and external nature, and their role in shaping individual consciousness. Durkheim's distinction between mechanical and organic solidarity in primitive and modern societies is explored, along with the types of law and the role of the state and education in fostering social cohesion. The video also touches on Durkheim's analysis of suicide, attributing it to social factors like integration and regulation within society.

Takeaways

📚 Durkheim is recognized as one of the founding fathers of sociology alongside Saint Simon, with his works such as 'The Rules of Sociological Method', 'The Division of Labor in Society', and 'Suicide' being fundamental to the study of social sciences.
🔍 Durkheim's 'The Rules of Sociological Method' establishes the object of study and methodology for sociology, focusing on social facts rather than individual psychological facts, which are external and coercive to the individual.
🌐 Social facts encompass all forms of acting, feeling, and thinking that are imposed on individuals from the outside, such as language, law, the judicial system, the state, and the monetary system.
🔑 The two fundamental characteristics of social facts are their externality and coerciveness, meaning they are not produced by the individual but are imposed through socialization processes in family, school, and other social groups.
🤔 Even seemingly subjective and individual preferences, like love or taste for coffee, are actually social constructions that vary across different cultures and historical periods.
🔄 Durkheim differentiates between two types of societies: primitive societies characterized by mechanical solidarity and modern societies characterized by organic solidarity.
👪 Mechanical solidarity is found in primitive societies with direct kinship ties, little division of labor, communal property, and strong sanctions for norm violations.
🔄 Organic solidarity emerges in modern societies through differentiation and specialization, where individuals with different capacities and private property perform various social functions for the collective good.
🏛️ In organic societies, there is a paradox of greater individual freedom but also a higher risk of anomie or social disintegration if individualism turns into egoism.
📜 Durkheim discusses two types of law corresponding to the types of societies: repressive law in primitive societies that physically punishes lawbreakers, and restitutive law in modern societies that aims to restore the pre-existing order.
🏫 Education for Durkheim should primarily be moral, instilling social values, respect for law, knowledge of work, science, individual freedoms, and solidarity with others.
🔮 Durkheim's analysis of 'suicide' reveals it as not only a psychological act but also a social one, with different types of suicide (egoistic, fatalistic, altruistic, and anomic) reflecting different levels of social integration and regulation.

Q & A

Who is considered one of the founders of sociology along with Comte and Saint-Simon?
-Émile Durkheim is considered one of the founders of sociology along with Auguste Comte and Henri de Saint-Simon.
What are some of the fundamental books for studying social sciences according to the script?
-Some fundamental books for studying social sciences include 'The Rules of Sociological Method', 'The Division of Labor in Society', and 'Suicide'.
What does Durkheim establish in 'The Rules of Sociological Method'?
-In 'The Rules of Sociological Method', Durkheim establishes the object of study and the methodology of sociology.
What are the characteristics of social facts according to Durkheim?
-The characteristics of social facts according to Durkheim are their externality and coerciveness.
What does the term 'externality' in the context of social facts mean?
-The term 'externality' in the context of social facts means that they are not produced by the individual but are imposed on them from outside, such as language, law, and the monetary system.
What is the difference between mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity in Durkheim's theory?
-Mechanical solidarity is characteristic of primitive societies with direct ties between clans and families, little division of labor, and communal property. Organic solidarity is characteristic of modern societies where individuals with different capacities and private property perform different activities through a process of differentiation and specialization.
How does Durkheim describe the role of education in society?
-Durkheim describes education as primarily moral, focusing on social values such as respect, observance of the law, knowledge of work, science, respect for individual freedoms, and solidarity.
What are the two types of societies according to Durkheim?
-According to Durkheim, the two types of societies are primitive societies and modern differentiated societies.
What are the characteristics of repressive law in primitive societies according to Durkheim?
-In primitive societies, repressive law is characterized by strong physical actions against lawbreakers, such as executions or banishments.
How does Durkheim explain the different types of suicide in his theory?
-Durkheim explains different types of suicide: egoistic suicide when a person is not well integrated into the social system, fatalistic suicide when the social system is too demanding, altruistic suicide when a person is so well integrated that they are willing to renounce their individuality for the common good, and anomic suicide when social norms are disintegrated, such as during an economic crisis.
What is the role of the state according to Durkheim?
-According to Durkheim, the state is a particular case of social consciousness with precise objectives and means to achieve a social goal. It must adapt alongside secondary groups like associations of guilds and professionals to integrate individual and common goals.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Durkheim's Sociological Theory

This paragraph introduces Émile Durkheim, recognized as one of the founding fathers of sociology alongside Saint-Simon. It emphasizes his significant contributions to the field, particularly his works 'The Rules of Sociological Method', 'The Division of Labor in Society', and 'Suicide'. The paragraph outlines Durkheim's definition of sociology's subject matter as the study of social facts, which are external and coercive to the individual, such as language, law, and economic systems. These social facts are observable and measurable, allowing for objective analysis. Durkheim distinguishes between mechanical and organic solidarity, explaining how societies with different levels of complexity exhibit different forms of social cohesion.

