Pengertian Ilmu Kalam dan Sejarah Lahirnya Persoalan Kalam

Summary

This speech provides an insightful exploration of Kalam science, its definition, history, and foundational concepts. Kalam science is described as the study of faith and theology, using rational arguments to defend and refine beliefs. The speaker explains its various names, such as Tawhid and Aqaid science, and delves into its primary sources—Quran, Hadith, human thought, and instinct. Additionally, the history of Kalam issues is traced back to political conflicts during the Caliphate, particularly the disputes involving Caliph Uthman and Ali. The evolution of different Kalam schools, such as the Khawarij, Murjiah, and Ahlusunnah, is also highlighted.

Takeaways

• 😀 Kalām science aims to preserve faith through logical arguments and refutes beliefs that deviate from Salaf and Ahlus Sunnah.
• 😀 According to Ibn Khaldun, Kalām is a science dealing with God’s attributes using logical reasoning.
• 😀 Abdul Roq defines Kalām as a discipline related to the rules of faith, built on rational arguments from multiple experts.
• 😀 Kalām is often referred to as Tawhid science, Aqidah science, or Usuluddin, as it addresses core issues of God’s oneness, belief, and religious foundations.
• 😀 Kalām is also known as Fiqh Akbar, which discusses divinity, as opposed to Fiqh Agharr, which deals with worship and mu’amalah.
• 😀 The foundations of Kalām include the Qur'an, Hadith, human reasoning, and human instinct, which all confirm belief in God.
• 😀 The problem of Kalām first emerged during the rule of Caliph Uthman bin Affan, whose actions caused political unrest and division among Muslims.
• 😀 Following Uthman’s death, political tensions led to the formation of new groups like the Khawarij, Murjiah, and Muktazilah, each with distinct theological views on sin and belief.
• 😀 The Khawarij viewed major sinners as apostates who should be killed, while the Murjiah believed that major sinners were still believers, leaving their fate to Allah.
• 😀 The Muktazilah developed the notion of 'Almanzilah bainal Manzilatain' (a position between belief and disbelief), and other theological schools emerged based on philosophical differences, like Ahlus Sunnah, Qadariyah, and Jabariyah.

Q & A

What is Kalam Science?

Kalam Science is a branch of Islamic theology that uses rational arguments and philosophy to discuss and defend the Islamic faith, particularly focusing on issues related to the oneness of God and core beliefs.

What are the key components of Kalam Science?

The key components of Kalam Science include the Qur'an, Hadith, human thought, and human instinct. These form the basis for discussions on the existence and attributes of God.

How does Ibn Khaldun define Kalam Science?

Ibn Khaldun defines Kalam Science as a discipline that uses logical reasoning to defend faith and refute deviations from the beliefs of the Salaf and Ahlus Sunnah groups.

Why is Kalam Science also referred to as 'Tawhid Science'?

Kalam Science is often called 'Tawhid Science' because it primarily deals with the theological concept of the oneness of God (Tawhid), a central theme in Islamic belief.

What is the role of the Qur'an in Kalam Science?

The Qur'an plays a foundational role in Kalam Science, offering numerous concepts about the nature of God and His attributes. It is a primary source of knowledge for understanding the divine.

How does the history of Kalam Science relate to the political events during the caliphates?

The emergence of Kalam Science was heavily influenced by political events, such as the assassination of Caliph Uthman and the subsequent conflicts during Caliph Ali's reign. These events led to divisions among Muslims, which resulted in the formation of various theological schools.

What was the significance of the Tahkim (arbitration) event in the development of Kalam?

The Tahkim (arbitration) event marked a turning point in Islamic history, leading to the division of Muslim groups. It sparked the birth of several theological schools, including the Khawarij, Murjiah, and Mu'tazilah, which all contributed to the development of Kalam.

Who were the Khawarij, and what was their stance on sin and faith?

The Khawarij were a group that emerged during the early Islamic period, believing that anyone who established laws not based on the Qur'an was an infidel. They held that major sinners were apostates and should be killed.

What are the main differences between the Murjiah and the Khawarij?

The Murjiah believed that major sinners were still considered believers and that their sins would be judged by Allah. In contrast, the Khawarij viewed major sinners as infidels and believed they should be punished by death.

How did the Mu'tazilah school interpret sin and faith?

The Mu'tazilah school held that major sinners were neither believers nor disbelievers, but occupied a position between the two. This view was known as 'al-manzilah bainal manzilatain'.

What is the significance of the Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah school in Kalam Science?

The Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah school, pioneered by Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari and Abu Mansur al-Maturidi, plays a central role in Kalam Science. It emphasizes the traditional beliefs of Sunni Islam and forms the basis for much of Islamic theology.

What is the difference between Qadariyah and Jabariyah schools in Kalam?

The Qadariyah school believes in human free will, where individuals can choose their actions. On the other hand, the Jabariyah school asserts that human actions are entirely determined by God's will, denying human free will.

How did political events influence the formation of Kalam schools?

Political conflicts, such as the assassination of Caliph Uthman and the subsequent battles, led to ideological divisions among Muslims. These divisions eventually gave rise to different Kalam schools, each with distinct theological views.