CBSE Class 10 Geography - 3 | Water Resources | Full Chapter | NCERT Animation
Summary
TLDRThis script discusses the importance of water as a renewable resource, highlighting its essential role in life, agriculture, and industry. It addresses the paradox of water scarcity despite its abundance, explaining the limited availability of freshwater and the challenges of uneven distribution, overuse, and pollution. The script also explores solutions like rainwater harvesting and the pros and cons of large dams in managing water resources.
Takeaways
- ๐ Nearly 75% of the Earth's surface is covered by water, making it one of the most abundant natural resources.
- ๐ Water is a renewable resource, constantly moving through the hydrological cycle and never truly lost or spent.
- ๐ง Freshwater is essential for life, including for drinking, cooking, cleaning, washing, and cultivation, as well as for industrial and economic growth.
- ๐๏ธ Early human settlements were established near water sources like rivers, highlighting the importance of water for survival and development.
- ๐ Hydropower is a significant source of electricity worldwide, underlining the role of water in powering industries.
- ๐ Despite the abundance of water, scarcity issues exist due to the limited availability of freshwater suitable for human and industrial use.
- ๐ 97% of Earth's water is saline, found in seas and oceans, with only 2.5% being freshwater, most of which is locked in ice caps and glaciers.
- ๐ง Approximately 0.3% of freshwater is accessible in rivers, lakes, and ponds, which are the primary sources for human and industrial use.
- ๐ง๏ธ Rainwater is a vital source of freshwater, but without proper conservation, much of it is lost to the sea or through evaporation and pollution.
- ๐ฎ๐ณ India, despite having substantial water resources, ranks 133rd in the world for water availability per person per year, indicating the severity of water scarcity.
- ๐ฐ Water scarcity is caused by various factors including increased demand, unequal access, overexploitation, and contamination of water resources.
Q & A
What percentage of the Earth's surface is covered by water?
-Nearly 75 percent of the Earth's surface is covered by water.
Why is water considered a renewable resource?
-Water is considered a renewable resource because it is part of the hydrological cycle, changing forms but never being lost or spent.
Why were early human settlements typically located near rivers or other water sources?
-Early human settlements were made along rivers or other water sources because water is vital for cultivation, essential for life, and necessary for daily requirements such as cooking, cleaning, and washing.
What is the primary source of electricity in the world according to the script?
-Hydropower is one of the most important sources of electricity in the world.
How much of the Earth's total water is not fit for human and industrial use?
-Around 97 percent of the total water available on Earth lies in seas and oceans, which is saline and not fit for human and industrial use.
What percentage of the Earth's total water exists as freshwater that we can use?
-Only 2.5 percent of the total water on Earth exists as freshwater that we can use.
Why is water scarcity a problem in different parts of the world despite the abundance of water on Earth?
-Water scarcity is a problem because most of the Earth's water is saline and not usable, and only a small fraction of freshwater is accessible and suitable for human and industrial use.
What is the position of India in terms of water availability per person per year according to UNESCO?
-According to UNESCO, India is ranked 133rd in the world in terms of water availability per person per year.
What are the main causes of water scarcity in regions with abundant water resources?
-The main causes of water scarcity in regions with abundant water resources include an increase in demand, unequal access to water, overexploitation, and contamination of existing water resources.
What is the purpose of dams in managing water resources?
-Dams are used to control flooding, divert water into smaller streams for inland navigation, and serve as multi-purpose river projects that offer various benefits such as water storage, irrigation, and hydroelectric power generation.
What are some of the ecological problems caused by the construction of dams?
-Some ecological problems caused by the construction of dams include the destruction of natural vegetation and soil, blocking of fish migration, upsetting ecological balance, and potential negative impacts on aquatic species.
Why do some people protest against the construction of large dams in India?
-People protest against the construction of large dams in India due to reasons such as mass displacement of people, insufficient compensation, environmental degradation, ecological imbalance, and disputes over water sharing between states.
