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Summary

This video explores the origins and establishment of the Islamic (Hijri) calendar. It traces its roots back to the pre-Islamic Arab solar calendar and its transition to the lunar calendar, which was later formalized during the Caliphate of Umar bin Khattab in 634 AD. The script highlights the significance of lunar months like Ramadhan and Muharram in Islamic rituals, reinforced by teachings in the Quran and Hadith. The video also touches on the key role of the Hijrah (the migration of Prophet Muhammad) in determining the start of the Islamic calendar and its widespread adoption across Muslim communities.

Takeaways

• 😀 The Islamic community in Indonesia primarily uses the Gregorian calendar, but the Hijri calendar is used for religious purposes such as determining the start of Ramadan and other Islamic events.
• 😀 The origins of the Hijri calendar can be traced back over 4,000 years, with the ancient Arabs initially using a solar calendar known as the 'Nasyi'in' calendar, which consisted of 365 days in a year.
• 😀 The 'Nasyi'in' solar calendar was later used by the Romans and eventually transitioned into the lunar or 'Qamari' calendar by the Arabs, which is still used today.
• 😀 The Qamari calendar was used by the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians and later by the people of Medina. It consisted of 12 lunar months, but sometimes an extra 13th month was added for synchronization with seasons.
• 😀 Before the Islamic calendar, years were not numbered; instead, they were referred to by significant events, such as the 'Year of the Elephant,' which marked the year of the attack on the Ka'bah by the army led by Abraha.
• 😀 Islam adopted the Qamari calendar as a means to organize religious practices, with the Qur'an confirming the 12-month lunar year and the prohibition of four 'sacred months' for warfare.
• 😀 The Hijri calendar was formalized by Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab in 634 CE, following an incident involving undated letters that highlighted the need for a standardized system of dating.
• 😀 Caliph Umar consulted with his advisors, and a lunar-based calendar was agreed upon, starting from the year of the Prophet Muhammad's migration (Hijrah) from Mecca to Medina.
• 😀 There were debates among the early Muslim community about when to start the Islamic calendar, with suggestions to begin from the Prophet's birth, prophethood, or death. Ultimately, the Hijrah was chosen as the starting point.
• 😀 The Hijri calendar is now universally recognized by Muslims, with each year beginning with the month of Muharram, and it continues to follow the lunar cycle.

Q & A

What is the primary purpose of the Hijri calendar in Islam?

The Hijri calendar is primarily used by Muslims for religious purposes, such as determining the start of Ramadan, Shawwal, Muharram, and other Islamic events. It is not commonly used for everyday civil matters, which are typically governed by the Gregorian calendar.

How old is the origin of the lunar calendar mentioned in the transcript?

The origins of the lunar calendar date back over 4,000 years before the Common Era (BCE), when ancient Semitic peoples used a solar-based calendar called the 'Nasyi'in' calendar.

What is the key difference between the solar and lunar calendars described in the script?

The solar calendar (Syamsiah) is based on the sun's movement, with 365 days in a year, while the lunar calendar (Komariah) is based on the moon's cycles. The lunar calendar consists of 12 months, with each month having 29 or 30 days, totaling approximately 354 days in a year.

What is the significance of the 'four forbidden months' in the Hijri calendar?

The 'four forbidden months' (which are mentioned in the Quran) are significant because they are months in which fighting is prohibited, offering a period of peace and reflection. These months are part of the Islamic lunar calendar and are specifically outlined in the Quran.

How did the early Arab communities track time before the Islamic calendar was established?

Before the Islamic calendar, the Arabs used the lunar calendar (Komariah), which was based on the moon's cycles. This calendar, like others in the region, was adjusted periodically to sync with the changing seasons, sometimes adding extra months or days through a process called intercalation.

What was the significance of the year of the 'Elephant' in Arab history?

The year of the 'Elephant' (the year when the Ka'bah was attacked by an army led by Abrahah) is significant in Arab history because it was used as a reference point for dating important events. The year 570 CE, in which the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was born, is called the 'Year of the Elephant' because of this event.

What event led to the formal establishment of the Islamic (Hijri) calendar?

The formal establishment of the Islamic calendar occurred during the caliphate of Umar ibn Khattab. The decision was triggered by the need for an official, consistent method to date important documents, especially after receiving a letter without a date, which led to a discussion about creating a proper system.

Why did Umar ibn Khattab choose the Hijrah (migration) as the starting point for the Islamic calendar?

Umar ibn Khattab chose the Hijrah, or the migration of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) from Mecca to Medina, as the starting point for the Islamic calendar because it marked a pivotal moment in the history of Islam, symbolizing the beginning of the Muslim community's establishment and growth.

How was the year count in the Islamic calendar initially debated among the companions of the Prophet?

The companions of the Prophet had differing opinions on when the Islamic calendar should start. Some suggested the beginning of the Prophet's birth, others proposed the moment he became a prophet, while others preferred the event of the Hijrah as the starting point. Eventually, the suggestion of Ali ibn Abi Talib, which marked the Hijrah, was accepted.

What are some of the key references to the lunar calendar in the Quran?

The Quran mentions the lunar calendar in several verses, such as in Surah At-Tawbah (9:36), where it refers to the number of months in the lunar year. Other verses mention the significance of the moon in marking time for rituals like the Hajj, fasting, and the beginning of months like Ramadan (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:189).