L-1.4: Types of OS(Real Time OS, Distributed, Clustered & Embedded OS)

Summary

This video script delves into the lesser-known realms of operating systems, focusing on real-time, distributed, clustered, and embedded systems. It clarifies that while these topics are unlikely to appear in competitive exams, understanding them is essential for a comprehensive grasp of the subject. The script explains the importance of time constraints in real-time systems, distinguishing between hard and soft real-time requirements with examples. It also covers the concepts of distributed systems, which are geographically dispersed and loosely coupled, and clustered systems that operate as a single entity to enhance computational power. Finally, it touches on the fixed functionality of embedded systems, contrasting them with the flexibility of non-embedded systems.

Takeaways

• 🕒 Real-time operating systems (RTOS) are designed to process data as soon as it comes in, with time being a critical factor, unlike batch processing systems which do not have strict time constraints.
• 📉 The script distinguishes between hard and soft real-time systems, with hard real-time systems having strict time constraints where any delay can lead to critical failures, such as in missile systems, while soft real-time systems can tolerate minor delays without critical consequences, like in gaming or live streaming.
• 🌐 Distributed operating systems manage a network of computers that are geographically dispersed and work independently but are connected through a network, providing advantages such as increased availability and fault tolerance.
• 🔁 Clustered systems, on the other hand, are a group of machines connected through a local network, working in unison to perform tasks, similar to a supercomputer, and are known for their increased computation power and scalability.
• 🛠 Embedded operating systems are used in systems with fixed functionality, such as microwaves or washing machines, and do not allow for changes in their code or functionality, unlike general-purpose computers.
• 🚀 The importance of real-time systems is highlighted with examples like YouTube streaming for soft real-time and missile systems for hard real-time, emphasizing the need for immediacy and precision in processing.
• 🔄 The script mentions that distributed systems are advantageous for load balancing and fault tolerance, as the failure of one system can be compensated by others in the network.
• 🔗 Clustered systems offer scalability, allowing for an increase in computation power by adding more machines to the cluster, which is useful for handling increased computational demands.
• 📚 The video script is aimed at providing an overview of these operating systems for educational purposes, particularly for competitive exams or college/university exams, where these topics are less likely to be asked.
• 🧠 The speaker notes that while these topics may not be the focus of exam questions, understanding distributed, clustered, real-time, and embedded operating systems provides a comprehensive view of the field of operating systems.
• 🔍 For those interested in deeper study, the script suggests looking into related areas such as cloud computing for more detailed knowledge on clustered systems.

Q & A

What are the four types of operating systems discussed in the video?

The video discusses Real-time, Distributed, Clustered, and Embedded operating systems.

Why might Real-time operating systems be important for competitive exams?

Although the video suggests that questions on these topics are unlikely, Real-time operating systems are important for understanding time-sensitive applications like missile systems and flight simulations.

What distinguishes a Real-time operating system from a non-Real-time one?

A Real-time operating system emphasizes immediate response and has strict time constraints, unlike non-Real-time systems where time is not a critical factor.

What are the two categories of Real-time operating systems mentioned in the script?

The two categories are Hard Real-time and Soft Real-time, with Hard Real-time being very strict about time and Soft Real-time allowing some flexibility based on the application.

Can you give an example of a Hard Real-time system from the video?

An example of a Hard Real-time system is a missile system, where any delay could lead to critical errors.

How does the video describe the difference between a Soft Real-time system and a Hard Real-time system?

Soft Real-time systems, like computer gaming, can tolerate minor delays without critical consequences, whereas Hard Real-time systems cannot afford any delay.

What is the main characteristic of a Distributed operating system?

A Distributed operating system is characterized by having multiple machines geographically separated and connected through a network, each with its own resources and working independently.

What is the advantage of using a Clustered operating system as mentioned in the video?

The advantages of a Clustered operating system include increased availability, fault tolerance, and scalability, allowing for load balancing and enhanced computational power.

How does a Clustered operating system differ from a Distributed one?

A Clustered operating system involves multiple machines connected through a local network, working together like a supercomputer, whereas a Distributed operating system involves machines that are geographically dispersed.

What is an Embedded operating system and how does it differ from other types?

An Embedded operating system is designed for systems with fixed functionality, like microwaves or washing machines, and cannot be changed or updated easily, unlike other operating systems that offer more flexibility.

What are the key takeaways from the video regarding the types of operating systems?

The key takeaways are understanding the importance of time in Real-time systems, the geographical distribution and independence in Distributed systems, the local network connectivity and computational power in Clustered systems, and the fixed functionality in Embedded systems.

Outlines

00:00

🕒 Real-Time Operating Systems and Their Categories

The first paragraph introduces the concept of real-time operating systems (RTOS), emphasizing the importance of time constraints in these systems. It differentiates between batch processing and real-time processing, using YouTube streaming as an example to illustrate the immediacy expected in real-time systems. The paragraph further explains the distinction between hard and soft real-time systems, with hard real-time systems being critical and intolerant of any delays, as seen in missile systems and flight simulations. Soft real-time systems, on the other hand, can tolerate minor delays without critical consequences, exemplified by computer gaming and live streaming services. The summary highlights the necessity of timely responses in RTOS and the varying degrees of strictness in meeting time constraints.

