Common Foreign and Security Policy

Summary

The video script delves into the evolution of European foreign and security policy, highlighting key events like the European Defense Community's rejection and the Western European Union's role in integrating Germany. It discusses the impact of the Gulf War and the Bosnian War on European security, the St. Petersburg Declaration's influence on warfare, and NATO's evolving strategies. The script also covers the EU's headline goals for rapid military deployment, the complexities of the Afghanistan conflict, and the first EU-led military operation in the Congo. It touches on the Iraq War, the Treaty of Lisbon's implications for EU governance, and concludes with an analysis of the European neighborhood policy and member states' security stances.

Takeaways

• 🇪🇺 The European Defense Community (EDC) was a plan to create a unified European army, including German units, under a single authority, but was rejected by the French National Assembly in 1954.
• 🏰 The failure of the EDC led to the abandonment of the European Political Community and influenced the creation of the Western European Union (WEU), aimed at integrating Germany into Western European security systems.
• 🔄 The WEU became less relevant after Germany joined NATO in 1955, as NATO became the principal mechanism for security and defense in Europe under US leadership.
• 🌐 Post-Cold War, the European Union (EU) recognized the need for a new security dimension independent of the USA, especially after the Gulf War, which highlighted the importance of international military responses.
• 🛡️ The Bosnian War showcased NATO's first use of force and the eventual implementation of the Dayton Accords, which established a federalized Bosnia and Herzegovina.
• 🚫 The Declaration of St. Petersburg in 1868 was a significant step towards prohibiting the use of inhumane weapons in warfare, setting a precedent for future international agreements.
• 🤝 The Combined Joint Task Force concept was developed for NATO and the WEU to allow for easily deployable multinational military formations for various missions, including peacekeeping and enforcement.
• 🎯 The EU's Headline Goal aimed to deploy up to 50,000-60,000 persons capable of a full range of peace enforcement operations within 60 days and sustain for at least one year by 1999.
• 🕊️ The Doha Agreement between the US and the Taliban in 2020 set a timeline for US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan and pledged Taliban to prevent territory use by terrorist groups, but violence continued.
• 🗺️ The EU's first independently launched military operation was in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO) from 2013, demonstrating the EU's capacity for autonomous military engagement.
• 🔄 The Treaty of Lisbon updated EU regulations to establish more centralized leadership and foreign policy, enhancing cohesion and streamlining actions within the EU.

Q & A

What was the European Defense Community and why was it rejected by the French National Assembly in 1954?

The European Defense Community was a plan to create a unified European army, including German units, under a single military and political European authority. It was rejected by the French National Assembly in August 1954 due to concerns about sovereignty and the potential for German militarization.

What was the Western European Union and how did its role evolve after Germany joined NATO?

The Western European Union was established as a result of the failure of the European Defense Community. Its main aim was to integrate Germany into the Western European security framework. After Germany joined NATO in 1955, the Western European Union's role diminished as NATO became the principal mechanism for security and defense in Europe.

What was the significance of the Gulf War in shaping post-Cold War international military responses?

The Gulf War, triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, was the first major international crisis of the post-Cold War era. The US-led response set important precedents for the use of military force in international conflicts in subsequent decades.

What were the key outcomes of the Dayton Accords following the Bosnian War?

The Dayton Accords resulted in a federalized Bosnia and Herzegovina, with 51% of the land constituting a Croat-Bosniak Federation. It was a peace agreement that formally ended the Bosnian War after years of fighting and multiple failed peace proposals.

What is the Declaration of St. Petersburg and why is it significant in the context of international humanitarian law?

The Declaration of St. Petersburg is an agreement that prohibits the use of certain inhumane weapons in warfare. It originated in 1863 with the invention of an exploding bullet by Russian military authorities. The declaration is significant as it laid the groundwork for international rules against causing unnecessary suffering in warfare.

What is the Headline Goal and what was the agreed timeline for its achievement?

The Headline Goal was set by the European Council in Helsinki in 1999. It aimed to achieve the deployment of an army for EU-led missions in international crises. The agreement was that member states should be able to deploy within 60 days and sustain for at least one year military forces of up to 50,000 to 60,000 persons capable of a full range of peace operations.

