PutraMOOC | PRT2008M Topic 7 Agriculture and Economic (Part 1/2)
Summary
TLDRこのビデオスクリプトでは、農業が経済における役割を探求しています。農業は、特に開発途上国と最不発達国で貧困と飢餓の削減を促進する主要なドライバーであり、経済活動の中心となっています。農業の拡大は、交通網や市場などのインフラ整備と教育、医療の進歩につながり、農村地域の発展に寄与しています。農業は、三次産業の一次産業に位置しており、GDPへの貢献は国や地域によって異なりますが、農業の重要性は小さくても否定できません。さらに、農業は食糧供給の鍵であり、世界人口の増加に伴い、食糧の需要も増大しています。穀物生産は特に注目され、アジアが最も大きな生産地域である一方で、土地の効率性や将来の食糧供給への課題も浮き彫りにされています。
Takeaways
- 🌾 農業は経済において重要な役割を果たしており、特に開発途上国と最不発達国では貧困と飢餓の削減を促進する主要なドライバーです。
- 📈 農業の拡大は、交通インフラや市場化のための通信手段の必要性を高め、農産物の輸出入を促進します。
- 🏫 農村地域の開発には、学校や病院の建設が重要で、農業を通じて地域社会を維持し、子育ての機会を提供します。
- 📊 農業は三次産業の中で一次産業に位置しており、経済の基本的な部分を形成しています。
- 💰 農業の生産は国内総生産(GDP)に対する貢献を示しており、国によってその割合は異なりますが、農業は依然として重要な経済部門です。
- 📉 高所得国と中所得国では、農業のGDPへの貢献率は減少傾向にありますが、これは経済全体の拡大による相対的な変化です。
- 👩🌾 農業は農村地域の雇用を提供する重要な部門であり、特に中所得国では農業労働者の割合が依然として高い水準にあります。
- 🌱 世界人口の増加に伴い、農業は食糧供給の需要を満たすためにますます重要になっています。
- 🌍 食糧の供給と人口の分布には地域差があり、アジアでは特に穀物の生産が高く、人口にも対応する規模があります。
- 🚜 農業の効率化は、将来の食糧需要に対応するために重要で、特に土地の限られた状況下での生産力の向上が求められます。
- 🌐 農業の役割と影響は国際的な観点からも理解され、グローバルな経済と食糧安全保障に密接に関連しています。
Q & A
農業は経済においてどのような役割を果たしていますか?
-農業は経済において、特に開発途上国や最不発達国で貧困と飢餓を軽減する主要なドライバーとして機能しています。また、農業の拡大は、道路などの通信インフラの整備や学校、病院などの社会基盤を発展させることにも寄与しています。
2005年のワールドバンクのインドにおける研究で何が発見されましたか?
-2005年のワールドバンクのインド研究では、農業部門と農村地域の成長が貧困軽減に大きな影響を与えることが発見されました。
農業の経済的役割はどのように変化していますか?
-農業の経済的役割は、高所得国では徐々に小さくなっており、1980年代から2012年までに農業のGDPへの貢献率は低下していますが、中間所得国ではまだ重要な役割を果たしています。
マレーシアの農業はGDPにどの程度貢献していますか?
-マレーシアでは農業がGDPに約7%の貢献をしていますが、これは小さく見えますが、農業の重要性はその割合だけでは測れないとされています。
農業が農村地域の経済発展に与える影響とは何ですか?
-農業は農村地域の経済発展に重要な役割を果たしており、農業の拡大は通信インフラや教育、医療などの社会基盤の発展を促進しています。
農業は経済のどのセクターに属していますか?
-農業は経済の一次セクターに属しており、資源の直接的な収集や生産を行う分野です。
農業が雇用を提供する役割はどのように変化していますか?
-農業が提供する雇用の割合は、全体の雇用に対する比率としては減少傾向にありますが、中間所得国ではまだ重要な比率を占めています。
世界人口の増加は農業生産にどのような影響を与えますか?
-世界人口の増加は、食糧の需要の増加につながり、農業生産の拡大と効率の向上を求める要因となっています。
穀物の生産量はどのように地域によって分布されていますか?
-穀物の生産量はアジアが最も多く、次に北米とヨーロッパが続きます。アジアでは特に米が焦点を集めています。
農業の土地効率性はどのように地域によって異なりますか?
-北米は穀物生産の効率性が高く、一方でアフリカは比較的効率性が低いとされています。東南アジアは将来、食糧需要の増加に応えるために土地効率性の向上が求められています。
将来の食糧需要に対応するためにはどのような課題がありますか?