05:02

🔍 Durkheim's Analysis of Social Solidarity and Suicide

The second paragraph delves deeper into Durkheim's concepts of mechanical and organic solidarity, contrasting societies with little division of labor and communal property, where religion and tradition dictate social values, with modern societies characterized by specialized division of labor and private property. In the latter, each individual's role is crucial for the functioning of the social organism, leading to greater individual freedom but also the risk of anomie. Durkheim's analysis extends to the types of law in primitive and organic societies, with the former employing repressive law and the latter restitutive law. The paragraph also touches on the role of the state as a specific case of social consciousness and the importance of education in instilling moral values and respect for individual freedoms. Lastly, it discusses Durkheim's views on suicide, attributing it not only to psychological factors but also to social causes, such as poor social integration, excessive societal demands, or the disintegration of social norms.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Sociology

Sociology is the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture that shape human lives. The video discusses Émile Durkheim, who is considered one of the founding fathers of sociology, emphasizing his contribution to the field through his theories and methodology.

💡Émile Durkheim

Émile Durkheim is a prominent sociologist known for establishing the object of study and methodology of sociology. His works, such as 'The Rules of Sociological Method' and 'Suicide,' are fundamental in the field. The video script highlights his role in defining what constitutes a social fact and how to study it scientifically.

💡Social Facts

In the context of the video, social facts refer to the external ways of acting, feeling, and thinking that are coercively imposed on individuals by society. These are observable, quantifiable, and measurable phenomena that are not produced by individuals themselves but are pre-existing social constructs, such as language, law, and the monetary system.

💡Coerciveness

Coerciveness in the script refers to the characteristic of social facts that are imposed on individuals through processes like socialization in the family, school, or work. This coercion shapes individuals' subjectivity and is often intangible and tacit, leading to a dual consciousness of individual and social awareness.

💡Mechanical Solidarity

Mechanical solidarity is a type of social cohesion found in primitive societies characterized by direct kinship ties and little to no division of labor. It is the binding force that unites society through shared values and traditions, as mentioned in the script when discussing the characteristics of primitive societies.

💡Organic Solidarity

Organic solidarity is the type of social cohesion found in modern, differentiated societies. It arises from the division of labor and specialization, where individuals with different capacities and talents perform various social functions. The script explains that this type of solidarity is like the organs of a body, each performing a specialized role for the collective good.

💡Repressive Law

Repressive law, as discussed in the script, is characteristic of primitive societies where the legal system responds to transgressions with physical punishment, such as executions or banishments. It is a direct and forceful response to maintain social order.

💡Restorative Law

Restorative law, in contrast to repressive law, is more characteristic of organic societies. It aims to restore a pre-existing order that was disrupted by a crime, rather than merely punishing the transgressor. The script mentions this as a feature of modern societies with differentiated social structures.

💡Conscience Collective

Conscience collective refers to the shared values, beliefs, and moral standards of a society. In the script, it is mentioned as existing within each individual, forming a dual consciousness that includes both individual and social awareness.

💡Education

The script discusses the role of education in Durkheim's view, emphasizing its importance in instilling moral values, respect for the law, and fostering a sense of solidarity with others. Education is seen as a tool for both primary moral instruction and secondary vocational training, aligning individuals' goals with the common good of society.

💡Suicide

In the context of the video, suicide is not only a psychological act but also has social causes. Durkheim's analysis in 'Suicide' categorizes it into egoistic, altruistic, fatalistic, and anomic types, each related to the level of social integration and regulation individuals experience, as explained in the script.

Highlights

Durkheim is considered one of the fathers of sociology along with Comte and Saint Simon.

His books such as 'The Rules of Sociological Method', 'The Division of Labor in Society', and 'Suicide' are fundamental for social science studies.

Durkheim established the object of study and methodology of sociology in 'The Rules of Sociological Method'.

Social facts, not individual psychological facts, are the object of study in sociology.

Social facts are external to the individual and coercively imposed.

Social facts can be treated as observable, quantifiable, and measurable things.

Examples of social facts include language, law, the judicial system, the state, and the monetary system.

The two fundamental characteristics of social facts are their externality and coerciveness.

Social facts are coercive through primary socialization in the family and secondary socialization in school and work.

Most of the time, this coercion is intangible or tacit, leading to a double consciousness.

Social facts are generally imperceptible unless transgressed, leading to sanctions.

Durkheim differentiates between primitive societies and modern differentiated societies based on the type of solidarity.

Primitive societies are characterized by mechanical solidarity, while modern societies have organic solidarity.

Mechanical solidarity is based on direct kinship ties and little division of labor.

Organic solidarity arises through a process of differentiation and specialization in production.

In primitive societies, law is repressive, focusing on physical punishment for lawbreakers.

In organic societies, law is more restitutive, aiming to restore a pre-existing order.

The state is a particular case of social consciousness with precise objectives and means for social goals.

Durkheim emphasizes the importance of education, primarily moral education, in fostering social values and respect for the law.

Suicide has more than psychological causes; it also has social causes.

Egoistic suicide occurs when a person is not well integrated into the social system.

Altruistic suicide is when a person is so well integrated that they are willing to renounce their individuality for the common good.

Anomic suicide occurs when social norms are disintegrated, such as during economic crises or job loss.