What were the key points of the Doha Agreement between the US government and the Taliban?

The Doha Agreement, signed in February 2020, set a timeline for the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan. In return, the Taliban pledged to prevent territory under its control from being used by terrorist groups and to enter negotiations with the Afghan government. However, no official ceasefire was put in place.

What was the significance of the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 and its aftermath?

The US invasion of Iraq in 2003, also known as the second Persian Gulf War, resulted in the rapid defeat of Iraqi military forces. However, it was followed by a longer phase of insurgency against the US-led occupation. The conflict led to significant US military casualties and a gradual reduction of US presence, culminating in the withdrawal in December 2011.

What is the European Defense Agency and what role does it play in the European Union's defense capabilities?

The European Defense Agency is a European defense cooperation hub. Its expertise and network enable it to cover a broad defense spectrum, including harmonizing requirements, delivering operational capabilities, research and innovation, developing technology demonstrators, training and exercises, and maintenance to support the EU's common defense and security policy operations.

What changes did the Treaty of Lisbon bring to the European Union's structure and governance?

The Treaty of Lisbon updated the regulations of the European Union by establishing a more centralized leadership and foreign policy, a proper process for countries wishing to leave the union, and a streamlined process for enacting new policy. It aimed to enhance cohesion and streamline actions within the EU, and it replaced the previously rejected constitutional treaty.

Outlines

00:00

🏛️ European Defense Community and Western European Union

The first paragraph discusses the European Defense Community (EDC), a plan in the 1950s to create a unified European army including German units under a single authority. The proposal was rejected by the French National Assembly in 1954, leading to the abandonment of the European political community plan. Subsequently, the Western European Union (WEU) was established following the 1954 Paris conference, integrating Germany into the Western European security framework. However, with Germany's NATO membership in 1955, the WEU became redundant under NATO's dominance, making the US-led NATO the principal security mechanism in Europe.

05:04

🌐 Post-Cold War European Security and the Gulf War

The second paragraph outlines the shift in European security and defense policy following the end of the Cold War, emphasizing the need for a new dimension independent of the USA. It highlights the Gulf War, triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, as a significant international crisis of the post-Cold War era. The UN's swift response with economic sanctions and the deployment of US troops marked a precedent for future military engagements. The paragraph also touches on the Bosnian War, a multiethnic conflict in the former Yugoslavia, and NATO's involvement, including its first use of force to enforce a no-fly zone and air strikes against Bosnian Serb targets.

10:06

📜 Historical Military Treaties and European Security Cooperation

This paragraph delves into the Declaration of St. Petersburg, an agreement from 1868 that prohibited the use of certain inhumane weapons in warfare. It traces the evolution of international humanitarian law through subsequent declarations and the inclusion of such rules in the Hague Regulations on Land Warfare. The summary also covers the development of the European Security and Defense Identity (ESDI) within NATO, the establishment of a Joint Task Force for multinational military operations, and the Headline Goal of the EU to deploy a rapid reaction force for international crisis situations.

15:08

🛡️ Conflicts in Afghanistan, Iraq, and European Military Operations

The fourth paragraph provides an overview of the US and Allied Forces' invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, which ousted the Taliban regime following the 9/11 attacks. It discusses the subsequent insurgency, the challenges faced by the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces, and the Doha Agreement of 2020 between the US government and the Taliban. The paragraph also touches on the Iraq War, the conflict's two phases, and the subsequent insurgency that led to a gradual US military withdrawal by 2011. Additionally, it mentions the EU's first independently launched military operation in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the US invasion of Iraq in 2003.

20:10

🏙️ Old Europe vs. New Europe and European Security Strategies

The final paragraph examines the division between 'Old Europe' and 'New Europe,' as characterized by US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, particularly in the context of European responses to US foreign policy and the Iraq War. It also discusses the European Security Strategy, the European Defense Agency's role in defense cooperation, and the Treaty of Lisbon's impact on the EU's centralized leadership and foreign policy. The paragraph concludes with a look at the European Neighborhood Policy as a tool for addressing security threats and providing stability to Europe.