-将来の食糧需要に対応するためには、土地の限界に直面しながらも生産効率の向上や農業技術の革新が課題となっており、特に土地の利用効率の向上が必要です。
Outlines
🌾 農業の経済への影響
第1段落では、農業が経済に果たす役割が議論されています。特に開発中および最不発達国において、農業は貧困と飢餓の削減を促進する主要な要因となっており、経済活動の多くを占めています。世界銀行の2005年のインドの研究では、農業部門の成長が貧困削減に大きな影響を与えることが示されています。また、農業の拡大は、通信インフラや学校、病院の発展など、地域の経済開発に寄与しています。
📉 農業のGDPへの貢献率の変化
第2段落では、1980年から2012年までの期間において、高所得国と中所得国の農業のGDPへの貢献率の変化について分析されています。高所得国では農業の貢献率が小さくなり、特に韓国では16%から3%に大幅に減少しています。しかし、農業の貢献率が小さくなっても、経済全体の規模が大きくなるため、絶対的な農業の規模は大きくなっています。中所得国では、農業は依然として重要な役割を果たしており、農業の雇用率も高いことが示されています。
🌱 農業の雇用と食糧供給の役割
第3段落では、農業が持続する雇用の提供と、世界人口の増加に伴う食糧供給の増加という2つの重要な役割について述べています。農業労働者の雇用率は全体的に減少傾向にありますが、高所得国と中所得国では異なる傾向が見られます。また、世界人口の増加により、食糧の需要も増加すると予想されており、特にアジアでは穀物の生産量が最も高く、土地の効率性に関する課題も提示されています。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡農業
💡経済
💡貧困削減
💡食糧供給
💡農業の貢献
💡一次産業
💡雇用
💡穀物作物
💡土地効率
💡世界人口
Highlights
Agriculture plays a crucial role in reducing poverty and hunger, especially in developing and least developed countries.
A World Bank study in India in 2005 found that rural and agricultural sector growth had a significant impact on poverty reduction.
Agriculture's spillover effect includes the development of infrastructure such as roads and communication for marketing and input distribution.
The development of schools and hospitals in rural areas contributes to social and economic development by enabling people to stay and produce.
Agriculture is a component of the primary sector in an economy, alongside the secondary and tertiary sectors.
In Malaysia, agriculture contributes about 7% to the GDP, illustrating its importance despite being a smaller percentage.
There is a general trend of shrinking agricultural contribution to GDP, but the absolute figures may still be significant in high-income countries.
In high-income countries like the U.S., Australia, and the UK, the agricultural contribution to GDP has significantly decreased since 1980.
South Korea's agricultural contribution to GDP has dramatically reduced from 16% in 1980 to 3% in 2012.
Middle-income countries still have a significant agricultural contribution to GDP, often in the double digits.
The share of agricultural employment is declining across all countries, but the rate varies between high and middle-income countries.
High-income countries have a lower share of agricultural employment due to the impact of technology in agriculture.
Agriculture is essential for providing employment in rural areas, especially in lower and upper middle-income countries.
The world population is projected to increase, leading to an increased demand for food.
Cereal production is a critical indicator of food supply, with Asia being the highest producing region.
Efficiency in cereal production varies by region, with North America being efficient and Africa being less efficient.
Future food production challenges include increasing efficiency to meet the growing demand with limited land area.
Transcripts
hello
today we are going to discuss the rules
of agriculture
in an economy so basically what we are
going to discuss today is
uh in terms of macro perspective of
agriculture in economy now
we can i mean we have a lot of rules i
mean
we can be played by agriculture in
economy but
what we are going to do today is to
select a few that we can discuss a
little bit in detail
but okay it will give an impact to our
understanding of
the roles agriculture and economy okay
now in the past especially in
developing and least developed countries
agriculture is the main driver
for reducing poverty and hunger
it is because agriculture
used to be the main agric i mean many
economic activities
in those days a study done by
world bank in india that is in 2005
they found that the growth in rural
areas
and in agriculture sector had a much
greater impact on reducing
poverty so it is proven that agriculture
still very important in reducing poverty
and hunger
now second is the what we call as the
spillover
impact or effect of the agriculture
once agriculture is getting
larger and more and more in terms of
production
in terms of land area and therefore we
need to have
the communication as such as
road and also other things of
communication
for marketing yeah to bring out the
outputs of the agriculture or as well as
to bring in inputs
into the producing area but to
make these people stay there for the
fault
i mean for the children okay therefore
okay the other thing very important
thing that contributes to development
in the rural area is developing of
schools and hospitals for example
this gives opportunity for the for the
rural people to stay
and continue producing in the farm
now that is one in terms of social
economic impact or roles
of agriculture now when we talk about
agriculture
and economic basically agriculture
is one of the components in
three major economic sectors namely the
primary sector
secondary sector treasury sector
and under the primary sector is where
agriculture is located
okay so i will not touch very much on
the others
but i will straight away focus on to
agriculture
now the first role in agriculture we
look at just example in malaysian
scenario
is the contribution of agriculture
production or agricultural value
two words or two d gross dramatic
domestic products
in this case here okay uh we are looking
at
this uh diagram here
okay it is in two zero zero
twelve malaysia you see to have
i mean the the main contribution to the
uh gdp is comes from service sector
which is
55 okay in a minute i will show you how
this
uh other countries as well now
but again uh okay now
okay agriculture
is uh in malaysia contributes about
seven percent
of the total gdp now it shows very small
but this is what is happening in the
whole white world basically
now the contribution of the culture okay
is small but again
it is uh not saying by having small
percentage
contribution it doesn't mean that it is
not important now we look at the trend
in the in in the other worlds in other
part of the country for example
in terms of contributions of agriculture
to the
gdp now we look at here uh
there's a few things here look at here i
try to
you know differentiate between high
income countries
low upper middle income and lower middle
income countries
now we look at here what happened okay
just to make some comparison
in terms of contribution of agriculture
to the gross domestic product okay
we want to make some combin comparison
between
high-income countries as well as
middle-income countries
