Avaliação Semiológica e Diagnóstico em Pequenos Animais - Aula 4 a 4.1

Summary

This transcript covers a detailed lecture on the digestive system, including its anatomy, clinical manifestations, and related terminology. The lecture explains various digestive system disorders, such as abnormal appetites (anorexia, polypagia, etc.), difficulties in swallowing (dysphagia), regurgitation, vomiting, and conditions like constipation, diarrhea, and icterus. It also highlights how these conditions may relate to various diseases, from systemic to local issues within the digestive tract, and how specific terminology is used in clinical practice to describe symptoms and conditions affecting the digestive organs.

Takeaways

• 😀 The digestive system consists of a digestive tract and accessory organs, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
• 😀 Hunger is a physical phenomenon, whereas appetite is a psychological or mental one, indicating the desire to eat.
• 😀 Terms related to appetite: normorexia (normal appetite), polypagia (increased appetite), anorexia (total loss of appetite), inapetence (reduced appetite), and parorexia (perverted appetite, such as eating non-food objects).
• 😀 Water consumption terms: normodipsia (normal intake), polydipsia (increased intake), hypodipsia (reduced intake), and adipsia (absence of intake).
• 😀 Dysphagia refers to difficulty swallowing, while odynophagia is painful swallowing, both of which can indicate underlying digestive issues.
• 😀 Halitosis (bad breath) can be caused by oral, nasal, esophageal, or gastric issues, and it may indicate systemic conditions like uremia or diabetic ketoacidosis.
• 😀 Regurgitation involves the passive expulsion of esophageal content without abdominal effort, unlike vomiting, which involves active force and is preceded by prodrromic signs.
• 😀 Hematemesis refers to vomiting blood, which may be linked to gastritis, gastrointestinal diseases, or the use of certain medications, while hemoptysis involves coughing up blood from the respiratory tract.
• 😀 Constipation can result from iatrogenic causes (e.g., medications), dietary changes, or anatomical issues such as pelvic fractures, and may involve hard, dry stool retention.
• 😀 Diarrhea is characterized by an abnormal increase in stool volume, frequency, or liquid content and can be caused by infections, parasitism, inflammatory diseases, or dietary changes.
• 😀 Icterus (jaundice) manifests as yellowing of the skin and mucous membranes and can be caused by pre-hepatic, hepatic, or post-hepatic conditions affecting red blood cells, liver, or bile flow.

Q & A

What is the main function of the digestive system?

The digestive system is responsible for the intake, digestion, and absorption of nutrients. It consists of the digestive tract and accessory organs like the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.

What is the difference between hunger and appetite?

Hunger is a physical phenomenon that indicates the body's need for food, while appetite is a psychological or mental desire to eat, which may or may not be related to hunger.

What does 'normorexia' mean in terms of appetite?

'Normorexia' refers to a normal appetite, where the individual has a healthy, typical desire to eat.

What is the clinical significance of 'polydipsia'?

'Polydipsia' refers to excessive thirst or an increased desire to drink water, which could indicate an underlying health issue such as diabetes or kidney problems.

How can regurgitation be distinguished from vomiting?

Regurgitation is the passive, effortless expulsion of food from the esophagus, typically before the food reaches the stomach, without abdominal contractions. Vomiting, on the other hand, is an active process that involves the forcible ejection of stomach contents, accompanied by abdominal contractions.

What causes hematemesis, and how is it different from hemoptysis?

Hematemesis is the presence of blood in vomit, often caused by conditions like gastritis, ulcers, or the use of anti-inflammatory drugs. Hemoptysis, on the other hand, is the coughing up of blood from the respiratory system, not the digestive tract.

What is the clinical difference between anorexia and inapetence?

Anorexia is a total loss of appetite, while inapetence refers to a reduced or diminished appetite. Both can be caused by psychological, physiological, or pathological factors.

What is the significance of melena in the digestive system?

Melena refers to black, tarry stools that indicate the presence of digested blood, often resulting from bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract, such as from gastric ulcers or duodenal ulcers.

What causes icterus (jaundice) in animals, and how can it be classified?

Icterus is the yellowing of the skin and mucous membranes due to elevated bilirubin levels in the blood. It can be classified into pre-hepatic (caused by hemolysis), hepatic (due to liver diseases), and post-hepatic (resulting from bile duct obstructions).

What are some common causes of diarrhea in animals?

Diarrhea can be caused by a range of factors, including parasitic infections, inflammatory or infectious diseases, neoplasia, liver or pancreatic disorders, dietary changes, and certain medications like antibiotics.