Keywords

💡European Defense Community

The European Defense Community (EDC) was a proposed collective defense organization that aimed to create a unified European army, including German units, under a single military and political European authority. This concept was a significant part of the post-World War II efforts to integrate Western Europe and prevent future conflicts. The EDC was rejected by the French National Assembly in 1954, which was a pivotal moment in European security policy, as mentioned in the script.

💡Western European Union

The Western European Union (WEU) emerged from the lessons learned from the EDC's failure. It was an organization that sought to integrate Germany into the Western European security framework, which included Italy and Germany in the expanded Brussels Treaty. The WEU's role became less significant after Germany joined NATO in 1955, as the script explains, and it eventually became obsolete under NATO's dominance.

💡European Security and Defense Identity (ESDI)

ESDI refers to the development within the European Union to strengthen European participation in security matters while maintaining transatlantic cooperation. It is designed to complement NATO and other institutions like the Western European Union. The script mentions ESDI in the context of creating a more independent European security framework, separate from the US influence.

💡Persian Gulf War

The Persian Gulf War, also known as the Gulf War, was an international conflict triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990. The war marked the first major international crisis of the post-Cold War era and set precedents for the use of military force in subsequent decades. The script discusses the diplomatic and military responses to the invasion, highlighting the war's significance in shaping international security dynamics.

💡Bosnian War

The Bosnian War was an ethnically rooted conflict in the former Republic of Yugoslavia, involving Bosnian Muslims, Serbs, and Croats. The war resulted in a peace agreement known as the Dayton Accord, which was negotiated with the backing of the United States and NATO. The script describes NATO's first use of force during the war and the eventual peace process, illustrating the complexity of ethnic conflicts and international interventions.

💡Declaration of St. Petersburg

The Declaration of St. Petersburg is an international agreement that prohibits the use of certain inhumane weapons in warfare. Originating in 1863 with the invention of an exploding bullet by Russian military authorities, the declaration has contributed to the development of international humanitarian law. The script mentions this declaration as an important historical precedent for regulating the conduct of war.

💡Headline Goal

The Headline Goal is a commitment made by the European Council in Helsinki in 1999 to achieve the deployment of an army for EU-led missions in international crises. The goal was for EU member states to be able to deploy, within 60 days, military forces of up to 50,000 to 60,000 persons capable of a full range of peace enforcement tasks. The script uses the Headline Goal to discuss the EU's capacity to respond to security challenges independently.

💡Taliban

The Taliban is a Sunni Islamic fundamentalist movement that controlled most of Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001. The script discusses the US and allied forces' invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, which led to the overthrow of the Taliban regime. It also covers the subsequent insurgency, the challenges faced by the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces, and the peace deal negotiated in 2020, known as the Doha Agreement.

💡European Neighborhood Policy

The European Neighborhood Policy is a strategy aimed at bringing economic and security benefits to countries on the periphery of the European Union without offering EU membership. The policy is an important tool in the EU's common foreign and security policy, providing stability and security to Europe. The script mentions this policy in the context of addressing new security threats and leveraging the EU's economic power.

💡Treaty of Lisbon

The Treaty of Lisbon, also known as the Lisbon Treaty, updated the regulations of the European Union by establishing a more centralized leadership and foreign policy, a proper process for countries wishing to leave the union, and a streamlined process for enacting new policy. The script discusses the treaty in the context of enhancing cohesion and streamlining actions within the EU, as well as the arguments for and against its provisions.

Highlights

Introduction to the European Defense Community (EDC) and its proposal for a unified European army with German involvement.

Rejection of the EDC by the French National Assembly in 1954 and the subsequent abandonment of the European political community plan.

Lessons learned from the EDC failure leading to the formation of the Western European Union (WEU) to integrate Germany into the Western European security system.

WEU's role becoming obsolete under NATO's dominance and the shift to NATO as the principal security and defense mechanism in Europe.

The impact of the Cold War's end and the Persian Gulf War on the development of a new dimension in EU and EC security and defense.

Diplomatic and military responses to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, including the first major international crisis of the post-Cold War era.