What is rainwater harvesting and why is it important?
-Rainwater harvesting is the process of collecting and storing rainwater during the wet season to meet freshwater requirements in the dry season. It is important because it helps conserve water, recharge groundwater, and utilize one of the purest forms of water available in nature.
What are some traditional methods of rainwater harvesting practiced in India?
-Some traditional methods of rainwater harvesting in India include the use of diversion channels in the Himalayas, inundation channels in Bengal, earthen embankments in Rajasthan, and rooftop rainwater harvesting systems in various parts of the country.
How does bamboo drip irrigation work in Meghalaya?
-Bamboo drip irrigation in Meghalaya involves using split bamboos to create shallow channels that form a network to divert and carry water from rain-fed springs to farms. The water is allowed to drip near the roots of the plants, providing an efficient irrigation method.
Outlines
๐ Water: Our Abundant Yet Scarce Resource
This paragraph highlights the paradox of water abundance and scarcity. Water covers nearly 75% of the Earth's surface and is essential for life, yet only a small fraction is fresh and accessible for human use. The hydrological cycle ensures water's renewability, but geographical distribution and salinity issues limit its availability. Early human settlements were near water sources, and industries rely on it for production and waste management. Despite water's prevalence, scarcity occurs due to the limited sources suitable for human consumption, with most fresh water being locked in ice caps or underground.
๐ Causes of Water Scarcity and Its Global Impact
The second paragraph delves into the causes of water scarcity, which include increased demand, unequal access, overexploitation, and contamination of water resources. It emphasizes India's struggle with water scarcity despite its substantial water resources, ranking 133rd in water availability per capita. The growing population, agricultural demands, industrialization, and unequal distribution contribute to scarcity. Additionally, the overuse of groundwater and pollution from various sources exacerbate the problem, threatening health, food security, and economic growth.
๐๏ธ The Role and Controversy of Dams in Water Management
This paragraph discusses the multifaceted role of dams in water management, including flood control, inland navigation, and tourism. However, it also addresses the controversies surrounding large dams, such as environmental destruction, displacement of communities, and social inequality. The benefits often accrue to the wealthy, while the poor may not gain much. Ecological imbalances, such as blocking fish migration, and potential man-made disasters from sudden water releases are also highlighted, along with interstate disputes over water sharing.
๐ง๏ธ Rainwater Harvesting: Ancient and Modern Practices
The fourth paragraph explores rainwater harvesting as a solution to water scarcity, an ancient practice still relevant today. It describes various methods used in different regions of India, such as diversion channels in the Himalayas, inundation channels in Bengal, and earthen structures in Rajasthan. The paragraph also explains rooftop rainwater harvesting systems, which collect and filter rainwater for immediate use and groundwater recharge. The importance of this method is underscored by its use even in regions with abundant rainfall, like Meghalaya, to address water scarcity.
๐ Bamboo Drip Irrigation: A Unique Harvesting Technique
The final paragraph of the script introduces a unique rainwater harvesting technique used in Meghalaya called bamboo drip irrigation. This method involves using split bamboo to create channels that direct water from rain-fed springs to farms, allowing the water to drip near plant roots. This traditional practice showcases innovative ways to utilize rainwater efficiently, even in regions with high rainfall, emphasizing the importance of local knowledge in water management.
Mindmap
Keywords
๐กHydrological Cycle
๐กFresh Water
๐กWater Scarcity
๐กGroundwater
๐กHydropower
๐กRainwater Harvesting
๐กMulti-Purpose River Projects
๐กWater Pollution
๐กEcological Balance
๐กWater Conservation
๐กInequality in Water Access
Highlights
Nearly 75 percent of the Earth is covered by water, making it one of the most abundant natural resources.
Water is a renewable resource, constantly moving in a hydrological cycle.
Water is essential for life, daily activities, cultivation, and industrial growth.
Early human settlements were typically located near rivers or other water sources.
