TINJAUAN HISTORIS HAK ASASI MANUSIA

Summary

This lecture on Citizenship Education explores the historical review of human rights, tracing the origins of the concept after Indonesia's independence in 1945. The script highlights the global decolonization movement, the rise of democratic waves, and the establishment of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. It also delves into the Cold War dynamics between the United States and the Soviet Union, Indonesia's foreign policy stance of non-alignment, and its role in the Non-Aligned Movement. The lecture emphasizes Indonesia’s commitment to peace, justice, and human rights in the international community, linking these ideals with the nation's vision of Pancasila.

Takeaways

• 😀 The concept of human rights gained significant momentum after World War II, particularly with the birth of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948.
• 😀 The UDHR was developed by the United Nations and outlined 30 articles regarding civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights for all people.
• 😀 The second wave of democratization in the post-World War II era was driven by a desire for self-determination and liberation from colonial rule.
• 😀 The Cold War, which started in 1947, created tension between the capitalist West (led by the United States) and the communist East (led by the Soviet Union), affecting global politics.
• 😀 The Cold War led to proxy conflicts, including the Korean War, Vietnam War, and the Hungarian Revolution, and influenced the creation of numerous alliances around the world.
• 😀 Despite tensions during the Cold War, the United Nations maintained efforts to promote peace, with Indonesia consistently supporting human rights and global cooperation.
• 😀 Indonesia's foreign policy during the Cold War, articulated by Muhammad Hatta, was based on the principles of 'free and active' foreign policy, avoiding alignment with either the US or Soviet bloc.
• 😀 The 'non-aligned movement' emerged as a result of Indonesia’s foreign policy, promoting a stance of independence and peace among countries not aligning with major ideological powers.
• 😀 The Non-Aligned Movement, formalized during the 1955 Bandung Conference, was supported by key leaders including Soekarno (Indonesia), Tito (Yugoslavia), Nasser (Egypt), and Nehru (India).
• 😀 The Indonesian philosophy of Pancasila, introduced by Soekarno, emphasized the importance of humanity, justice, and national sovereignty, differing from both Western and Communist ideologies.

Q & A

What is the main topic discussed in the lecture?

The main topic of the lecture is the historical overview of human rights, with a focus on how the concept of human rights emerged post-World War II and how it relates to Indonesia's foreign policy.

What significant international event led to the wave of decolonization?

The wave of decolonization was significantly influenced by the aftermath of World War II, particularly between 1945 and 1960, as nations in Asia and Africa sought independence from colonial powers.

How did the victory of Western democracies in World War II influence global political trends?

The victory of Western democracies, especially the United States, led to the rise of democratic ideals and the spread of democracy, encouraging former colonial nations to adopt democratic systems.

What document was adopted by the United Nations in 1948 to promote human rights?

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the United Nations on December 10, 1948, to promote and protect human rights globally.

Who played a key role in drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

Eleanor Roosevelt, the first chair of the UN Commission on Human Rights, played a pivotal role in drafting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

What is the relationship between the Cold War and the struggle for human rights?

During the Cold War, the rivalry between the capitalist West (led by the United States) and the communist East (led by the Soviet Union) created tensions that often overshadowed global human rights efforts, as ideological conflict took precedence.

What was the significance of Indonesia’s stance during the Cold War?

Indonesia, under its leadership, adopted a non-aligned stance, emphasizing peace, independence, and justice, advocating for a foreign policy of active neutrality without aligning with either of the superpowers during the Cold War.

What did Soekarno propose as the foundation of Indonesia's foreign policy?

Soekarno proposed the concept of 'Pancasila' as the foundation of Indonesia's foreign policy, which was an approach based on the principles of justice, human dignity, and respect for all nations.

How did Indonesia contribute to the Non-Aligned Movement?

Indonesia, along with countries like India and Egypt, was one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement, which was established to ensure countries could maintain their independence and not be drawn into the ideological struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union.

What role did the Bandung Conference play in the Non-Aligned Movement?

The Bandung Conference, held in 1955 in Indonesia, brought together 29 countries from Asia and Africa to declare their intent to remain neutral in the Cold War and promote peace, solidarity, and the right to self-determination for all nations.