Food is not only culture, it's diplomacy: Leah Selim at TEDxGowanus

Summary

このビデオスクリプトでは、食文化が人々の文化とアイデンティティに深く根ざしており、新しい場所の体験を通じて文化を体験する重要な手段であることが強調されています。アメリカの食文化は移民の影響を受けており、食は新しい文化に適応する過程で重要な役割を果たします。また、移民コミュニティにおける食の習慣の変化や、食を通じた文化交流の重要性が語られています。グローバルキッチンというソーシャルエンタープライズを通じて、移民による料理教室が文化の維持と共有の場となっています。

Takeaways

• 🌐 食文化は新しい場所の体験に欠かせない要素で、食べ物を通してその国の文化を体験することができます。
• 🍴 食は私たちの文化やアイデンティティに深く関わっており、私たちが料理するものは、私たちが誰であるか、どこから来たかを表現しています。
• 🌍 食を通して異文化を体験することは、人々の間の共通点を築き、友情やコミュニティを築く重要な手段です。
• 🏛 政府が食を通じて外交を行っており、食を利用して国を紹介し、その国の文化を知らしめるツールとして利用しています。
• 🇺🇸 アメリカの食文化は多様で複雑で、移民の影響を受けていますが、特定の食文化に強く結びついているとは言えません。
• 🤒 病気や異国の文化に直面することで、自分の故郷の食に対する懐かしさや食への依存が強くなることがあります。
• 📈 文化適応の過程で、移民は新しい食文化に慣れ、自分の故郷の食文化を失うことがあります。
• 👩‍🍳 グローバルキッチンは移民による料理教室を提供し、食を通じて文化の交流を促進しています。
• 📚 食は文化的資本を維持し、伝統的なレシピや料理のテクニックを記録することで、文化を保存することができます。
• 🎓 食は教育的なものでもあり、料理教室では食の文化や歴史的背景について学ぶことができます。
• 🏅 食は国を代表するもので、食を通じて国をブランド化し、国際的な認知を高める効果があります。

Q & A

旅行先で体験する文化の一つとして食べ物はどうして重要なのですか？

食べ物は新しい場所の文化を体験する重要な手段であり、その国の文化やアイデンティティを直接体験する方法です。

アメリカ人の食文化の特徴は何ですか？

アメリカの食文化は移民の影響を受けており、多様性があります。しかし、典型的にはファーストフードやバーベキューなどがありますが、健康的な選択肢ではなく、米国産の優れた食品も多くあります。

脚本で言及された「食のホームシック」とは何を指しますか？

食のホームシックとは、新しい国や文化に移住した際に、自分の故郷の食べ物への懐かしさやその食べ物への強い願望を指します。

文化適応の4つの段階とはどのようなものですか？

文化適応の4段階は、ハネymoonステージ、ホストリリティまたはコンフリクトフェーズ、アジャストメントフェーズ、そしてホームステージです。

移民が新しい国に移住する際の食習慣の変化について教えてください。

移民は新しい国に移住すると、初めはアドベンチャースな食習慣を持ちますが、その後ホストリティフェーズに入って伝統的な食べ物に戻り、最終的には新しい国の食べ物を同じ頻度で消費するようになります。

グローバルキッチンとはどのようなプロジェクトですか？

グローバルキッチンは、移民による料理教室を開催するソーシャルエンタープライズで、彼らの故国の伝統的な料理を教えます。

グローバルキッチンの料理教室で強調されることは何ですか？

料理教室では、食べ物の文化や歴史的背景に加えて、料理と文化の交流を通じて参加者同士のつながりを築くことを目指します。

ガストロポルティクスとはどのような概念ですか？

ガストロポルティクスは、政府が食べ物を通じて文化やアイデンティティをコミュニケートし、国際的な影響力を獲得することを目的としたツールです。

タイのガストロポルティクスプログラムの成功はどのように評価されますか？

タイのガストロポルティクスプログラムは、世界中でタイ料理のレストランの数を大幅に増やし、タイ自体が人気が高まる旅行先として知られるようになりました。

脚本で言及された「文化的なアイデンティティの喪失」とは何を指しますか？

文化的なアイデンティティの喪失とは、移民が新しい国に移住し、新しい文化に適応する過程で、彼らの故郷の伝統的な食べ物や調理法を失うことを指します。

脚本の講演者はなぜグローバルキッチンを立ち上げましたか？

講演者は、食を通じて文化的アイデンティティを維持し、故郷とのつながりを保つ方法を提供し、文化の多様性と伝統を保存することを目的としてグローバルキッチンを立ち上げました。