The Bosnian War's ethnic roots and the role of NATO in imposing a ceasefire and facilitating peace talks.

The Declaration of St. Petersburg and its significance in prohibiting the use of certain inhumane weapons in warfare.

Development of the European security and defense identity (ESDI) within NATO to strengthen European participation in security matters.

The Combined Joint Task Force concept for easily deployable multinational military formations within NATO and the WEU.

The Helsinki Headline Goal of the European Council to deploy an army for EU-led missions in international crisis situations.

The US and Allied Forces' invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and the subsequent challenges faced by the Afghan National Security Forces.

The Doha Agreement between the US government and the Taliban, setting a timeline for the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan.

The EU's first independently launched military operation in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Operation MONUSCO.

The Iraq War's two phases, including the initial invasion and the subsequent insurgency against the US-led occupation.

The Old Europe versus New Europe debate and the divisions over Turkey's invocation of NATO's Article 4.

The European Security Strategy and the European Defense Agency's role in covering a broad defense spectrum.

The Treaty of Lisbon's impact on updating EU regulations, enhancing cohesion, and streamlining actions within the EU.

The European Neighborhood Policy as a tool for providing stability and security to Europe in the face of new security threats.

France's role as the strongest supporter of a dependent European security and defense initiative and its historical stance on multilateralism.

