PutraMOOC | PRT2008M Topic 7 Agriculture and Economic (Part 1/2)

PutraMOOC UPM
3 Apr 201413:48

Summary

TLDRこのビデオスクリプトでは、農業が経済における役割を探求しています。農業は、特に開発途上国と最不発達国で貧困と飢餓の削減を促進する主要なドライバーであり、経済活動の中心となっています。農業の拡大は、交通網や市場などのインフラ整備と教育、医療の進歩につながり、農村地域の発展に寄与しています。農業は、三次産業の一次産業に位置しており、GDPへの貢献は国や地域によって異なりますが、農業の重要性は小さくても否定できません。さらに、農業は食糧供給の鍵であり、世界人口の増加に伴い、食糧の需要も増大しています。穀物生産は特に注目され、アジアが最も大きな生産地域である一方で、土地の効率性や将来の食糧供給への課題も浮き彫りにされています。

Takeaways

  • 🌾 農業は経済において重要な役割を果たしており、特に開発途上国と最不発達国では貧困と飢餓の削減を促進する主要なドライバーです。
  • 📈 農業の拡大は、交通インフラや市場化のための通信手段の必要性を高め、農産物の輸出入を促進します。
  • 🏫 農村地域の開発には、学校や病院の建設が重要で、農業を通じて地域社会を維持し、子育ての機会を提供します。
  • 📊 農業は三次産業の中で一次産業に位置しており、経済の基本的な部分を形成しています。
  • 💰 農業の生産は国内総生産(GDP)に対する貢献を示しており、国によってその割合は異なりますが、農業は依然として重要な経済部門です。
  • 📉 高所得国と中所得国では、農業のGDPへの貢献率は減少傾向にありますが、これは経済全体の拡大による相対的な変化です。
  • 👩‍🌾 農業は農村地域の雇用を提供する重要な部門であり、特に中所得国では農業労働者の割合が依然として高い水準にあります。
  • 🌱 世界人口の増加に伴い、農業は食糧供給の需要を満たすためにますます重要になっています。
  • 🌍 食糧の供給と人口の分布には地域差があり、アジアでは特に穀物の生産が高く、人口にも対応する規模があります。
  • 🚜 農業の効率化は、将来の食糧需要に対応するために重要で、特に土地の限られた状況下での生産力の向上が求められます。
  • 🌐 農業の役割と影響は国際的な観点からも理解され、グローバルな経済と食糧安全保障に密接に関連しています。

Q & A

  • 農業は経済においてどのような役割を果たしていますか?

    -農業は経済において、特に開発途上国や最不発達国で貧困と飢餓を軽減する主要なドライバーとして機能しています。また、農業の拡大は、道路などの通信インフラの整備や学校、病院などの社会基盤を発展させることにも寄与しています。

  • 2005年のワールドバンクのインドにおける研究で何が発見されましたか?

    -2005年のワールドバンクのインド研究では、農業部門と農村地域の成長が貧困軽減に大きな影響を与えることが発見されました。

  • 農業の経済的役割はどのように変化していますか?

    -農業の経済的役割は、高所得国では徐々に小さくなっており、1980年代から2012年までに農業のGDPへの貢献率は低下していますが、中間所得国ではまだ重要な役割を果たしています。

  • マレーシアの農業はGDPにどの程度貢献していますか?

    -マレーシアでは農業がGDPに約7%の貢献をしていますが、これは小さく見えますが、農業の重要性はその割合だけでは測れないとされています。

  • 農業が農村地域の経済発展に与える影響とは何ですか?

    -農業は農村地域の経済発展に重要な役割を果たしており、農業の拡大は通信インフラや教育、医療などの社会基盤の発展を促進しています。

  • 農業は経済のどのセクターに属していますか?

    -農業は経済の一次セクターに属しており、資源の直接的な収集や生産を行う分野です。

  • 農業が雇用を提供する役割はどのように変化していますか?

    -農業が提供する雇用の割合は、全体の雇用に対する比率としては減少傾向にありますが、中間所得国ではまだ重要な比率を占めています。

  • 世界人口の増加は農業生産にどのような影響を与えますか?

    -世界人口の増加は、食糧の需要の増加につながり、農業生産の拡大と効率の向上を求める要因となっています。

  • 穀物の生産量はどのように地域によって分布されていますか?

    -穀物の生産量はアジアが最も多く、次に北米とヨーロッパが続きます。アジアでは特に米が焦点を集めています。

  • 農業の土地効率性はどのように地域によって異なりますか?

    -北米は穀物生産の効率性が高く、一方でアフリカは比較的効率性が低いとされています。東南アジアは将来、食糧需要の増加に応えるために土地効率性の向上が求められています。

  • 将来の食糧需要に対応するためにはどのような課題がありますか?