05:01

🌐 Distributed and Clustered Systems: Definitions and Advantages

The second paragraph delves into distributed and clustered systems, explaining their structures and advantages. Distributed systems are characterized by their geographical dispersion and loose coupling, where each machine operates independently with its own resources and can continue functioning even if one system fails. Examples such as Facebook and Google illustrate the concept of distribution. Clustered systems, in contrast, are groups of machines connected through a local network, functioning as a single entity to increase computational power, an example likened to a supercomputer. The paragraph outlines the benefits of these systems, including increased availability, fault tolerance through load balancing, and scalability. It also touches on embedded systems, which are designed for fixed functionalities and cannot be altered like general-purpose computers. The summary encapsulates the key features and benefits of distributed and clustered operating systems, as well as the specific nature of embedded systems.

Keywords

💡Real-time Operating System (RTOS)

A real-time operating system (RTOS) is a type of operating system designed to process data as it comes in, or 'in real time,' with minimal delay. In the context of the video, the RTOS is contrasted with non-real time systems where time constraints are not critical. An example given is YouTube streaming, where live streaming requires real-time processing to ensure viewers receive the content with minimal latency, illustrating the importance of time in RTOS.

💡Batch Processing

Batch processing refers to a method of processing data in groups or 'batches,' rather than continuously or in real time. The script mentions batch processing as the opposite of real-time processing, where tasks are completed in large groups and time sensitivity is not a priority. This is in contrast to real-time systems where immediate processing is crucial.

💡Hard Real-Time

Hard real-time systems are those that require strict adherence to timing constraints, with no tolerance for delays. The video script uses the example of a missile system, where a delay could lead to catastrophic results, to illustrate the critical nature of time in hard real-time systems. These systems are designed to ensure that tasks are completed within a specified time frame.

💡Soft Real-Time

Soft real-time systems, as explained in the script, are less strict about timing constraints compared to hard real-time systems. While delays are not desired, they can be tolerated to some extent without causing critical issues. An example provided is computer gaming, where a slight delay might be noticeable but would not lead to a critical failure.

💡Distributed Operating System

A distributed operating system manages a group of computers that are physically separate but appear to the users as a single system. The script describes it as an environment where processing is spread across various geographical locations, connected through a network, allowing for tasks to be completed even if one system fails, emphasizing the system's fault tolerance and scalability.

💡Clustered Operating System

A clustered operating system is designed to manage a cluster of machines that work together closely, usually connected through a local network, to perform tasks as a single entity. The video script explains that this setup increases computational power and allows for load balancing and fault tolerance, likening it to a supercomputer made up of multiple interconnected devices.

💡Embedded Operating System

An embedded operating system is a specialized type of operating system used in embedded systems, which are designed for specific tasks with fixed functionalities. The script mentions devices like microwaves and washing machines, which operate based on pre-set functions and cannot be altered like general-purpose computers, highlighting the limited but focused nature of embedded systems.

💡Fault Tolerance

Fault tolerance is the ability of a system to continue operating, even when some of its components fail. The video script discusses this in the context of clustered and distributed systems, where if one system fails, the others can take over its workload, ensuring the overall system remains functional and reliable.

💡Scalability

Scalability refers to a system's ability to handle a growing amount of work by adding resources. The script explains that distributed and clustered systems offer scalability, allowing for an increase in computational power by simply adding more machines to the existing setup, which is crucial for handling larger workloads or expanding system capabilities.

💡Load Balancing

Load balancing is the distribution of workload across multiple systems or components to ensure no single system is overwhelmed. In the script, it is mentioned as an advantage of clustered systems, where the work is spread out among multiple machines, preventing any single machine from becoming a bottleneck and improving overall system performance.

💡Loosely Coupled Environment

A loosely coupled environment, as described in the script, refers to a system where components or machines operate independently but are connected through a network. This setup allows for flexibility and redundancy, as each machine has its own resources and can continue to function even if others fail, which is a key aspect of distributed systems.

Highlights

Introduction to four types of operating systems: Real time, distributed, clustered, and embedded.

Real-time operating systems prioritize immediate response with strict time constraints.

Distinguishing between batch processing and real-time processing in operating systems.

Examples of real-time systems include YouTube streaming and missile systems.

Definition and explanation of hard real-time systems with no tolerance for delays.

Soft real-time systems allow some flexibility in timing with less critical consequences of delays.

Distributed operating systems manage processing environments spread across the globe.

Clustered systems are connected through a local network, functioning as a supercomputer.

Advantages of distributed systems include increased availability and fault tolerance.

Clustered systems offer scalability and enhanced computation power.

Embedded systems are designed for fixed functionality and cannot be altered easily.

Embedded operating systems manage devices like microwaves and washing machines with set functions.

Comparison between hard-wired and micro-programmed systems for flexibility in non-embedded systems.

The video provides a comprehensive overview suitable for competitive exams and academic understanding.

The playlist aims for completeness in covering operating system topics, including minor points.

The video acknowledges the vastness of distributed and clustered technologies, beyond the scope of a single video.