Outlines

00:00

🍽 食文化とアイデンティティ

第1段落では、旅行者が新しい場所で体験する文化を通して食べ物的重要性が強調されています。食べ物は文化やアイデンティティに深く関わっており、外国で食べ物を試すことはその国の文化を体験する素晴らしい方法です。また、新しい国に移住する際には、自宅の食べ物を調理することで故郷への繫がりを保つことができます。食文化は人々の間で共通のつながりを築く手段として機能し、食を通じて友情やコミュニティを強化することができます。

05:01

🌐 食と文化的適応

第2段落では、新しい文化に適応する過程における食の役割について説明されています。文化的適応にはホネymoonステージ、対立期、調整期、そして最終的な「ホーム」ステージの4つの段階があります。移民コミュニティにおける食の習慣の変化や、食文化の喪失とその影響についても触れられています。また、移民による伝統的な料理教室を通じて文化を維持する取り組みが紹介されています。

10:01

🏛 食による文化外交

第3段落では、食を通じた文化外交の概念が紹介されています。政府が資金を提供して、外国の観客に自国の料理を紹介するプログラムが存在します。これは国家のイメージを高めるためのツールとして機能しており、観光を促進する効果もあります。各国の成功した事例が挙げられ、食は文化を伝える強力な手段であることが強調されています。

15:02

👨‍🍳 グローバルキッチンのミッション

第4段落では、スピーカーが設立した「グローバルキッチン」という社会起業家企業について語られています。移民による伝統的な料理教室を提供し、文化の交流の場を提供することを目的としています。料理教室を通じて、食の背後にある文化や歴史を伝え、食文化の維持と共有を目指しています。

Keywords

💡文化体験

文化体験とは、新しい場所の文化を直接的に味わうことです。このビデオでは、食べ物が新しい文化体験の重要な部分として位置づけられています。例えば、イタリアでパスタを食べたり、メキシコでタコスやタマレスを試すことで、その国の文化を体験することができます。

💡食文化

食文化は、ある地域や社会の食に関する習慣、風俗、調理法などを指します。ビデオでは、食文化が人々の文化アイデンティティと深く結びついていると強調されています。食は、私たちが誰であるか、どこから来たかを表現する手段の一つです。

💡グローバリゼーション

グローバリゼーションは、世界が一つに結びついているプロセスを指し、異なる文化や国が相互に影響を与えることを意味します。ビデオでは、グローバリゼーションの中でも、料理と食の共有が文化を維持し、伝統を共有する強力なツールとして機能していると語られています。

💡食の多様性

食の多様性は、異なる料理や食べ方の存在を指します。ビデオでは、食の多様性 Maintaining diversity in our culinary landscape として重要性が強調されており、異なる文化の食を通じて伝統を保存し、共有することが奨励されています。

💡食の故郷への絆

ビデオでは、新しい国に移住する際に、故郷の食が人々を故郷と結びつける力を持っていると示されています。食は、人々を故郷のルーツと共感につながる手段として機能し、新旧の文化的アイデンティティを融合させるプロセスの一部です。

💡アクカルチュレーション

アクカルチュレーションは、新しい文化に適応するプロセスを指し、ビデオでは食に関する習慣の変化を通じて説明されています。新しい文化への適応は、ホネymoon phase から調整フェーズ、そして最終的に同化またはバイカルチャーラルアイデンティティに至る4つの段階から成り立っています。

💡食のグローバルな普及

ビデオでは、特定の国の料理が世界中に広まること、特に政府主導の食の外交政策によって促進されていると触れています。例えば、タイの全球Thaiプログラムは、タイ料理の世界的知名度を高めることで、タイ自体の国際的なイメージを向上させています。

💡食の外交

食の外交は、政府が食を通じて国際的な影響力やブランド認知を高めるツールとして使用することを指します。ビデオでは、食の外交がどのようにして文化やアイデンティティを伝える手段として機能し、観光を促進するのに役立つかについて説明されています。

💡移民コミュニティの食習慣

ビデオでは、移民コミュニティが新しい国に移住することで食習慣がどのように変化するかについて触れられています。移民が新しい文化に適応するにつれて、彼らの食習慣は変化し、新しい食文化を取り入れることで健康問題に直面する可能性があると示されています。

💡グローバルキッチン

グローバルキッチンは、ビデオのスピーカーが立ち上げたソーシャルエンタープライズであり、移民による料理教室を開催しています。このプロジェクトは、文化の交流を促進し、移民の伝統料理を記録し、保存することを目的としています。

Highlights

Experiencing a new culture through its food is essential as it reflects the identity and heritage of a place.