    -将来の食糧需要に対応するためには、土地の限界に直面しながらも生産効率の向上や農業技術の革新が課題となっており、特に土地の利用効率の向上が必要です。

Outlines

00:00

🌾 農業の経済への影響

第1段落では、農業が経済に果たす役割が議論されています。特に開発中および最不発達国において、農業は貧困と飢餓の削減を促進する主要な要因となっており、経済活動の多くを占めています。世界銀行の2005年のインドの研究では、農業部門の成長が貧困削減に大きな影響を与えることが示されています。また、農業の拡大は、通信インフラや学校、病院の発展など、地域の経済開発に寄与しています。

05:01

📉 農業のGDPへの貢献率の変化

第2段落では、1980年から2012年までの期間において、高所得国と中所得国の農業のGDPへの貢献率の変化について分析されています。高所得国では農業の貢献率が小さくなり、特に韓国では16%から3%に大幅に減少しています。しかし、農業の貢献率が小さくなっても、経済全体の規模が大きくなるため、絶対的な農業の規模は大きくなっています。中所得国では、農業は依然として重要な役割を果たしており、農業の雇用率も高いことが示されています。

10:03

🌱 農業の雇用と食糧供給の役割

第3段落では、農業が持続する雇用の提供と、世界人口の増加に伴う食糧供給の増加という2つの重要な役割について述べています。農業労働者の雇用率は全体的に減少傾向にありますが、高所得国と中所得国では異なる傾向が見られます。また、世界人口の増加により、食糧の需要も増加すると予想されており、特にアジアでは穀物の生産量が最も高く、土地の効率性に関する課題も提示されています。

Mindmap

Keywords

💡農業

農業は、経済において重要な役割を果たしており、特に開発途上国や最不発達国では貧困と飢餓の削減に寄与しています。このビデオでは、農業が経済の主要なドライバーとして機能し、農業の成長が貧困削減に大きな影響を与えると示されているインドの事例が紹介されています。

💡経済

経済は、農業が影響を及ぼす大きなシステムであり、農業は経済の三大部門の一つである一次産業に位置づけられています。ビデオでは、農業がGDPへの貢献や雇用の提供、さらには食糧供給という重要な役割を果たしていることが強調されています。

💡貧困削減

貧困削減は、農業が経済において果たす重要な役割の一つで、特に農業が成長することで農村地域の貧困率を低下させる効果があります。ビデオでは、世界銀行が2005年にインドで行った研究に基づいて、農業部門の成長が貧困削減に大きな影響を与えると報告しています。

💡食糧供給

世界人口の増加に伴い、食糧供給はますます重要な問題となっています。ビデオでは、農業が世界規模で食糧の供給を確保する役割を果たしていると示されており、特に穀物作物の生産量がその主要な指標となっています。

💡農業の貢献

農業の貢献は、GDPへの割合だけでなく、雇用や食糧供給などの他の側面にも表れています。ビデオでは、農業がマレーシアのGDPに約7%の貢献をしていると報告されており、農業の貢献が小さくとも重要な役割を果たしていることが強調されています。

💡一次産業

一次産業は、経済の三大部門の一つであり、農業を含む自然資源を直接加工することを特徴としています。ビデオでは、農業が一次産業に位置づけられており、他の産業部門と比較して農業のGDPへの貢献率が小さくなっている傾向について触れています。

💡雇用

農業は農村地域を中心に広範な雇用機会を提供しており、特に中所得国では農業が雇用の主要な源となっています。ビデオでは、農業の雇用率が農業技術の進歩とともに減少傾向にあるものの、中所得国ではまだ重要な割合を占めていると説明されています。

💡穀物作物

穀物作物は、世界規模で主要な食糧であり、農業生産の重要な指標となっています。ビデオでは、アジアが最も穀物作物を生産している地域であり、特に米がその中心となっています。

💡土地効率

土地効率は、農業生産において重要な概念で、限定された土地面積でどれだけ効率的に作物を育てられるかを示します。ビデオでは、北アメリカが穀物作物の土地効率が高い地域であり、アフリカは比較的効率が低い地域と比較されています。

💡世界人口

世界人口の増加は、農業生産に新たな課題をもたらしており、食糧供給の需要が高まっています。ビデオでは、2040年までに世界人口が90億人に達する見込みであると報告されており、農業がこの増加した需要に対応できるかが重要な問題となっています。

Highlights

Agriculture plays a crucial role in reducing poverty and hunger, especially in developing and least developed countries.

A World Bank study in India in 2005 found that rural and agricultural sector growth had a significant impact on poverty reduction.

Agriculture's spillover effect includes the development of infrastructure such as roads and communication for marketing and input distribution.

The development of schools and hospitals in rural areas contributes to social and economic development by enabling people to stay and produce.

