The Origins and Rise of Islam | World History Project

Summary

全球有18亿穆斯林，占世界人口的四分之一。我住在阿布扎比，这里的大多数居民信奉伊斯兰教。伊斯兰教是信奉单一神祇安拉的宗教，创始人是7世纪的先知穆罕默德，他从安拉那里接受了《古兰经》的启示。伊斯兰教的核心信仰和实践被称为五大支柱。穆罕默德去世后，伊斯兰教迅速传播，并形成了庞大的帝国。伊斯兰教的传播经历了1400多年，影响了从西班牙到印度的广大地区。历史学家通过《古兰经》和圣训等资料研究伊斯兰教的发展，并帮助我们评估各种历史叙述的真实性。

Takeaways

• 🌍 全球约有18亿穆斯林，占世界总人口的四分之一。
• 🕌 伊斯兰教是单神教，信仰唯一的神——安拉。
• 📜 穆斯林相信先知穆罕默德在7世纪时从安拉那里获得了启示，形成了《古兰经》。
• 🕋 伊斯兰教的五大支柱是：宣信、礼拜、斋戒、施舍和朝觐。
• 🌐 伊斯兰教在穆罕默德去世后迅速传播到伊拉克、叙利亚、埃及、伊朗和中亚。
• 📖 《古兰经》和圣训是伊斯兰教最重要的文献，分别记录了安拉的启示和先知穆罕默德及早期穆斯林的言行。
• 🏛️ 伊斯兰教吸收了拜占庭和萨珊文化，形成了独特的地方文化，并通过贸易路线进一步传播。
• 🔍 历史学家通过《古兰经》、圣训及考古证据研究伊斯兰教历史，以评估其可靠性。
• 🌐 伊斯兰教通过商人、旅行神秘主义者传播到印度尼西亚、马来西亚、撒哈拉以南非洲等地。
• 🗺️ 伊斯兰教在全球有重要影响力，理解其历史对于理解现代世界非常重要。

Q & A

全球有多少人是穆斯林？

全球大约有18亿穆斯林，占现有人口的四分之一。

伊斯兰教的基本信仰和实践是什么？

伊斯兰教的核心信仰和实践称为五大支柱：一、信仰真主和穆罕默德为真主的先知；二、每日定时祈祷；三、在斋月期间禁食；四、向贫困者施舍；五、如果有能力，前往麦加朝觐。

《古兰经》和《圣训》是什么？

《古兰经》是穆斯林的圣书，被认为是真主通过天使加百列启示给穆罕默德的言辞。《圣训》是关于先知穆罕默德及早期穆斯林社区的言行记录，包含了穆罕默德的言论以及早期哈里发的言行。

伊斯兰教的历史是如何开端的？

伊斯兰教始于7世纪阿拉伯半岛，先知穆罕默德在此得到了《古兰经》的启示。穆罕默德去世后，伊斯兰教迅速传播到伊拉克、叙利亚、埃及、伊朗和中亚等地。

穆斯林社区在穆罕默德去世后的组织方式是什么？

穆罕默德去世后，穆斯林社区面临许多挑战，包括如何组织和领导社区。最终，他们建立了哈里发制度，哈里发作为先知的代表，既是政治领袖也是宗教领袖。

伊斯兰教是如何从阿拉伯半岛的小社区发展成全球性的宗教的？

伊斯兰教的传播经历了1400多年，初期的转换速度较慢。伊斯兰教通过商人、贸易和旅行的神秘主义者在中世纪逐渐传播到今天穆斯林众多的地区如印度尼西亚、马来西亚和撒哈拉以南非洲。

历史学家如何研究伊斯兰教？

历史学家通过《古兰经》和《圣训》来研究伊斯兰教，同时还通过考古证据来验证这些叙述。早期的历史记录主要通过口头传递，后被记录并编纂成书。

为什么评估历史叙述是重要的？

评估历史叙述很重要，因为它们影响我们对世界的理解。不同的叙述可能有政治目的，因此需要专家来帮助我们辨别哪些叙述是可靠的，哪些是在利用我们。

早期伊斯兰社区如何处理不同文化的融合？

早期的伊斯兰社区通过吸收拜占庭和萨珊文化等当地文化，发展出独特的地方文化。这些城市中心成为了文化和知识生产的重要场所，同时通过贸易网络连接了不同的社区。

伊斯兰教对全球事务有何影响？

伊斯兰教是全球事务中的一股重要力量。关于伊斯兰教起源和发展的历史叙述塑造了我们对当今世界的理解，因此了解这些叙述及其影响是很重要的。

Outlines

00:00

🌍 全球18亿穆斯林的信仰与实践

全球有18亿穆斯林，他们信仰伊斯兰教，一种一神教。伊斯兰教的核心是相信真主（Allah）和穆罕默德（Muhammad）为先知。穆罕默德在7世纪的阿拉伯半岛接受了真主的启示，写成《古兰经》。伊斯兰教的五大支柱包括：宣誓信仰、每日祈祷、斋月禁食、施舍、以及麦加朝觐。穆斯林社区自穆罕默德逝世后不断发展壮大，形成多样的文化和历史叙述。专家们通过评估这些叙述帮助我们辨别真伪。