Transcripts

okay hi guys so today we're going to be

looking at common foreign and security

policy so the European Defense Community

is the first thing we're going to look

at so this plan proposed the creation of

a European army with the eventual

involvement of German units to be placed

under a single military and political

European Authority this proposal sped

the debate particularly in France

although it was accepted by most Western

countries the plan for the European

Defense Community was rejected by the

French National Assembly in August 1954

the refusal of the French National

Assembly to ratify the treaty

establishing the European Defense Comm

Community automatically led to the plan

for the European political community of

which was the institutional coroller

being

abandoned so the next is the Western

European Union so what lessons learned

from European Defense communi failure

Britain put forth an idea on integrating

Germany to the Western European security

system so this occurred in the 1954

Paris conference where Britain suggested

that they expand 1948 Brussels treaty by

including Italy and Germany and together

establish a Western European Union for a

European only type of security action

its main aim was to integrate Germany

into the West European security

framework so when Germany became a NATO

member in 1955 the West European Union's

task was accomplished and the West

European Union became useless under the

dominance of NATO so in other words us

leadership in NATO the Western European

Union have no reason to play an

independent role and therefore Nat was

the principal mechanism of security and

defense in Europe okay next look at fet

plan so there's going to be a few slides

I'm just going to skip through because

there's not much for me to explain you

guys can just read through so this is

one this talks about the European

political uh

cooperation that European Defense

identity this is just a whole lot of

different things that occurred ter of

Europe and the security forces that they

used and how countries were open then

with the end of the Cold War so with the

collapse of the Soviet Union at the end

of the Cold War European security and

defense faced a major turning point and

triggered the development of a new

dimension and in the EU and EC security

and defense so was agre that the

European security needed a new dimension

that should evolve independently on the

USA so now this is important the

outbreak of the gulf crisis right the

Persian Gulf War which is also called

the Gulf War was an international

conflict that was triggered by Iraq's

invasion of Kuwait on August 2nd 1990 so

Iraq leader Saddam Hussein ordered the

invasion and occupation of Kuwait with

the apparent aim of acquiring the

nation's large oil res reserves

canceling a large debt Iraq o to O

and expanding Iraqi power in the region

it was the first major International

crisis the post Cold War era and the US

Le response would set important

precedence for the use of military force

over subsequent decades uh the

Diplomatic response to the invasion was

swept so on the 6th of August the United

Nations security Council passed

resolution 661 which opposed a ban on

all trade with Iraq and called on UN

member countries to protect the assets

of the legitimate government of Kuwait a

day later the first US troops were sent

to Saudi Arabia while Mubarak invited

Arab leaders to Ciro for an emergency

Summit so this talks about the

atlanticist europeanist divides and how

they were divided based that how certain

countries fall into category now we're

going to look at the bosan war right so

this was an ethnically rooted war in

Bosnia and

herina pleas my my words

um so this that was a Former Republic of

Yugoslavia with a multiethnic population

comprising bosniacs which are Bosnian

Muslims serbs and CS so after years of

bitter fighting that involved the three

Bosnian groups as well as the OSL Army

wested countries with backing from NATO

imposed a final ceas fire negotiated by

Dayton Ohio Us in 1955 so several peace

proposals during the war failed largely

because the bosnians servs who

controlled about 70% of the land by 1940

refused to concede any territory so in

1944 in NATO's first ever use of force

its Fighters shut down four bosan Ser

aircrafts that were violating the UR

impos no flies all over the country

later that year at the un's request NATO

launched isolated at ineffective air

strikes against Bosnian sub targets

following

theica Massacre and another bosan and

sub attack on a seval Marketplace so

NATO undertook more counter more

concentrated air strikes late in

1955 combined with a large scale bosan

cro land offensive this action led to

bosan S Forces to G to us sponsor peace

talks in Dayton in

November so uh this resulted the

resulting dayon Accord called for a

federalized bosia and

her Z in which 51% of the land would

constitute a cro bosan

Federation a republic should force the

agreement formally signed in December

1955 okay so the Declaration of St

Petersburg is the first form agreement

prohibiting the use of certain weapons

in War it had its origin in the

invention in 1863 by Russian military

authorities of a bullet which exploded

on contact with a hard substance and

whose primary object was blow ammunition

wagons so in 1867 the projectile was so

modified as to explode a Conta with a

soft substance as such the bullet would

have been an inhumane instrument of war

the Russian government unwilling to use

the bullet itself or to allow another

country to take advantage of it

suggested that the use of the bullet be

prohibited by International agreement

for the Declaration to do that effect uh

the Declaration to that effect adopted

in 1868 which has the force of law

confirms the customary rule According to

which the use of arms projectiles and

material of nature to cause unnecessary

suffering is prohibited this rule was

later on laid down in article 23 of the

uh hog regulations on land Warfare in

1899 and 1907 so the Declaration of St

Petersburg prompted the adoption of

further Declaration of a similar nature

at two HW p peace conferences in 1899

and 1907 so so the hog declarations

relating to the discharge of projectiles

and explosives from Bots and the use of