Hydropower is a significant source of electricity globally.
Only 2.5 percent of Earth's water is freshwater, with most of it locked in polar ice caps and glaciers.
Only 0.3 percent of freshwater is available in rivers, lakes, and ponds for human and industrial use.
India receives around 4 percent of the world's total rainfall, which can be a crucial source of freshwater.
India ranks 133rd in the world in terms of water availability per person per year, indicating water scarcity.
Water scarcity is not only a problem in dry regions but also in areas with abundant water resources due to various factors.
Population growth, industrialization, and unequal water access contribute to water scarcity in India.
Overexploitation of groundwater and pollution of freshwater sources are major causes of water scarcity.
Dams can control flooding, promote inland navigation, and serve as tourist attractions but also have environmental and social impacts.
Large dams can lead to displacement of people, destruction of natural habitats, and ecological imbalances.
Rainwater harvesting is an ancient practice in India, adapted to local conditions for efficient water management.
Different methods of rainwater harvesting are used across India, such as diversion channels, inundation channels, and rooftop systems.
Rainwater is one of the purest forms of water available, and harvesting it can help meet freshwater requirements during dry seasons.
Rooftop rainwater harvesting is widely used in India, with systems that collect, filter, and store rainwater for immediate use and groundwater recharge.
Bamboo drip irrigation is a unique rainwater harvesting technique used in Meghalaya, utilizing bamboo channels to direct water to farmlands.
Transcripts
nearly 75 percent of the earth is
covered by water
water is one of the most abundant
natural resources available to us
one good thing about water is that it is
a renewable resource
it keeps moving in a hydrological cycle
changing from one form to another
but it is never lost or spent
water is essential for life
besides drinking water is essential for
many of our daily requirements
like cooking cleaning
and washing
water is vital for cultivation
this is the reason why all early human
settlements were made along rivers
or other sources of water
water is also essential for industries
and economic growth
hydropower is one of the most important
sources of electricity in the world
industries also require lots of water
for production
cleaning and disposing waste
we all know that 75 percent of the
earth's surface
consists of water
you must be wondering that when water is
such an abundant resource
why is there a scarcity of water in
different parts of the world
the answer lies in the sources of water
available to us
around 97 of the total water available
on the earth
lies in the seas and oceans
this water is aligned and not fit for
human and industrial use
only 2.5 percent of the total water on
the earth
exists as fresh water that we can use
nearly 70 of this fresh water is locked
in the polar ice caps
and glaciers in antarctica
greenland and mountainous regions of the
world
just under 30 lies buried in the earth
as ground water
a small fraction of it is above the
ground or
in the air as water vapor
only around 0.3 percent of the total
fresh water
exists in rivers lakes
and ponds
which are the main sources of water for
human and
industrial use
does we see that only a tiny fraction of
the total water
available on the earth occurs in a form
fit for human and industrial consumption
precipitation all rainfall is another
source of fresh water
india receives around four percent of
the total rainfall
in the world
rain water can be an important source of
fresh water
however in the absence of proper
conservation measures
most of it flows back into the sea
through rivers
or is lost through evaporation and
pollution
india has substantial water resources
still a study by unesco
places india at the 133rd position
in the world in terms of water
availability
per person per year
water scarcity is posing an alarming
threat
in most parts of the world including
india
is water scarcity
the unavailability of sufficient clean
water
to meet personal domestic
and industrial requirements in an area
is called water scarcity
we usually associate the problem of
water scarcity
with dry hot regions like deserts
that receives candy rainfall and have
very few sources of clean surface water
here is a map that shows projected water
scarcity in the world
by the year 2025.