05:03

📜 早期伊斯兰历史与穆斯林社区的发展

伊斯兰教在穆罕默德逝世后的十年间传播到伊拉克、叙利亚、埃及和伊朗等地。阿拉伯半岛当时主要信仰多神教，但也有重要的犹太和基督教社区。穆斯林的圣书《古兰经》是穆罕默德通过天使加百列从真主那里获得的启示，《圣训》则是关于穆罕默德和早期穆斯林的言行记录。穆罕默德去世后，穆斯林社区面临领导问题，最终确立了哈里发制度。伊斯兰教的传播并非一蹴而就，而是经过了数个世纪，通过商人、商队和旅行传教士逐渐传播到东南亚和非洲等地。

10:03

🏙️ 伊斯兰教的全球影响与历史研究

伊斯兰教在中世纪通过贸易和交流网络传播，形成了重要的都市中心，如巴格达、开罗和大马士革。这些城市成为文化和知识生产的中心，促进了伊斯兰教与拜占庭、萨珊等文化的融合。历史学家通过考古证据和早期文献研究伊斯兰的起源和传播。尽管伊斯兰历史叙述存在多样性，但学者们一致认为穆罕默德确实存在并传播了伊斯兰教。研究这些历史叙述有助于理解伊斯兰教在全球事务中的重要性和其对现代社会的影响。