we look at here okay from
1980 to 2012
basically in general okay in general we
look at in general the whole scenario
okay with look at shrinking of
agriculture contribution to gdp in
general
but again if you look to add high income
country
okay such as u.s and australia and uk
okay so the contribution more or less
you know significantly less
already since 19 1980
okay but however very impressive you
look at korean
okay the contribution of agriculture
sector
to gdp by in korea used to be 16
in 1918 now reduce
greatly to a single digit of three
percent into zero zero twelve
okay now so it shows that you know
probably this high income country the
contribution
is than i mean smaller but okay it means
that
the economic cake or the size of economy
is much
larger and therefore when we talk about
con
absolute figure it will be much larger
than it used to be in 19 1980
now so let us look at in middle-income
country
okay basically in general okay from 2-0
i mean from from 1980
to 2-0-1-2 okay
in lower medium middle-income countries
there are still under two digits
percentage
so it shows that okay this uh
two i mean these uh middle income
countries
middle income countries and lower income
lower income
so lower middle income countries okay
agriculture is still
very very important in those countries
okay
now let us look in another things in
terms of
employment so another factor or another
rules that can be played by agricultural
sector
is providing employment especially
in the rural areas but but what i'm
showing you in this table here
okay still uh we want to compare
between high income and middle income
countries
okay so in terms of employment
in general for the whole
countries i mean for all countries sorry
for all
countries okay in general the
trend of share of agriculture employment
towards the total employment is
declining
basically it's declining but if you look
at
uh in high-income countries okay the
trend
is not as steep as the
middle-income countries okay because
probably
what happened here is that okay the
high-income countries
is equivalent or equal to what we call
as
developed nation and therefore
technology
is the main driver in agriculture okay
but again
in lower middle income and upper middle
income
employment in terms of individual
workers as well as
laborers they are still important and
therefore
labor intensive kind of agriculture is
still
rampant okay so we can see that single
digits among
high-income countries in terms of share
of toward total employment okay
and double digit in the middle income
nations so this is very
important or very uh very interesting
that we look at this
but whatever it is another interesting
by looking at this data
is all countries all countries
having declined in terms of
share of agricultural employment against
the total
employment okay and then
the third uh roles
in agriculture is to supply food
for ever expanding population in the
world
okay we know that okay if you if you
look at this uh
this figure here sorry uh let me show
the world population
on my uh in red and what population
now in 2009 used to be or it was
6.8 billion
population of the world now we look at
here
again in 2040 okay it is forecasted
to be okay this work has to be 9.04
billion and it will increase another
okay increase to 9.5 billion into zero
five zero and therefore we look at here
increase in population means that there
will be
increased demand for food okay now
the graph here just to show distribution
of syria just one a very important
crop in in the world that is a serial
supply so we look at here very important
in terms of serious supply
in terms and the number of population
but again what i'm trying to show here
is that the share or the percentage
of serial production
against the total world supply and again
the num
the percentage or the share of
population
okay against the total world population
now we look at the distribution here
again
okay for example in asia we look at in
asia
okay the share of population against the
world
is among the the highest and but again
the food supply especially civil supply
is
lower and therefore we can see that you
know there's
must be some form of you know deficiency
in some area we can we can infer in such
way
but again in other countries like like
african continents
the europe so more or less the supply is
i mean in terms of share okay the
percentage of supply
in those countries more or less equal to
the percentage of
doctor population so this is very
interesting now this question when we
look at the
figures in the i mean world population
or the forecast figures of
population in 2050 then can this
uh situation show the same thing i mean
the same trend more or less you know
the share is more or less equal to share
of population
is more or less equal to share of food
for example
it is a good question that we should
ponder but again
what we are trying to say here is that
okay the uh
food yeah supply will be
increased and how it is going to
increase is another issues to be
discussed later
okay now we look at here very important
products and that is
serial production so why i'm taking this
cereal production is because it is
because cereal right
in total is the main diet for
more or less everybody in the world but
what what we are doing here say he
adhered to that as today sorry is that
okay look at
from the total 2.5 billion tons of
cereal that is produced into 0
1 2. asia is the
is asia is the highest air producing
region for this one here okay now
followed by
uh north america and europe
okay but here again even syria probably
in asia
the focus will be on rice okay now
interesting that we we looked the graph
earlier we showed that
asia is having high production but at
the same times the population is also
high all right then we look at
very important things that determine the
the
the production that is the land
efficiency
now you look at here america north
america
is the one of those efficient countries
of producing cities again
okay in africa so here again it is one
of those
least efficient relatively but again we
look at here south east asia
but in future in future the efficiency
probably need to be increased to fulfill
the demand for food because
there will be a limited land area
that we forecast to have to happen so
these are the challenges
in producing uh more food
for the future all right
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