Food is a powerful tool for cultural exchange and can build friendships and communities.

Gastro diplomacy programs are used by governments to introduce their cuisine to foreign audiences for cultural awareness and tourism.

American food culture is diverse and constantly evolving due to its immigrant history.

The speaker's personal experience with homesickness in Uganda was strongly tied to missing American food.

Acculturation involves reconciling familiar and unfamiliar foods when adjusting to a new culture.

Cultural anthropologists have identified four stages of acculturation: honeymoon, hostility, adjustment, and home stages.

Immigrant communities in America often go through cycles of cultural adjustment affecting their food choices and health.

Studies show that the influence of traditional diets can be lost within one generation of immigrants in America.

Global Kitchen is a social enterprise aimed at preserving and sharing cultural traditions through cooking classes.

Global Kitchen emphasizes the cultural and historical context behind the dishes taught in their classes.

Gastro diplomacy is a tool used by governments to communicate culture and identity through food for international influence.

Thailand's Global Thai program successfully increased the number of Thai restaurants worldwide, boosting tourism.

Other countries like Korea, Taiwan, and Peru have followed Thailand's lead in using gastro diplomacy to promote their cuisines internationally.

Food is an effective way to make a country more approachable to foreign audiences, as demonstrated by Thailand's success.

Sharing food culture creates immediate connections and can help preserve cultural identity, as seen in personal and Global Kitchen experiences.

Transcripts

[Music]

[Applause]