Keywords

💡穆斯林

穆斯林是指信仰伊斯兰教的人，全球有18亿人是穆斯林，几乎占全球人口的四分之一。视频中提到阿布扎比的居民大多是穆斯林，这突显了伊斯兰教在该地区的重要性。

💡伊斯兰教

伊斯兰教是一种一神教，信徒相信唯一的神——真主。它的核心信仰和实践被称为五大支柱。视频详细介绍了伊斯兰教的起源、核心信仰和其在全球范围内的传播。

💡古兰经

古兰经是伊斯兰教的圣书，穆斯林相信这是神通过天使加百利传给穆罕默德的启示。视频中提到，古兰经是穆斯林理解其信仰和实践的重要来源。

💡圣训

圣训是指先知穆罕默德和早期穆斯林社区的言行记录。除了古兰经，圣训也是穆斯林和历史学家理解伊斯兰教早期历史的重要来源。

💡穆罕默德

穆罕默德是伊斯兰教的先知，生活在公元7世纪的阿拉伯半岛。他被认为是神的使者，接收了古兰经的启示，并在他死后，伊斯兰教迅速传播到阿拉伯半岛之外。

💡五大支柱

伊斯兰教的五大支柱是穆斯林核心信仰和实践的基础，包括信仰宣言、每日祷告、斋戒、施舍和朝觐。视频中提到了这些支柱，并解释了它们对穆斯林生活的重要性。

💡哈里发

哈里发是指先知穆罕默德去世后，穆斯林社区的领导者，既负责政治也负责宗教事务。视频中讨论了哈里发制度的形成及其在早期穆斯林社会中的作用。

💡阿拉伯半岛

阿拉伯半岛是伊斯兰教的发源地，先知穆罕默德的家乡。视频中描述了穆罕默德如何在阿拉伯半岛传播他的教义，并建立了新的宗教社区。

💡贸易网络

贸易网络指的是伊斯兰教通过贸易路线如印度洋贸易和丝绸之路传播到远离阿拉伯半岛的地区。视频中提到这些网络是伊斯兰教传播和影响扩大的关键因素。

💡历史叙述

历史叙述是指对过去事件的解释和记录。视频中讨论了伊斯兰教早期历史的各种叙述，强调了历史学家在评估这些叙述时的关键作用，以区分可靠的信息和误导性的陈述。

Highlights

全球有18亿穆斯林，占世界人口的四分之一。

阿布扎比的公民大多信仰伊斯兰教。

伊斯兰教是信仰单一神的宗教，称为安拉。

穆罕默德在公元七世纪在阿拉伯半岛获得了神的启示，形成了《古兰经》。

伊斯兰教的核心信仰和实践被称为五大支柱：宣信、祈祷、斋戒、施舍和朝觐。

伊斯兰教是多样化的宗教，在不同文化中有不同的表现。

伊斯兰教起源于阿拉伯半岛的穆罕默德，他在632年去世。

伊斯兰教的早期传播包括伊拉克、叙利亚、埃及和波斯。

《古兰经》是穆斯林的圣书，被认为是神通过天使加百列传达给穆罕默德的启示。

《圣训》是关于穆罕默德及早期穆斯林社区言行的报告。

穆罕默德在世时，阿拉伯半岛主要信仰多神教，同时也有重要的犹太和基督教社区。

穆罕默德的追随者征服了阿拉伯半岛，并在其去世后迅速扩展到更广的区域。

早期穆斯林社区在穆罕默德去世后面临组织上的挑战，最终建立了哈里发制度。

伊斯兰教在早期传播缓慢，至今在印尼、马来西亚等地的传播始于13世纪。

伊斯兰教通过贸易网络和文化交流继续传播，影响了广泛的地区。

伊斯兰教的历史叙述来源于《古兰经》、《圣训》以及考古证据。

早期伊斯兰教的口述文化通过记忆和书写传承了《圣训》报告。

伊斯兰教的历史叙述在今天仍然对许多社区有重要影响，并且有政治目的的不同叙述。

理解伊斯兰教的历史叙述有助于我们理解当今世界。

Transcripts

1.8 billion people around the world are  Muslims. That's almost one of every four  

humans alive right now. I live here in  Abu Dhabi, a city on the Arabian Peninsula

where most of the citizens follow  the Muslim faith known as Islam.

Islam is a monotheistic tradition which means  that Muslims believe in a single god, Allah.

Muslims believe that a man named Muhammad who lived in the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century CE

received a revelation from god, a holy book  called the Quran. In the decades that followed,

Muhammad traveled from Mecca across the Arabian Peninsula, gaining followers and establishing the

beliefs and traditions of one of the world's great  religions. The core belief and practices of Islam

are called the Five Pillars. One, declaring  faith in god and in Muhammad as god's Prophet.

Two, practicing regular daily prayers. Three,  fasting during the sacred month of Ramadan.

Four, giving charity to the poor. Five, performing the pilgrimage to Mecca if one is able.

Islam is a diverse religion practiced in many  different cultures and each has left their own,

distinct mark on the religion. Since the death  of Muhammad, Muslim communities have interpreted

Islam in unique ways, crafting narratives about  their common history from Muhammad to the present.

Some narratives are created by Muslims, some  by people outside of Muslim communities.

Some of these narratives are tied to political  goals as well, so it's important for historians

to think critically about these narratives. Where  does the history of Islam begin? Why did it spread

to so many different places? How did it become  significant on a world historical scale?

Finally, what historical narratives unite all these diverse traditions? People tell a lot of stories about Islam.

I'm sure you've heard some of them. It can  be hard to sift through what's reliable and what's

full of misinformation. That's one of the reasons  that expertise is important. Historians can help

us evaluate narratives of the past, whether those  stories were created 1400 years ago or yesterday.

People with expertise can help us  identify which narratives are useful  

and which are trying to use us. So I went out  and found an expert. Dr. Mariam Sheibani teaches

about the history and culture of Islam at  the University of Toronto. I asked her to

help me explore the emergence of Islam and  how narratives shape our understanding of it.

Dr. Sheibani, thanks for joining us. Thank you  very much it's an honor to be here with you today.

Can you give us a timeline and location for  the early history and context for Islam?

So Islam emerged after the Prophet Muhammad established the new religion. He was in the Arabian Peninsula,

and he died in 632, and within a decade  his followers had spread Islam to

Iraq, to Syria, to Egypt, and into present-day  Iran and Central Asia. So Islam emerges from the

teachings of the Prophet Muhammad who was born and lived his entire life in the Arabian Peninsula.

At the time, the Arabian Peninsula was primarily  polytheistic, but there were really important

Jewish and Christian communities, particularly  Jewish communities in the region.

What are the Quran and the Hadith?

So the Quran is the Muslim holy book which Muslims believe is the speech of god,

the revelations that god revealed to Muhammad  through the Archangel Gabriel

and the Hadith are reports of the statements of the Prophet that are not revelation from God directly

as well as reports from the early Muslim community, the early Muslims. So it's not just things the Prophet said,

but things that the early caliphs, the early  Muslims also said or did. So the Quran and the

teachings of the Prophet make it really clear that  the Prophet is renewing the teachings of Abraham

and continuing and renewing the teachings of  Judaism and Christianity as well,

and so the Prophet in fact retains certain aspects of the faith and practice that the Jews and Christians

were already engaged in, but also introduces new  teachings that are unique or particular to Islam.

After his revelation and conquest, Muhammad went  from being a merchant living in a small town of

Mecca to being the spiritual and political leader  of a new community. Shortly after Muhammad's death,

this small community would spread far  beyond Mecca and Medina. Muhammad's followers

conquered the entire Arabian Peninsula and  within a few decades had conquered lands that lay

hundreds of miles to the east and west. An Islamic  empire was now stretching from Spain to India.

