Nucleic acid biosynthesis #nucleicacids #pharmacology

Summary

This video explains the synthesis of nucleic acids, focusing on the differences between DNA and RNA. It covers the basic components of nucleotides, including sugar, base, and phosphate groups, and how these form polymers. The differences between DNA and RNA are highlighted, such as the sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA), the bases (thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA), and their structural differences (DNA as a double helix and RNA as a single strand). The process of transcription and the enzymes involved, like DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and DNA gyrase, are also discussed in detail.

Takeaways

• 😀 Nucleic acids are of two types: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid).
• 😀 RNA has three types: mRNA (Messenger RNA), tRNA (Transfer RNA), and rRNA (Ribosomal RNA).
• 😀 Nucleotides are the basic units of nucleic acids, consisting of one sugar, one base, and three phosphates.
• 😀 During bond formation in nucleic acids, two phosphates are broken off, leaving one phosphate to form a bond.
• 😀 DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA contains ribose sugar.
• 😀 DNA has four bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G), while RNA replaces Thymine (T) with Uracil (U).
• 😀 DNA has a double-helix structure, consisting of two strands, while RNA is a single-stranded molecule.
• 😀 In DNA, Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) through a double hydrogen bond, while Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G) through a triple bond.
• 😀 DNA transcription involves the antisense strand acting as the template to synthesize mRNA using RNA polymerase.
• 😀 The mRNA sequence is complementary to the DNA's antisense strand, with the only difference being that Uracil (U) replaces Thymine (T) in RNA.
• 😀 In DNA replication, both strands of DNA act as templates to create two identical DNA molecules, facilitated by DNA polymerase.

Q & A

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

The two types of nucleic acids are Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA).

What are the three types of RNA?

The three types of RNA are messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

What are the basic units of nucleic acids?

The basic units of nucleic acids are sugar, base, and phosphate.

What is a nucleotide composed of?

A nucleotide consists of one sugar, one base, and three phosphate groups.

How are the phosphates involved in bond formation in nucleic acids?

During bond formation, two phosphates are released, leaving one phosphate behind to form a bond between sugar molecules.

What is the difference between the sugars in DNA and RNA?

In DNA, the sugar is deoxyribose, while in RNA, the sugar is ribose.

What are the base pairs in DNA and RNA?

In DNA, the bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). In RNA, thymine (T) is replaced by uracil (U), so the bases are adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).

What is the structural difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA has a double helix structure with two strands, while RNA is a single strand.

What is the process of transcription in nucleic acid synthesis?

In transcription, one strand of DNA (the antisense strand) acts as a template for synthesizing mRNA, with complementary bases being paired. This process is carried out by the enzyme DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

What is the role of the enzyme DNA polymerase in DNA synthesis?

DNA polymerase helps synthesize new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to form complementary strands, ensuring the replication of DNA.