Agriculture is a component of the primary sector in an economy, alongside the secondary and tertiary sectors.

In Malaysia, agriculture contributes about 7% to the GDP, illustrating its importance despite being a smaller percentage.

There is a general trend of shrinking agricultural contribution to GDP, but the absolute figures may still be significant in high-income countries.

In high-income countries like the U.S., Australia, and the UK, the agricultural contribution to GDP has significantly decreased since 1980.

South Korea's agricultural contribution to GDP has dramatically reduced from 16% in 1980 to 3% in 2012.

Middle-income countries still have a significant agricultural contribution to GDP, often in the double digits.

The share of agricultural employment is declining across all countries, but the rate varies between high and middle-income countries.

High-income countries have a lower share of agricultural employment due to the impact of technology in agriculture.

Agriculture is essential for providing employment in rural areas, especially in lower and upper middle-income countries.

The world population is projected to increase, leading to an increased demand for food.

Cereal production is a critical indicator of food supply, with Asia being the highest producing region.

Efficiency in cereal production varies by region, with North America being efficient and Africa being less efficient.

Future food production challenges include increasing efficiency to meet the growing demand with limited land area.

Transcripts

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hello

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today we are going to discuss the rules

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of agriculture

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in an economy so basically what we are

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going to discuss today is

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uh in terms of macro perspective of

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agriculture in economy now

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we can i mean we have a lot of rules i

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mean

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we can be played by agriculture in

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economy but

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what we are going to do today is to

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select a few that we can discuss a

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little bit in detail

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but okay it will give an impact to our

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understanding of

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the roles agriculture and economy okay

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now in the past especially in

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developing and least developed countries

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agriculture is the main driver

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for reducing poverty and hunger

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it is because agriculture

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used to be the main agric i mean many

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economic activities

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in those days a study done by

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world bank in india that is in 2005

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they found that the growth in rural

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areas

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and in agriculture sector had a much

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greater impact on reducing

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poverty so it is proven that agriculture

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still very important in reducing poverty

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and hunger

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now second is the what we call as the

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spillover

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impact or effect of the agriculture

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once agriculture is getting

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larger and more and more in terms of

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production

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in terms of land area and therefore we

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need to have

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the communication as such as

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road and also other things of

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communication

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for marketing yeah to bring out the

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outputs of the agriculture or as well as

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to bring in inputs

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into the producing area but to

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make these people stay there for the

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fault

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i mean for the children okay therefore

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okay the other thing very important

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thing that contributes to development

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in the rural area is developing of

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schools and hospitals for example

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this gives opportunity for the for the

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rural people to stay

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and continue producing in the farm

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now that is one in terms of social

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economic impact or roles

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of agriculture now when we talk about

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agriculture

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and economic basically agriculture

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is one of the components in

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three major economic sectors namely the

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primary sector

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secondary sector treasury sector

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and under the primary sector is where

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agriculture is located

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okay so i will not touch very much on

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the others

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but i will straight away focus on to

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agriculture

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now the first role in agriculture we

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look at just example in malaysian

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scenario

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is the contribution of agriculture

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production or agricultural value

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two words or two d gross dramatic

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domestic products

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in this case here okay uh we are looking

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at

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this uh diagram here

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okay it is in two zero zero

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twelve malaysia you see to have

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i mean the the main contribution to the

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uh gdp is comes from service sector

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which is

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55 okay in a minute i will show you how

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this

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uh other countries as well now

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but again uh okay now

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okay agriculture

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is uh in malaysia contributes about

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seven percent

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of the total gdp now it shows very small

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but this is what is happening in the

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whole white world basically

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now the contribution of the culture okay

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is small but again

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it is uh not saying by having small

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percentage

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contribution it doesn't mean that it is

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not important now we look at the trend

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in the in in the other worlds in other

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part of the country for example

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in terms of contributions of agriculture

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to the

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gdp now we look at here uh

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there's a few things here look at here i

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try to

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you know differentiate between high

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income countries

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low upper middle income and lower middle

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income countries

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now we look at here what happened okay

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just to make some comparison

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in terms of contribution of agriculture

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to the gross domestic product okay

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we want to make some combin comparison

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between

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high-income countries as well as

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middle-income countries

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we look at here okay from

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1980 to 2012

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basically in general okay in general we

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look at in general the whole scenario

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okay with look at shrinking of

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agriculture contribution to gdp in

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general

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but again if you look to add high income

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country

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okay such as u.s and australia and uk

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okay so the contribution more or less

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you know significantly less

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already since 19 1980

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okay but however very impressive you

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look at korean

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okay the contribution of agriculture

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sector

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to gdp by in korea used to be 16

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in 1918 now reduce

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greatly to a single digit of three

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percent into zero zero twelve

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okay now so it shows that you know