But there were growing pains. The Muslim community struggled to organize its spiritual and political

life after Muhammad died in 632 CE. Let's  talk more with Dr. Sheibani about this history.

How did early Muslims organize their community  after the death of the Prophet?

The early Muslim community faced a lot of challenges after the death of the Prophet. From the historical record,  

we know that it was in some ways a surprise or a  shock to them after the Prophet had passed away.

There were some early debates and discussions  about how the community should organize itself and

who should lead the community after the Prophet.  Should it be a member of his household?

Should it be prominent political leaders in the community? But eventually, they arrived at a caliphate which

is basically a representative of the Prophet who  presides over the community, governs the community

both politically and also religiously  in the early period.

The early community had to mature relatively quickly especially after the spread of Islam and the expansion

of the Islamic empire to these diverse regions  where the communities were primarily non-Muslims.

And part of that dynamic was also the absorption  of a lot of other religious communities, a lot of

cultures that were very different than the first  Muslim community in the Arabian Peninsula.

How did Islam go from a small community in Arabia to a religion that has 1.8 billion adherents around the world?

Yeah, that's a good question, and that's a  process that took over 1400 years.

But briefly, I can tell you that conversion to Islam in the early period was quite slow. So even though Muslims were

ruling over places like Iraq and Syria and Egypt,  the majority of the population hadn't converted to

Islam for decades, sometimes even centuries. The spread of Islam to regions where Muslims are

very numerous today like Indonesia, Malaysia, the  Malay archipelago, sub-saharan Africa.

The spread of Islam to these regions actually happened quite late starting primarily in the 13th,

14th, quite a bit after the 15th century. And that  happened through these merchants and tradesmen

and traveling mystics who went to these regions  and introduced Islam in the Medieval Period.

How did Islam reorganize communities and  networks, both regionally and globally?

Muslims in these diverse regions they established  really important urban centers that were very

cosmopolitan places, like Iraq, places like  Cairo, like Damascus. They became these magnets

for people coming from diverse regions and so  there was a process of first of all assimilating

the local cultures, the Byzantine cultures, the  Sasanian cultures that had preceded Islam and

there was a very interesting kind of integration  of maybe Islamic values and religious norms with

these preceding civilizations, these preceding  cultures that developed a very unique local culture.

These cosmopolitan centers, these  urban centers were really important

for cultural and intellectual production. The other  important dynamic is the connection of disparate

communities through economic and trade network, Indian Ocean trade for example, the Silk Road.

Because of these trade routes, Islam continued  to spread to these regions that were further

away from the Arabian Peninsula, as well as the  development of shared methods of economic exchange and shared social norms.

The influence of Islam  continued to expand for centuries beyond his death.

Islamic empires conquered new lands and expanded old trade routes.

Many of the people they encountered chose to convert to this new religion, reshaping life

across Afro-Eurasia during this era.

Clearly, Islam is important to the study of history. So how do historians study Islam?

Where do we get our narratives about early Islam? And what sources do Muslims use to understand

their faith and practice their religion?Let's bring  these questions back to our expert.

What are some of the different ways the history  of Islam has been told?

So although historians disagree about some of the details surrounding Islamic history, as they do about any historical account,

there's a consensus among scholars about  a few things, that the Prophet Muhammad existed,

that he lived in Arabia, that he claimed to have  received revelation from god, and that Islam

spread to these regions outside of the Arabian Peninsula, Syria, Iraq, Egypt, Central Asia, pretty quickly.

What are the most important  sources in Islam for Muslims and historians?

The most important sources for Muslims in learning  about their history are the Quran, which is the  

Muslim holy book, as well as the Hadith reports, which are accounts or anecdotes about the Prophet

and the early community, things that they did, the  things that they said, and these Hadith reports  

were compiled into historical chronicles as early  as the 9th century and their way of documenting  

the biography, the life of the Prophet, and the life  of the early Muslim community after the Prophet.  

Historians do rely on these sources, the Quran and the Hadith reports, in addition to which they  

try to corroborate that narrative through other  sources like archaeological evidence.

So early on, these sources were transmitted orally for one or two generations. They were written down

in private collections that were later  compiled into collections of Hadith reports,

compilations that we still have today and  that historians and Muslims both rely upon

to construct and understand the early history  of Islam. It was an oral culture, and so people

would memorize these reports and they would retain them in their memory and transmit them

to others, in addition to writing them down  and preserving them in writing.

Historical narratives about early Islam  remain important to many communities today.

There are lots of different narratives and  not all are historically accurate.

These come from within and outside Muslim communities, and they often have a political purpose.

My conversation with our historical expert Dr.  Sheibani helped me understand why it's important  

to evaluate these narratives. Today, there are  a lot of Muslim communities all over the world.

Islam is a major force in global affairs.  Historical narratives about Islam's emergence

and development over the past 14 centuries  shapes our understanding of the world today.