Perlawanan Bangsa Indonesia Terhadap Kolonialisme dan Imperialisme Barat | Part 3

Summary

This educational video explores Indonesia's historical resistance against colonialism, focusing on the efforts of various kingdoms like Mataram Islam and Makassar. It discusses the VOC's dominance in the region, particularly its strategic control of trade routes and ports, and how it led to conflicts with local powers. Sultan Agung of Mataram Islam led military campaigns to expel the VOC, while Sultan Hasanuddin of Makassar resisted VOC's monopoly over the Makassar port. Despite these efforts, both kingdoms eventually faced defeat, though figures like Mappasomba and Syekh Yusuf continued to resist, contributing to Indonesia's anti-colonial legacy.

Takeaways

• 😀 VOC (Dutch East India Company) was granted extraordinary privileges, essentially acting like a state in Indonesia, with the right to print currency, control trade, and form its own military.
• 😀 VOC moved its headquarters from Ambon to Batavia in 1619 due to its strategic location and the desire to control the trade routes in the Strait of Malacca.
• 😀 Sultan Agung of Mataram Islam saw VOC’s presence in Batavia as a threat to Mataram's trade and its ambitions to dominate all of Java, prompting him to launch several attacks on Batavia in 1628-1629.
• 😀 Mataram Islam's failed attempts to defeat VOC in Batavia were due to the destruction of their food supplies by VOC forces, which caused a shortage of provisions for Mataram’s soldiers.
• 😀 Following Sultan Agung’s death, his son Amangkurat I shifted Mataram’s stance, forming an alliance with VOC, which led to internal conflict and rebellion within the Mataram Sultanate, notably by Trunojoyo.
• 😀 The VOC's involvement in Mataram’s internal conflicts allowed it to continue exercising control and influence, even after initial military setbacks.
• 😀 VOC’s attempt to control the Makassar Sultanate was fueled by its desire to monopolize trade in the region, which was resisted by Sultan Hasanuddin of Makassar, who valued free trade.
• 😀 The war between Makassar and VOC (1660-1667) resulted in the eventual defeat of Makassar, with Sultan Hasanuddin earning the nickname 'Ayam Jantan dari Timur' (the Rooster from the East) from VOC due to his fierce resistance.
• 😀 The Treaty of Bongaya (1667) ended the conflict, granting VOC monopoly rights over Makassar's trade, while also giving Arung Palakka of Bone sovereignty over his kingdom, and stripping Makassar of its regional influence.
• 😀 Syekh Yusuf, a prominent figure from Makassar, continued the resistance against VOC even after the fall of Makassar by supporting Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa of Banten. He was eventually exiled by VOC and became a national hero in South Africa.

Q & A

What was the role of the VOC in Indonesia during the colonial era?

The VOC (Dutch East India Company) was a trading company granted extensive powers by the Dutch government, allowing it to act like a state. This included the right to issue currency, monopolize trade, create its own military, and form agreements with local kingdoms, which led to its dominance in the region.

Why did the VOC move its headquarters from Ambon to Batavia in 1619?

The VOC moved its headquarters from Ambon to Batavia due to Ambon’s location being too far from important international shipping routes. Batavia’s strategic location near the Malacca Strait made it a more ideal place for trade, especially as the VOC sought to control this key trade route.

What was Sultan Agung's reason for attacking the VOC in Batavia?

Sultan Agung of Mataram Islam attacked the VOC in Batavia because the presence of the VOC threatened both Mataram’s trade activities and its ambition to control all of Java. The VOC’s location near Banten, which Mataram had not yet conquered, also posed a significant threat to Mataram's territorial goals.

What were the reasons behind the failure of Mataram Islam's attacks on VOC in 1628-1629?

Mataram Islam’s attacks on VOC failed primarily because VOC forces destroyed the food supply lines of the Mataram troops. This led to a shortage of provisions as Mataram’s forces had to travel long distances, weakening their ability to continue the siege of Batavia.

How did internal factors in Mataram Islam influence the rise of VOC influence?

After the death of Sultan Agung, his successor Amangkurat I allied with the VOC, which led to internal strife within Mataram Islam. The alliance caused dissatisfaction, including a rebellion by Trunojoyo, which weakened the kingdom's resistance to the VOC.

What was the significance of the 1667 Treaty of Bongaya?

The 1667 Treaty of Bongaya marked the defeat of Makassar by VOC. It granted VOC the right to monopolize trade in Makassar, allowed Bone to gain independence from Makassar, and saw the rise of Arung Palakka as the king of Bone. The treaty was highly disadvantageous for Makassar.

Why did VOC target the Makassar Kingdom in the first place?

VOC targeted Makassar because its strategic location along the Makassar Strait made it a key trading hub. The VOC sought to control this trade by imposing a monopoly on the region's port, which went against Makassar's policy of free trade.

Who was Sultan Hasanuddin, and why is he remembered in history?

Sultan Hasanuddin was the ruler of Makassar, known for fiercely resisting VOC’s attempts to monopolize trade in the region. His bravery during the Makassar War (1660-1667) earned him the title 'Ayam Jantan dari Timur' ('Rooster from the East') from VOC, a recognition of his strong leadership and courage.

How did Arung Palakka contribute to the defeat of Makassar?

Arung Palakka, initially an ally of Makassar, switched sides and supported VOC in exchange for the promise of gaining independence for Bone and being crowned its king. His help was pivotal in defeating Makassar in the war and signing the Treaty of Bongaya.

What was the role of Syekh Yusuf in the resistance against the VOC?

Syekh Yusuf, an influential Makassarese religious leader, supported the resistance against VOC and helped Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa of Banten in his struggle. After Banten's defeat, Syekh Yusuf was exiled by VOC, first to Ceylon and later to South Africa, where he became a national hero.