as you can see water scarcity is said to
become
a serious problem in the whole of india
not all regions that face water scarcity
have poor water resources
what leads to water scarcity in regions
that have abundant water resources
an increase in demand unequal access to
water
over exploitation and contamination of
existing water resources
are the main factors that lead to water
scarcity
in regions with abundant water resources
let us study these factors in detail
this brings us to the question what are
the main causes of water scarcity
india has a second highest population in
the world
which is still increasing fast
an increase in population means a
greater demand for fresh water
for personal and domestic use
to feed the increasing population more
and more land is brought
under cultivation
this also increases the demand for water
for irrigation purposes
since independence india has seen a
major industrial revolution
rapid industrialization exerts greater
demand on water resources
since industries use a huge quantity of
water
for production and cleaning
over 70 percent of india's population
still lives in villages
however people living in cities have
better access to water
than people living in most villages
this unequal access to water resources
also leads to water scarcity
groundwater is an important fresh water
resource
however in order to increase their
produce
most farmers today use private tube
wells
to irrigate their fields
this over exploitation of underground
water
is leading to falling water table and
water scarcity
similarly the use of borewells by modern
housing societies
to provide water to their residents is
also
over exploitation of underground water
resources
fresh water sources like rivers and
lakes
are often treated as dumping grounds for
domestic and
industrial waste
this pollutes the fresh water and makes
it unfit for our use
such contamination of fresh water also
contributes to water scarcity
the use of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides
in modern agriculture leads to pollution
of fresh
surface water and groundwater
fresh water is a limited resource
and essential for our health and
well-being
for growing crops to ensure our food
security
and running our industries for economic
growth
thus there is a pressing need to
conserve
and manage our water resources dams are
used to control flooding
in flood prone areas by regulating
the flow of water downstream
one such example is the hirakud dam
in the mahanadi basin in orissa
dams can also be used to divert water
into existing smaller streams to promote
inland navigation
this provides an alternate way of
transport
reducing congestion on roads
several dams are at scenic locations
and have become popular tourist
attractions
and recreation spots
dams are called multi-purpose river
projects
due to the many ways that they offer to
manage our water resources
when multi-purpose river projects have
so many benefits to
offer why do we hear protests
against construction of large dams in
india
a dam creates an enormous reservoir of
water
that submerges vast stretches of the
surrounding area
this leads to the destruction of natural
vegetation
and soil
the submerging of farmlands and
residential areas
leads to mass displacement of people
these people give up their land and
resources
for the nation's greater good but
are usually never compensated enough
dams are used to control flooding in
flood-prone
areas by regulating the flow of water
downstream one such example
is the heracod dam in the mahanadi basin
in orissa
dams can also be used to divert water
into existing smaller streams to promote
inland navigation
this provides an alternate way of
transport
reducing congestion on roads
several dams are at scenic locations and
have become
popular tourist attractions and
recreation spots
dams are called multi-purpose river
projects
due to the many ways that they offer to
manage our water resources
when multi-purpose river projects have
so many benefits to offer
why do we hear protests against
construction of
large dams in india
a dam creates an enormous reservoir of
water
that submerges vast stretches of the
surrounding area
this leads to the destruction of natural
vegetation
and soil
the submerging of farmlands and
residential areas
leads to mass displacement of people
these people give up their land and
resources
for the nation's greater good but
are usually never compensated enough
major benefits of large multi-purpose
projects
go to big landowners and industrialists
while the local poor
landless people have little to gain
this widens the social division between
the rich
and the poor
better irrigation facilities attract
farmers to grow more water intensive
commercial crops
this is leading to over irrigation and
increase in soil salinity
there are ecological problems as well
that can be caused
by the construction of dams
take the example of the cart fish
the carp fish is one of the many species
of fish
that swims hundreds of miles upstream
to return to the waters where it can
breed
dams block the migration of these fish
upsetting the ecological balance and