for those of you who've been lucky

enough to travel abroad in the recent

past think about the first things you

wanted to do and see you probably had

some museums and historical landmarks to

check out but all bet that you also had

eating food near the top of your to-do

list and not just because you're hungry

but also because so much of actually

experiencing the culture of a new place

is trying the food it's why we try pasta

in Italy and why we tried tacos and

tamales in Mexico and it's definitely

why Anthony Bourdain tried warthog anus

in

Namibia and not just for the TV ratings

so every destination has has a dish or a

Cuisine associated with it and that's

because food is so deeply tied to our

culture and our identity what we cook is

an expression of who we are and where we

come from and when we're traveling

abroad trying the food from that country

is a great way to experience the culture

firsthand in the same respect when

you're moving to a new country cooking

and eating the food from your home is a

great way to feel connected and

nostalgic about that place and bring you

back to your roots and your foundation

sharing that food with other people can

instantly connect you to people very

much unlike yourself common sality is a

stepping stone for building friendships

and communities and strengthening ties

between disperate groups so today

there's also a growing Trend among

governments in Middle power countries to

create government funded gastro

diplomacy programs which basically serve

as a tool to introduce the cuisine of a

country to a foreign an audience in

order to gain awareness for the country

itself so as our world becomes

increasingly

globalized cooking and sharing food have

become powerful tools for preserving

culture outside of its cultural and

geographical

context so I'm here today to talk to you

about the importance of maintaining this

diversity in our culinary landscape and

preserving and sharing cultural

Traditions through food so so to start

as Americans our food culture is a

little bit muddled first of all uh the

food that's typically associated with

the American diet isn't really good food

I'm thinking mostly of like Ballpark

Franks and fast food cheeseburgers

things that taste really good but aren't

getting any Michelin stars and second of

all America is a country of immigrants

so our Cuisine is constantly being

influenced by food that's coming in from

different countries and because of that

even even though I'm a fifth generation

American I never really strongly

identified with a specific American food

culture until fairly recently when I was

geographically removed from it and that

happened in the summer of 2010 when I

went to Uganda to live and work on a

farm with a farmer named Bob and his

family in order to learn more about

agriculture and Food Systems in

developing countries so while I was

there about four weeks into my trip I

got malaria which unfortunately is very

common in Uganda it's much like getting

the flu here and I knew this I had been

to malaria emic countries before I was

well aware that with a quick diagnosis

and proper drugs it was totally

treatable but being a stereotypical

American when I was sitting in that

little rural hospital and that doctor

told me that I did in fact have malaria

I freaked out I was really scared and I

think it was the first time in my adult

life that I felt truly

homesick so in the following weeks even

though I couldn't actually eat anything

I was dreaming about American food and

whenever I got a chance I would text my

sister and ask her what she was eating

and what she had eaten earlier that day

and what everyone else around her was

eating and I was dreaming about

chocolate and coffee and bread and I

think the chees the food that I miss the

most and this won't come as a surprise

to anyone was

cheese

and ironically

during that week when I was getting

better my entire extended family was

vacationing in the state of Wisconsin

cheese capital of America so this food

homesickness is was really weird to me

it was something that I had never

experienced before but it's actually

really common among people who are

moving into a new country and adjusting

to a new culture reconciling that old

and familiar food with the new

unfamiliar food is part of a larger

process called acculturation

and although this is different for

everyone cultural anthropologists have

mapped it into roughly four stages so

the first is the honeymoon stage which

is pretty self-explanatory it's

basically when everything is new and

exciting and you're like on an adventure

in this new country and then the next is

the hostility or the conflict phase um

at which point those differences in

culture become grading and everyday life

can become a little bit

frustrating and then you move up through

the adjustment phase when you can

objectively identify the differences in

culture and kind of approach it with a

more light-hearted sense of humor and

then finally there's the home stage at

which point you're about as close to

assimilation as you're going to get most

people adapt either a bicultural

Identity or relinquish their old

cultural identity entirely and it should

be noted that these stages are much more

pronounced when you're moving into a

culture that is starkly different from

your original culture and also when you

have little to no contact with your home

culture so I found a lot of reference to

them in literature for peace score

volunteers for

example so I was never in Uganda or

anywhere else long enough to go through

all four of these stages but in a

country like America that has a large

immigrant population people are going

through this U curve of cultural

adjustment all the time it's been well

documented and there's actually a lot of

really interesting literature about the

effect it can have on food purchasing

and food consumption habits among

immigrant communities so one study of

Korean immigrants in America found that

when they first moved here they were

very venturesome in their purchase of

American food products um and then they

kind of quickly moved into the hostility

phase at which point they reverted back

to purchasing more traditional Korean

food products and then made their way up

to the home phase at which point they

were purchasing those American food

products with about the same frequency

that they had been when they first moved

here there's also multiple studies

showing that when nonwestern immigrants

move into Western countries like America

their rates of obesity and diab diabetes

rise to about the same levels as those

that are in their new adopted home and

this trend is associated directly with

their increased consumption of Western

foods and finally a study of Mexican

immigrants in America found that in just

one generation the influence of the

Mexican diet was almost entirely lost so

as these communities are moving into

second and third and fourth gener gener

ations they're losing some of the

traditional foods to make way for the

American foods and with that they're

losing some of that sense of culture and

identity and this experience was

