Materi Pelajaran: NKRI dan Kedaulatan Wilayah - Pendidikan Pancasila Kelas X Kurikulum Merdeka

Summary

This video lesson explains the concept of the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Indonesia. It covers the historical development of Indonesia's territorial waters, starting from the 8-mile zone before the Djuanda Declaration, which expanded to the modern 12-mile territorial sea and further into exclusive economic zones. Key concepts like territorial seas, continental shelves, and exclusive economic zones are discussed, along with the international laws that govern them. The video also addresses potential conflicts over maritime boundaries and the importance of diplomacy in managing such issues, especially with neighboring countries like Malaysia and China.

Takeaways

• 😀 Indonesia's territorial waters were initially limited to 8 nautical miles before the Djuanda Declaration in 1957.
• 😀 The Djuanda Declaration in 1957 expanded Indonesia's maritime boundaries and was recognized internationally under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
• 😀 The territorial sea is defined as a zone extending 12 nautical miles from the coastline where Indonesia has full legal and political control.
• 😀 The continental shelf zone is measured by depth, starting from the territorial sea, and extends up to a maximum depth of 150 meters, beyond which it becomes international waters.
• 😀 Indonesia's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is represented by the green area, where Indonesian fishermen have exclusive rights to fish.
• 😀 In cases where maritime zones overlap with neighboring countries, the EEZ is divided equally based on the principle of equidistance, ensuring fairness in sharing the waters.
• 😀 If the maritime distance between two neighboring countries is less than 200 nautical miles, the zones are divided evenly to maintain equity.
• 😀 The airspace above the territorial waters and land is also under Indonesia's sovereignty, extending upwards until the limit of human exploration in air travel.
• 😀 Extraterritorial zones, such as foreign diplomatic missions, exist in other countries but are exempt from local jurisdiction, following international agreements.
• 😀 Tensions between Indonesia and neighboring countries, such as Malaysia and China, have arisen over territorial disputes and violations of Indonesia’s exclusive economic zones, such as illegal fishing by foreign vessels.

Q & A

What is the significance of the yellow, blue, and green lines on the map of Indonesia?

The yellow line represents the land area of Indonesia, the blue line represents the territorial waters, and the green line indicates the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). These zones define the boundaries of Indonesia's territorial and economic interests.

How did Indonesia's territorial boundaries change after the Djuanda Declaration?

Before the Djuanda Declaration in 1957, Indonesia's territorial waters extended only 8 nautical miles from the coast. After the declaration, Indonesia's territorial waters expanded significantly, aligning with international maritime law as outlined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).

What is the concept of 'territorial sea' and how is it defined?

The territorial sea is a zone that extends 12 nautical miles from the baseline of a country's coast. It is the area where the country has the right to enforce its laws, including customs and immigration controls, and to prevent foreign ships, particularly military vessels, from entering without permission.

What is the difference between 'territorial sea' and 'continental shelf'?

The territorial sea extends 12 nautical miles from the baseline, focusing on political and jurisdictional control over waters. The continental shelf, on the other hand, refers to the submerged part of a country's landmass, extending up to 150 nautical miles or more, measured by depth, and gives a country exclusive rights to resources found on or under the seabed.

What happens if the continental shelf is deeper than 150 meters?

If the continental shelf exceeds a depth of 150 meters and lies outside the 12 nautical mile territorial sea, it becomes part of international waters, and Indonesia no longer has political control or exclusive rights over these deeper ocean areas.

What is the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), and who can access it?

The EEZ is an area that extends up to 200 nautical miles from the baseline of a country's coastline. In Indonesia's case, it is reserved exclusively for Indonesian fishermen. Foreign fishermen or ships cannot access the EEZ without permission, making it a politically and economically exclusive zone for Indonesia.

How are boundary disputes resolved when maritime zones overlap between neighboring countries?

When maritime zones overlap, such as in the case of Indonesia and its neighboring countries like Malaysia or Singapore, maritime boundaries are determined through the principle of 'equidistance' — dividing the overlapping area equally between the countries. This ensures that both parties have equal access to resources.

What is the role of airspace in the territorial jurisdiction of a country?

Airspace extends vertically from the territorial sea up to the point where human exploration can reach, which currently does not extend into outer space. This airspace is under the jurisdiction of the country, governing both civil and military aviation activities according to international agreements like the Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation.

What is the significance of extraterritorial territories, such as embassies?

Extraterritorial territories refer to areas within a foreign country that are legally considered the territory of the home country. For instance, embassies or diplomatic missions are extraterritorial zones where the host country cannot enforce its laws, as they fall under the jurisdiction of the country that owns the embassy.

Why does Indonesia not have extraterritorial rights in Israel?

Indonesia does not have extraterritorial rights in Israel because the two countries do not have diplomatic relations. Extraterritorial rights are only granted between countries that have established formal diplomatic or bilateral relations.