asting gases and the use of expandable

refer in their uh Preamble Declaration

of the of same

P the next few slides you guys can read

through this talks about common foreign

and

secury you're looking at the interg

governmental pillar of CSF

CFS looking at the document ass

membership then we're looking at the

development of the European security and

defense identity right so the identity

within the alliance is designed to

strengthen European participation in

security matters while reinforcing

transatlantic cooperation right the esdi

is being developed in the context of

complimentary initiatives being

undertaken by other mutually reinforcing

institutions such as the Western

European Union so ler the Western

European union and developing close

links through joint meetings and

exercise and regular consultations

cooperation between NATO and West

European councils facilitates the

implementation of a combined Joint Task

Force concept develop to respond to the

need for easily Deployable MTI

multinational multi-service military

formations so the combined Joint Task

Force operate within NATO and could be

used for operations led by the West

European Union this task force provides

the command and control Arrangements

needed to allow military forces to

operate effectively by creating

integrated headquarters composed of

military elements suited to the task to

be undertaken the military task include

humanitarian relief peacekeeping and

peace enforcement as well as collective

defense then we will look at the next

thing which is the Treaty of right so

you guys can read through the Treaty

of

Declaration

the Declaration then we have decoupling

dation and discrimination so this as

what you guys can read through it talks

about how is the expression of the leg

indispensable transatlantic link it

should remain an organization of

sovereign allies right then you have the

bement there just a whole lot of

agreements and enement that exist that

you guys need to read then you have your

headline gr right so in December 1999

the European council meeting in Helsinki

MO a headline goal to achieve the

deployment of an army for EU leg

missions in situations of international

crisis so it was agreed that cooperating

voluntary in EU Le operations member

states must be able to buy 2 to deploy

within 60 days and sustain for at least

one year military forces of up to 50,000

60,000 persons capable of the full range

of the PE to which we spoke about

previously War so uh so we all know that

Taliban is a Sunni Islamic

fundamentalist and predominantly pan

movement control most of Afghanistan

from 1986 to 2001 so in 2001 us and

Allied Forces invaded the country and

Qui out of the Taliban regime following

its refusal to hand over terrorist

leader Bin Laden in the wake of Al

qaeda's 911 attacks following the US Le

Invasion ton leadership relocated to

Southern Afghanistan and across the

border to Pakistan from where they wed

Insurgency against the Western back

government in Kabul afan National

Security forces and International

Coalition troops when the US left

Coalition formally ended its combat

mission in 2014 the Afghan National

Defense and security Force PR Char

Afghanistan security which we just spoke

about however the forces face

significant challenges in holding

territory and defending population

centers Taliban continued to attack

rural districts and Carry Out suicide

attacks in major cities with the a andsf

suffering heavy casualties the war

largely remained is St made for nearly

six years despite a small us troop

increase in

2017 continuing combat missions and a

shift of US military strategies Target

talian Revenue sources which involve air

strikes against drug labs and opium

production site so Taliban briefly

seized the capital of far province in

May 2018 and in August 2018 it captured

the capital of gazi Province holding the

city for nearly a week before us and

Afghan troops regain control so in

February 2020 after more than a year of

direct negotiations the US government

and Taliban find a peace

deal uh so this was called the Doha

agreement right so we spoke about the

peace deal that they reach right that

set a timeline for the withdrawal of US

troops from Afghanistan under the

agreement the United States pledged to

draw down US troops to approximately

8,500 within 135 days and completed full

withdrawal within 14 months in return

Taliban pledged to prevent territory

under its control from being used by

terrorist groups and to enter

negotiations with the afan government

however no official ceas fire was put in

place after a brief reduction in

violence the Taliban quickly resumed

attacks on Afghan security forces and

civilians direct talk between the afan

government and Taliban began months

after the agreement upon the start of

March 2020 however multiple however the

multiple

negotiations however the negotiations

faced multiple delays and ultimately

made little progress violence across

Afghanistan continued in 2020 and 2021

as the US increased air strikes and rids

targeting the Taliban Taliban in turn

attacked Afghan government

andsf targets and made gain and made

significant territorial G civilian

casualties across Afghanistan have

remained High over the past several

years the United Nations documented a

then record high of

10,993 Civilian casualties in 2018

although 2019 saw a slight decline

civilian deaths and injuries exceeded

10,000 for the sixth year in a row

bringing the total un documented

civilian casualties from 2009 to 2020 to

more than 100,000 despite another slide

despite another slide decline that's

that year the first half of 2020 saw a

record high number of Civilian casual

as the Taliban ramped up the military

offense am the withdrawal of

international troops in addition to the

Taliban

offens uh forces Afghanistan faces a

threat from the Islamic State of kisan

which is Isis um which has also expanded

its presence to several Eastern

provinces increased activity in Kabul

and targeted cilian with suicide attacks

okay this looks at the first military

operation

then you have the operation uh in Bosnia

H very hard word to say the new otus

operation okay so when we look at the

otus operation it was carried on in the