actually Illustrated beautifully in a

recent New York Times article in which

the author herself and the subject she

interviews discussed desperately trying

to hold on to those recipes and culinary

Traditions from their parents and their

grandparents in order to maintain a

connection to family and into their home

country she says quote over Generations

pallets evolve and Customs fade the old

ways of cooking are quietly

forgotten so in an effort to kind of

curb that loss of cultural capital as

social scientists like to call it uh me

and two of my friends from graduate

school Ryan and Pete started Global

kitchen which is a social Enterprise

that hosts immigrant Le cooking classes

and our classes are based in the New

York City area and all of the chefs that

we work with teach the cuisine from

their home country so they'll be they'll

be home cooks and they'll sometimes be

classically cled trained chefs but they

always teach traditional foods to our

students that are common in their

countries of origin some of these foods

are well known to an American audience

such as Filipino adobo and Indian curry

and some you'd be hardpressed to find in

any restaurant even in New York City a

good example of that is Egyptian koshery

which is actually incredibly popular in

Egypt but because because it's so labor

intensive and there's so little demand

for it in the United States there's no

real justification for serving it in

restaurants

here so one of the things that we really

like to emphasize in our classes is the

cultural and historical traditions and

context behind the food so this can come

from a chef instructor talking about

cooking this particular dish with her

parents and her grandparents when she

was growing up or it can mean talking

about trade routs and history of

colonization and how those influence the

dishes and the ingredients in a

particular country a really good example

of that would be the Spanish influence

on Filipino Cuisine bringing in dishes

like paa and then finally we like to

incorporate cultural elements into the

classes themselves so with our Ethiopian

class our Chef instructors perform a

traditional Ethiopian coffee

ceremony and this is a part of daily

life in Ethiopia um it's usually

involves roasting beans over a fire or

stove and then grinding them by hand

with a mortar and pestl or with a coffee

grinder in our case and then Brewing the

the coffee in front of your guests and

serving it to them and in Ethiopia it's

meant to signify friendship and

Hospitality towards the people that

you're welcoming into your

home

so what we really want to do with global

kitchen besides the classes is create

this platform for cultural exchange and

we also want to record these recipes and

these culinary Traditions that otherwise

wouldn't be documented and we're not the

only ones with this idea some of you may

have heard of eatwith which is a service

that's rapidly expanding over the world

and it's basically a way to connect to

hosts in a country that you're traveling

to and then go to their home and they'll

serve you a meal there's also a really

awesome restaurant in Pittsburgh called

conflict kitchen and they only serve

Cuisines from countries with which the

United States is in Conflict so this

would be places like Afghan fistan

Venezuela and Cuba

um and finally UNESCO has actually added

cook specific cooking styles from

countries like Japan France turkey and

Mexico to its intangible cultural

heritage list and these are all small

examples of gastro diplomacy which I

mentioned earlier and defined broadly

simply means communicating your culture

and your identity through food um but in

the public diplomacy context gastro

diplomacy is actually a tool that

governments use to tap into people's

emotional connection to food in order to

gain influence and raise brand awareness

about the country itself in an

international setting and it's also a

fantastic way to encourage tourism to

your country so the first country to do

this was Thailand in 2002 it started the

global Thai program and at the time

there were only 5,000 Thai restaurants

in the world and their goal was simply

to raise that number to 8,000 and they

did this by helping Thai restaurant ters

in all over the world gain access to

funding and ingredients that they needed

in order to build up their restaurants

so as you may have guessed based solely

on the number of Thai restaurants in

Brooklyn alone the program was

incredibly

successful today there are upwards of

20,000 Thai restaurants in the world

Thai food has become one of the most

well-known International Cuisines and

Thailand itself is a wildly popular

tourist destination and so other

governments saw this and they followed

suit Korea started a gastro diplomacy

program in 2009 it was a $40 million

program and now just a few years later

Korean food is consistently ranked among

the top American food Trends Taiwan

started a program that helped throw

gourmet food festivals on the island and

also started a think tank the sole

purpose of which was to figure out new

ways to introduce Taiwanese restaurants

and coffee shops and food products to a

foreign

audience and Peru started a gastro

diplomacy program that helped make

Peruvian food more recognizable to a

wider audience and Peru itself was

recently ranked the number one culinary

destination in the world and it expects

to see $1 billion do in culinary tourism

just this year so this might seem really

simple but gastro diplomacy is actually

really working as a tool to introduce

audiences to the food and the culture of

a new country food is an easy and

Incredibly effective way to introduce an

unfamiliar culture to a foreign audience

and then subtly over time make the

country itself more approachable as was

the case with Thailand and on a more

personal level sharing our food culture

with others and letting them share

theirs with us can create an immediate

connection um this is a picture of me

mixing cake batter in Uganda and

simultaneously trying to make gouto

pants happen

but when I was when I was

there we cook together as a family

nearly every day and we us were usually

cooking the food from the farm so it was

during those moments when we were

cooking and we were eating that we

actually got to know each other outside

of the context of work and it was also

during those moments when I felt most

included in the family unit itself and

most connected Ed to Ugandan culture

similarly since starting Global kitchen

uh I've been able to witness connections

like that happen all the time uh one

example that really stood out to me was

when we had an Ethiopian class and we

had three couples come in who had all

adopted children from Ethiopia and they

wanted to learn about the food and the

culture in order to share that

experience with their children I thought

it was a really wonderful example of

what Global kitchen is trying to do and

it inspired me to continue working to

preserve culture through food and I hope

it's through this example and others out

there that will inspire you to do the

same thank you so

[Applause]

much