Imunisasi - dr. Nurcahaya Sinaga, Sp.A(K)

Summary

This video provides a detailed explanation of the differences between vaccination and immunization, focusing on the specific vaccines used in Indonesia. It covers how vaccines containing live germs (like BCG, polio, and measles) and those containing parts of germs (such as DPT, hepatitis B, and HIB) are administered. The script emphasizes proper vaccine storage, injection techniques, and the importance of ensuring vaccines like BCG and hepatitis are given at the correct times. It also highlights the updated practices with combo vaccines like pentabio and MR, offering key insights for healthcare professionals in immunization practices.

Takeaways

• 😀 Vaccination is a part of immunization, which is the broader process of providing immunity to the body.
• 😀 Vaccines can be categorized into two types: live germ vaccines (e.g., BCG, Polio Oral, Measles) and antigenic part vaccines (e.g., DPT, Hepatitis B, HIB).
• 😀 Live vaccines like BCG, Measles, and Rubella require special handling and must be stored in cooler environments to maintain effectiveness.
• 😀 BCG and Measles vaccines must be reconstituted with a solvent and have a limited shelf life (6 hours at room temperature).
• 😀 The PPM test is used to assess the quality of vaccines. If the inner part of the vaccine container matches the surrounding color, the vaccine is damaged.
• 😀 BCG vaccine is injected intracutaneously in the right deltoid, with a dose of 0.01ml, forming a bubble under the skin.
• 😀 For babies under 1 year, vaccines like Measles-Rubella and Pentabio should be given intramuscularly in the thigh, avoiding the buttocks to prevent nerve injury.
• 😀 Pentabio, a combination vaccine containing DPT, Hepatitis B, and HIB, must be administered intramuscularly in the thigh and not the deltoid.
• 😀 The first dose of Hepatitis B should be administered immediately after birth if the mother is serologically negative for Hepatitis B.
• 😀 For infants, the ideal time to give the BCG vaccine is when the baby is about to go home to reduce exposure to other infected babies in the hospital.

Q & A

What is the difference between vaccination and immunization?

Vaccination is a part of immunization. Vaccination refers to the active process of providing immunity by administering a vaccine, while immunization is a broader term that includes the process of building immunity, whether through vaccination or previous exposure.

What are the two types of vaccines that contain live viruses or germs?

The two types of vaccines that contain live viruses or germs are BCG (which contains Mycobacterium bovis) and the oral polio vaccine. Additionally, the measles vaccine is another live virus vaccine, though in recent years, the measles vaccine is often combined with the rubella vaccine as the MR (Measles and Rubella) vaccine.

What are the vaccines that contain parts of germs instead of live viruses?

Vaccines that contain parts of germs, rather than live viruses, include DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus), Hepatitis B, and HIB (Haemophilus influenzae type B). These vaccines contain antigenic components of the germs to stimulate an immune response.

Why do vaccines that contain live germs need to be stored at cooler temperatures?

Vaccines containing live germs, like BCG and the oral polio vaccine, are sensitive to temperature. If stored at higher temperatures, they may degrade and lose their effectiveness. Therefore, it is essential to store these vaccines in cooler conditions to preserve their potency.

How is the BCG vaccine administered?

The BCG vaccine is administered intracutaneously in the right deltoid (upper arm) of the patient. It should be injected under the skin, forming a small bubble under the surface. The BCG vaccine must be prepared with a solvent and used within 6 hours at room temperature, or 4 hours if it's too hot.

What is the significance of the 'PPM assessment' in vaccine storage?

The PPM assessment is a visual indicator used to check the quality of vaccines. A healthy vaccine will have a round inner shape and a purple outer shape. If the inner shape blends with the surrounding area, it indicates the vaccine has been damaged, even if the expiration date is still valid.

What are the correct injection sites for different vaccines?

For vaccines like BCG, which are given intracutaneously, the injection should be administered in the right deltoid. For the measles and rubella vaccines, they are typically given subcutaneously in the deltoid or intramuscularly in the thigh. Pentabio vaccines (DPT, Hepatitis B, HIB) are administered intramuscularly in the thigh, specifically in the upper third of the anterolateral part.

How should the measles and rubella (MR) vaccine be administered?

The MR vaccine, which combines the measles and rubella vaccines, is typically given as a deep subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. For children under 1 year old, it is generally given subcutaneously in the thigh or deltoid, but it should never be injected into the buttocks.

What is the procedure for giving the hepatitis B vaccine?

The hepatitis B vaccine is ideally administered immediately after birth. If the mother is found to have hepatitis, the baby should receive both the hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis antibodies. The vaccine is usually given intramuscularly in the left thigh.

Why is it important to give vaccines like BCG and oral polio after the baby is born or discharged from the hospital?

It is important to wait until after the baby is born or discharged to administer vaccines like BCG and oral polio because these vaccines contain live germs, which could potentially infect other vulnerable individuals, such as sick babies, in the hospital. Therefore, it's safer to administer these vaccines once the baby is at home.