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probably this high income country the

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contribution

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is than i mean smaller but okay it means

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that

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the economic cake or the size of economy

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is much

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larger and therefore when we talk about

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con

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absolute figure it will be much larger

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than it used to be in 19 1980

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now so let us look at in middle-income

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country

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okay basically in general okay from 2-0

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i mean from from 1980

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to 2-0-1-2 okay

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in lower medium middle-income countries

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there are still under two digits

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percentage

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so it shows that okay this uh

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two i mean these uh middle income

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countries

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middle income countries and lower income

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lower income

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so lower middle income countries okay

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agriculture is still

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very very important in those countries

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okay

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now let us look in another things in

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terms of

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employment so another factor or another

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rules that can be played by agricultural

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sector

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is providing employment especially

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in the rural areas but but what i'm

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showing you in this table here

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okay still uh we want to compare

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between high income and middle income

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countries

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okay so in terms of employment

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in general for the whole

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countries i mean for all countries sorry

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for all

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countries okay in general the

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trend of share of agriculture employment

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towards the total employment is

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declining

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basically it's declining but if you look

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at

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uh in high-income countries okay the

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trend

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is not as steep as the

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middle-income countries okay because

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probably

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what happened here is that okay the

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high-income countries

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is equivalent or equal to what we call

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as

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developed nation and therefore

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technology

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is the main driver in agriculture okay

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but again

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in lower middle income and upper middle

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income

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employment in terms of individual

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workers as well as

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laborers they are still important and

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therefore

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labor intensive kind of agriculture is

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still

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rampant okay so we can see that single

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digits among

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high-income countries in terms of share

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of toward total employment okay

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and double digit in the middle income

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nations so this is very

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important or very uh very interesting

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that we look at this

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but whatever it is another interesting

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by looking at this data

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is all countries all countries

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having declined in terms of

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share of agricultural employment against

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the total

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employment okay and then

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the third uh roles

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in agriculture is to supply food

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for ever expanding population in the

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world

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okay we know that okay if you if you

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look at this uh

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this figure here sorry uh let me show

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the world population

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on my uh in red and what population

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now in 2009 used to be or it was

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6.8 billion

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population of the world now we look at

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here

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again in 2040 okay it is forecasted

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to be okay this work has to be 9.04

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billion and it will increase another

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okay increase to 9.5 billion into zero

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five zero and therefore we look at here

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increase in population means that there

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will be

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increased demand for food okay now

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the graph here just to show distribution

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of syria just one a very important

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crop in in the world that is a serial

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supply so we look at here very important

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in terms of serious supply

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in terms and the number of population

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but again what i'm trying to show here

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is that the share or the percentage

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of serial production

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against the total world supply and again

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the num

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the percentage or the share of

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population

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okay against the total world population

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now we look at the distribution here

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again

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okay for example in asia we look at in

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asia

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okay the share of population against the

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world

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is among the the highest and but again

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the food supply especially civil supply

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is

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lower and therefore we can see that you

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know there's

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must be some form of you know deficiency

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in some area we can we can infer in such

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way

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but again in other countries like like

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african continents

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the europe so more or less the supply is

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i mean in terms of share okay the

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percentage of supply

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in those countries more or less equal to

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the percentage of

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doctor population so this is very

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interesting now this question when we

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look at the

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figures in the i mean world population

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or the forecast figures of

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population in 2050 then can this

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uh situation show the same thing i mean

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the same trend more or less you know

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the share is more or less equal to share

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of population

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is more or less equal to share of food

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for example

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it is a good question that we should

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ponder but again

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what we are trying to say here is that

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okay the uh

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food yeah supply will be

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increased and how it is going to

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increase is another issues to be

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discussed later

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okay now we look at here very important

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products and that is

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serial production so why i'm taking this

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cereal production is because it is

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because cereal right

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in total is the main diet for

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more or less everybody in the world but

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what what we are doing here say he

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adhered to that as today sorry is that

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okay look at

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from the total 2.5 billion tons of

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cereal that is produced into 0

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1 2. asia is the

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is asia is the highest air producing

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region for this one here okay now

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followed by

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uh north america and europe

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okay but here again even syria probably

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in asia

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the focus will be on rice okay now

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interesting that we we looked the graph

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earlier we showed that

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asia is having high production but at

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the same times the population is also

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high all right then we look at

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very important things that determine the

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the

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the production that is the land

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efficiency

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now you look at here america north

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america

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is the one of those efficient countries

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of producing cities again

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okay in africa so here again it is one

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of those

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least efficient relatively but again we

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look at here south east asia

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but in future in future the efficiency

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probably need to be increased to fulfill

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the demand for food because

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there will be a limited land area

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that we forecast to have to happen so

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these are the challenges

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in producing uh more food

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for the future all right

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