Final summary assures viewers that the information provided is sufficient for exam purposes.

Transcripts

Hello students, Welcome to Gate Smashers

In today's video I'm going to explain

Real time, distributed, clustered and embedded operating system

So talking about these all four operating system for competitive exams or with college\university exam point of view

then there're no chances to get questions based on these

Because mainly questions come from multi programming, multi tasking or little bit on Batch also

But just for the sake of completion because whole playlist of operating system has been completed

so I'm telling you the leftover minor points here

And talking about distributed or clustered operating system,

they are very vast technologies in their own, so it's not possible to explain them in one single video

But still I'm telling you little bit minor points so if they'd ask about it in exam then you can answer something

So let's start first of all with real time operating system

In real time operating system what word I'm using here is... Real time

So we work in two ways... one is batch processing and other is real time

Means if you would say non real time then it means that let's say I gave some work to the system,

and it gave the output after couple hour or more

means there's no time constraint, means I just want the output only, time doesn't matter

But real time means immediately There, time matters a lot

Taking a simple example... YouTube streaming We are using YouTube

Now look.. I created this video and uploaded it after editing

Now when are you watching that video?... Maybe you watched it right away, or after a month or couple years

So here I don't want that you must watch it right away

But If I'm coming live on YouTube, then what my expectation is

if I came live here and you also came live there

then the points that I'm telling you, you are listening it right away

So here we call it real time environment

So in real time, there's only constraint of time

that there can't be delays, time matters a lot

So here also, further category comes i.e. Hard and soft real time

In hard, as the name says It's very strict about the time

So much restrictions on time, Means there can't be delays

Like if we'd talk about missile system Obviously they can't bear delays in missile system

Talking about flight simulation, then there also we can't bear any delay

Because if we take example of missile system

If you launched a missile and gave a time to hit the target after 5 sec

If it got delayed there, or got some error or some other process started in between

Like as we discussed that some other process pre-empt in between

then other process started.... What will happen in that case?... Missile will hit the wrong target

Means we don’t want any delay here

In soft you can say, it's little bit soft, means you can divide it based on the application

Like if we'd talk about computer gaming Then in gaming although I don't want much delay

But if it got even little bit delay then there will be no critical situation

Here, critical situation can arise

Here it won't be critical situation, like Youtube Live streaming,

if I'll say something in it then you'll here it after 5-10 seconds

then it's fine, we can bear it... There'll be no critical situation

So that'll be the example of soft real time operating system

Then comes distributed and cluster

In distributed, as the name says like distributed

that the systems are not distributed to operating system

this is actually the environment, means the processing environment that I've made,

I've distributed it all over the world and dispersed it geographically

Means I've one machines here, second one here and third one here,

4-5th somewhere else & I connected all of them through a network

Means here I've the machines here laying in loosely coupled environment

loosely coupled means its own kernel, its own memory, its own disk and so on.

Each one have its own environment and resources

and its geographically separated, not at one location and working independently

Yeah it's possible that if a system fails somewhere then you can get the work done through other system

Like if we talk in database also, then One is centralized, means placing all data at one place

And other is distributed, like facebook, google They creates a distributive environment

rather than keeping each and everything in a single area

We distributed them all over the geographical region

So this is the advantage here of distributed

And what is clustered??... It's also doing the work like if I've different machines, I've used them as one cluster

The main thing here is that they're connected through the local network

Means I've kept them in a single network

I've connected them in a single network

Like in LAN, I connected multiple devices together

and they are working like one server,

so you can call them as a super computer so your computation power increased

Now it's working like one machine,

and you added 100 machines in one, so your computation power increased

Here your processing power also increased

So, the operating system we use to manage this environment that's your clustered

And the one we use for distributed environment That's distributed operating system

So if they'll ask you what's the advantage? Then main advantage here is availability

So here you get increased availability,

Fault tolerance... If any system got fail here, then rest of the systems will bear its load

Means you can easily do load balancing here fault tolerance, scalability is also an important factor

Let's say, Today you have computation power "X" and then tomorrow you want twice of "X"

Then you can do it easily because you have cluster of systems available here

Rather than one system, you've collected thousands of systems and have created a cluster

Finally we have embedded... Embedded is also a type of system

Talking about the embedded system

Embedded system are those which works only on a fixed functionality

Like the microwave, machine, AC all these are embedded systems

And the operating system working in them

which is managing all this, that'll be an embedded operating system

You can't do changes in it Whatever functionality you gave to it

It will only work on it

If you'll ask washing machines to heat the food then it won't do it

That's work of other machine

So you can't do further changes in its code or motherboard, it'll stay fixed

But what we can do in normal computer is we can change the instructions in normal computer

Talking about hard wire or micro programmed

Based on that we can adjust the power and functionalities of our system,

that's the advantage of non-embedded system

So the system which works in these environments, you can add it with it

So this is all about different types of operating system

So, no one will ask you more than this This is more than sufficient

Otherwise you can study it more in detail

Like talking about cluster, then if you want to study in detail about cloud computing,

then you have to study some extra

But in the topic of operating system they won't ask you anything more than this

Thank You!