Rangkuman Materi PPKN Kelas 12 Bab 4 Dinamika Persatuan Dan Kesatuan Bangsa dalam Konteks NKRI

Summary

This video discusses the dynamics of national unity and integrity within the context of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). It covers the historical evolution from the Indonesian Independence era through various periods, including the Revolution, the Indonesian Federalism (Republic of Indonesia's Federation), the Liberal Democracy era, the Guided Democracy, and the New Order regime. The video explains key constitutional changes, governance systems, and the impact of political movements and rebellions throughout Indonesia's history. The focus is on how Indonesia's unity and national identity have been shaped over time, emphasizing the role of the Constitution and leadership in maintaining national cohesion.

Takeaways

• 😀 The concept of a unitary state (Negara Kesatuan) is central to Indonesia's governance, with power concentrated in a national legislative body. There are two main systems: centralization and decentralization.
• 😀 Indonesia follows a decentralization system through regional autonomy, where local governments are empowered to manage their own affairs.
• 😀 Indonesia's Constitution, UUD 1945, emphasizes national unity through the Preamble and several specific articles that outline the integrity of the nation's political, legal, and territorial unity.
• 😀 The Indonesian archipelago is defined as a single state, with territorial unity covering politics, law, culture, economy, and defense.
• 😀 The period of Indonesian independence (18 Aug 1945 to 27 Dec 1945) saw the formation of a republic with a presidential system, marked by the first cabinet formation and the introduction of regional provinces.
• 😀 The early post-independence period saw a mix of central and decentral powers. The first presidential election process was regulated by the PPKI (Indonesian Independence Preparatory Committee).
• 😀 Maklumat from the government in 1945 played a key role in countering Dutch propaganda, shifting the government structure from a presidential to a parliamentary system, though this created instability.
• 😀 Federalism was briefly adopted in Indonesia (27 Dec 1945 to 17 Aug 1950), where the country was structured as a federation with 15 states, before transitioning back to a unitary system.
• 😀 During the liberal democracy period (17 Aug 1945 to 5 July 1959), the Indonesian government was characterized by parliamentary systems, but frequent cabinet changes led to instability and dissatisfaction.
• 😀 The period of guided democracy (5 July 1959 to 11 March 1966) saw President Sukarno's leadership become increasingly autocratic, marked by the dissolution of representative bodies like the DPR and MPR and the formation of a highly centralized government.
• 😀 Under the New Order (11 March 1966 to 21 May 1998), led by President Suharto, Indonesia experienced significant economic growth but also faced widespread corruption, political repression, and human rights abuses, particularly through the concentration of power within the executive branch.

Q & A

What is the definition of a unitary state (negara kesatuan) as explained in the transcript?

A unitary state is a form of country where the highest legislative authority is centralized in a national legislative body. In a unitary state, the central government holds the power to make decisions, while local governments are tasked with executing the orders and regulations from the central government.

What are the two systems in a unitary state as discussed in the video?

The two systems in a unitary state are centralization and decentralization. In centralization, all matters are controlled by the central government, while in decentralization, local governments are granted the authority to manage their own affairs, often referred to as autonomy.

What is the significance of the 1945 Constitution in the context of Indonesia's unity?

The 1945 Constitution of Indonesia explicitly outlines the principles of unity within the Republic of Indonesia, emphasizing the protection of all Indonesian people and territories. This is reflected in several articles of the Constitution, such as Articles 1(1), 18(1), and 25A.

How does Indonesia's status as an archipelagic state relate to its unity?

Indonesia is defined as a unitary archipelagic state by the 1945 Constitution, meaning it consists of a group of islands, with boundaries and rights determined by law. The country's unity is reinforced through the integration of its territorial, political, legal, social, economic, and defense systems.

What major political changes occurred during the Indonesian Revolution period?

During the Indonesian Revolution (from August 18, 1945, to December 27, 1945), Indonesia transitioned from a unitary state with a republican government led by the president to a parliamentary system. This period was marked by political instability, including several cabinet changes and conflicts with the Dutch.

What was the impact of the 1945 Maklumat issued by the Indonesian government?

The 1945 Maklumat issued by the Indonesian government sought to stop the extraordinary powers of the president, promote the formation of political parties, and shift the country’s system of government from a presidential to a parliamentary system, which later led to political instability.

What challenges arose from the implementation of the parliamentary system in Indonesia?

The parliamentary system, implemented from November 14, 1945, to December 27, 1945, led to political instability. Frequent changes in cabinets, such as the Syahrir cabinets, and ongoing conflicts with the Dutch exacerbated the situation, which ultimately led to a shift back to a presidential system.

What was the Indonesian federal system, and why did it end?

The federal system in Indonesia, applied from December 27, 1945, to August 17, 1950, established Indonesia as the Republic of the United States of Indonesia (RIS) with 15 states. The federal system was abandoned after public demand and a series of political agreements, leading to the re-establishment of a unitary state under the 1950 Constitution.

How did Indonesia's political system change under the 1950 Constitution?

Under the 1950 Constitution, Indonesia adopted a parliamentary system with a federal structure. The president's role was more symbolic, with power concentrated in the hands of the prime minister, and the country was divided into several states. However, instability led to the eventual dissolution of the federal system in favor of a unitary state.

What was the significance of the 5th of July, 1959 presidential decree?

The 5th of July, 1959, presidential decree marked the end of the 1950 Constitution and the return to the 1945 Constitution. This decree re-established the unitary state system, dissolved the Constituent Assembly, and led to the formation of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) and the direct election of the president.