Geografia - O comércio multilateral (Prof. Rafael Moreira)

Summary

The video discusses international and multilateral trade, exploring the structure of global commerce. It explains the evolution from colonial mercantilism to modern capitalism, highlighting the division of labor between developed and developing countries. It covers the role of technology, industry, and investment in shaping the economic power of wealthy nations, particularly focusing on their dominance in technology exports. Additionally, the script delves into how developing countries still largely export raw materials, though some have started to industrialize. The role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and international negotiations in facilitating global trade is also emphasized.

Takeaways

• 😀 The global commercial structure divides countries into developed and developing nations, each with specific roles in the international trade system.
• 😀 Developing countries are often referred to as 'emerging economies' or 'industrialized developing countries' (e.g., Brazil), while developed countries are industrialized and wealthier.
• 😀 The historical origins of global trade can be traced back to mercantilism and the colonial trade system, where European metropolises extracted raw materials from colonies and sold back manufactured goods.
• 😀 Capitalism evolved through several stages: commercial capitalism (initial trade phase), industrial capitalism (driven by industrialization), financial capitalism (focused on finance), and informational capitalism (driven by technology).
• 😀 Developed countries today invest heavily in technology, which is a significant factor in their economic dominance, with countries like Japan being prime examples despite geographical and resource limitations.
• 😀 Wealthy nations also focus on high-tech industries and high-value manufactured goods, while investing both in productive capital (like agribusiness) and speculative capital (such as stock markets).
• 😀 Developing nations continue to export raw materials (commodities) like oil, soy, corn, and meat, which are central to their economies.
• 😀 The mid-20th century saw industrialized nations relocate industries to developing countries to capitalize on cheaper labor and trade incentives.
• 😀 The relocation of industries and the focus on manufacturing have allowed developing countries to produce and export more industrialized goods over time.
• 😀 International trade is regulated by the World Trade Organization (WTO), which facilitates global trade and economic integration, with figures like Roberto Azevêdo (Brazilian) playing a key role.

Q & A

What is the main focus of the script?

The main focus of the script is on international and multilateral trade, particularly the evolution of the global commercial structure and the division of labor among countries.

How is the global commercial structure divided?

The global commercial structure is divided between developed and developing countries, with developed countries often being compared to the historical metropolises, and developing countries to former colonies.

What historical concept is used to explain modern international trade?

The script refers to the 'pacto colonial' (colonial pact), where former metropolises controlled the trade of raw materials from colonies, which is analogous to modern global trade dynamics.

What was the role of metropolises in the early stages of global trade?

In the early stages of global trade, metropolises imported raw materials from colonies and exported manufactured goods, forming the foundation of the global trade system.

What major phase in capitalism followed the commercial capitalism?

The major phase that followed commercial capitalism was industrial capitalism, which saw the rise of industries as a major differentiator between wealthy countries and colonies.

What impact did the industrial revolution have on the global division of labor?

The industrial revolution changed the global division of labor by increasing the production of manufactured goods in metropolises, while colonies continued to supply raw materials.

How has technology become a differentiator in global trade today?

Today, technology production and sales are a major differentiator for developed countries, with technological advancements being a key factor in their wealth and geopolitical influence.

How do developing countries contribute to global trade?

Developing countries primarily export commodities like oil, grains, and metals, but have also started producing industrialized products as industries have moved to these nations seeking cheaper labor and tax incentives.

What is the role of capital investment in developed countries?

In developed countries, capital investment plays a crucial role in both productive industries (such as manufacturing and agriculture) and speculative investments in financial markets, which drive economic growth.

What organization oversees international trade and trade agreements?

The World Trade Organization (WTO), led by a Brazilian, Roberto Azevedo, oversees international trade and aims to facilitate the flow of goods, services, and capital across borders.