putting several aquatic species
in danger
there are several examples of sudden
release of
large quantities of water from dams
resulting in large-scale flooding in
plain areas
these are man-made disasters
that not only destroy life and property
but also lead to extensive soil erosion
most indian rivers flow across several
states
large dams obstruct the free flow of
river water
resulting in disputes between different
states
over water sharing and also
over the sharing of costs and benefits
of the project
for example two states in india
andhra pradesh and karnataka which
receive
water from the krishna and godavari
rivers
objected when the government of
maharashtra
tried to divert more water from these
two rivers
for a multi-purpose project at coiner
the direction of water would indeed
reduce the amount of downstream flow to
andhra pradesh
and karnataka
this will adversely affect agriculture
and industry in those states
environmentalists associate large dams
with causing of earthquakes spread of
waterborne diseases and degradation of
soil
constructing a large dam is expensive
and has lasting effects on the
surrounding areas
most of the multi-purpose river projects
in india
so far have not met their desired
objectives
rivers lakes
ponds and wells are our main source
of fresh water
but what is the main source of water
that seeds our rivers
lakes ponds
and wells
the answer is rains
rainwater feeds the sources of our
rivers
rainwater also seeps into the ground
to recharge our underground water
resources
rainwater is one of the purest forms of
water
available in nature
however rainwater is available to us
only for a few months in a year
the process of collecting rainwater
during the wet season
to meet our freshwater requirements in
the dry season
is called rainwater harvesting
rainwater harvesting is practiced in
india
since ancient times
many ingenious techniques were developed
based on local weather conditions
and soil types
let us explore what are the different
methods of rainwater harvesting
practiced in india
in himachal pradesh and jammu in the
western himalayas
rain water and water from glaciers
is harvested using diversion channels
called culls
or gulls
these skulls can be several kilometers
long
and run along steep mountain slopes
water flowing through the coals is
collected in reservoir tanks
in the villages water from these tanks
is used for irrigation as and when
required
farmers in bengal traditionally used
inundation channels
cut through river embankments at times
of floods to irrigate their fields
the flood water that flowed into the
fields also carried silt
a natural fertilizer
in some areas of rajasthan
especially in jaisalmer
earthen embankments
called carbon are built around
farms to collect rainwater during the
rainy season
this saturates the soil for cultivation
in the semi-arid regions of rajasthan
earthen czech dams called
johards are used to collect rain water
flowing down slopes
this water is allowed to percolate into
the ground
rising the level of groundwater
a lot of rainwater falls off the roofs
of our houses
don't you think all this water can be
used
if we can only collect all the raindrops
this is indeed
done in a good number of houses
one of the most widely used methods of
collecting rainwater
is rooftop rainwater harvesting
this method is used in many parts of
india
in a rooftop rainwater harvesting system
pvc pipes are used to collect rainwater
falling on the roof
the water is filtered through sand and
bricks
and stored in tanks for immediate use
excess water is diverted to wells where
it collects
and recharges groundwater
in many parts of rajasthan
rainwater collected through rooftop
harvesting
is collected in large underground
reservoirs
called tankers
the rainwater collected in such tankers
is shielded from sunlight
and thus remains pure for a long time
people use it as drinking water
with the construction of the indira
gandhi canal
water is readily available round the
year in western rajasthan
thus the practice of rooftop rainwater
harvesting
is slowly being abandoned
however some people still practice it
around 200 households in gandatur
a small village in maison karnataka
have also adopted rooftop rainwater
harvesting
at 80 percent collection efficiency
each household can collect 50 000 liters
of rainwater
every year for its use
you would think water harvesting is
carried out
only in areas where water scarcity is
common
due to scanty rainfall however
this is not true
for example chilong
in meghalaya is close to chirapunji
and most syndra the wettest places on
earth
and still faces water scarcity
now almost all households in shillong
use rooftop rainwater harvesting to meet
almost 20 percent of their total
requirement of water
another interesting rainwater harvesting
technique used in meghalaya
for centuries is bamboo drip irrigation
bamboos are split to make shallow
channels
a complex network of such bamboo
channels is used to divert
and carry water from rain-fed springs to
the farms
channel sections in the farm allow the
water to drip
near the roots of the plants
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