Democratic Republic of Congo from June

September 2013 on the request of the

United Nations and was the first

European un and this was the European

Union's first independently launched

military operation and its first

operation in Africa France supported by

Britain

was the driving political framework to

secure eu's engagement as well as the

main uh military contributor to the

operation looking at the US invasion of

Iraq in March 201 right so the Iraq War

also called the second Persian Gulf War

from 2013 to 2011 was a conflict in Iraq

that consisted of two phases so the

first phase of these was a brief

conventionally fought war in March to

April 2003 in which a combined force of

troops from the United States and Great

Britain with smaller uh and several

other countries invaded Iraq and rapidly

defeated Iraqi military and Par

paramilitary forces it was was followed

by a longer second phase in which a US

Le occupation of Iraq was opposed by an

Insurgency after violence began to

decline in 2007 the United States

gradually reduced its military presence

in Iraq formerly completing its

withdrawal in December 20

2011 American Military casualties in the

conflict included some 4 500 service

members killed and some 2,000 others wed

so Iraq's invasion of Cu in

1990 ended in Iraq's defeat by a us

Coalition in the Persian Gulf War which

was between which was what we spoke

about initially right so 1990 to 1991

however the Iraqi brand of

the can't say these words B party headed

by Saddam Hussein managed to retain

Power by harshly suppressing uprisings

of the country's minority Kurds and its

majority Shia Arabs to stem The Exodus

of Kurds of Iraq the Allies establish a

safe haven in Northern Iraq's

predominantly Kurdish reasons an all an

Allied War ples patrolled no fly zones

uh in northern and southern Iraq that

were of limit to Iraqi aircraft more

over to restrain future Iraqi aggression

the UN implemented uh economic sanctions

against Iraq

in order to among other things hinder

the progress of its most lethal arms

programs including those for development

of nuclear biological and chemical

weapons right so un inspections uh

during the mid 1990s uncovered a variety

of prescribed weapons and PR technology

throughout Iraq so know there was a

motion previously like a few years ago

that

was this I think this house would

recognize independent cish stat that's

where information like this would come

in handy

um then we're at Old Europe versus new

Europe so in reaction to France and

Germany the US Secretary of Defense

Donald rumsfield said that uh the United

States could ignore Old Europe because

new Europe was on their side furthermore

France Germany and Belgium veto turkey's

invocation of NATO's

article uh 4 and requesting Aid in case

of an imminent attack from Iraq three

decline turkey's request as a sign off

their displeasure with US foreign

policy then you have uh this talking

about the divisions over turkey you guys

can read through this we looking at the

European security strategy right so uh

you guys can also then you have your

headline and your European Defense

Agency right so the agency is a European

Defense Corporation Hub its expertise

and network enable it to cover a broad

defense Spectrum including harmonizing

requirements to delivering operational

capabilities research and Innovation to

developing technology demonstrators

training and exercises to maintenance to

suppor in community common defense and

security policy operations right then

you have the Treaty of Lisbon right so

the Treaty of Lisbon also known as the

Lisbon treaty updated regulations of the

European Union establishing a more

centralized leadership and foreign

policy a proper process for countries

that wish to leave the union and a

streamlined process for enacting new

policy so the Lisbon treaty updated

European Union regulations establishing

more centralized leadership and War

policy a process for countries that want

to leave the EU and oh no I just said

this right sorry so the treaty was built

on H existing treaties but adopted new

rules to enhance cohesion and streamline

actions within the EU the Lisbon treaty

also replaced the previously Reed

constitutional treaty which attempted to

establish a union Constitution those who

supported the Lisbon treaty argued that

it enhanced accountability by providing

a better system of checks and balances

and that it gave more power to the

European Parliament which help major

influence the Union's legislative branch

major critics of the Lisbon treaty argue

that it pulled influence uh towards the

center forming a unequal distribution of

power that ignore the de of small

countries there the Russia Georgia War

guys can through

this then you have the European

neighborhood policy as you face new

security threats the situation led to

Europeans to find new tools such as the

European neighborhood policy in order to

cope with the challenges that were

mentioned in the strategy document its

objectives included to bring economic

and Security benefits to countries in

the periphery of the European Union

without a membership perspective does it

meant that the European Union relied

upon its economic power to pursue its

interest concerning security issues the

constitutes an important tool for in

common foreign and security policy of

the EU and providing stability and

security to

Europe the next few slides goes to each

individual country and what they

classify

as dets about it and I think would be

very important and as well as like the

specific uh treaties and documents and

Poli used so country United Kingdom

France has been the strongest supporter

of the creation of depend European

security and Defense Initiative France

has traditionally been the europeanist

camp and favored

multiple

terrorism

multilateralism wow I said that so

incorrectly with the aim of curbing out

the United States uh hegemonic has

always sought to to develop power as uh

a super power where France takes the

lead along with other European mes St

right next one we're looking

at you have a few another

Oney you

have you have withraw of the US from

Europe and you have the eu's military

capacity to be just not going to do it

you guys can read through the