INDONESIA DARI MASA KEMERDEKAAN HINGGA MASA REFORMASI 1945 - 1998 (Materi IPS SMP/MTs IX)

Summary

The transcript outlines Indonesia's path to independence, starting with Japan's promises in 1944 and the formation of BPUPKI. It discusses key events such as the drafting of Pancasila, the Rengasdengklok incident, and Indonesia's proclamation of independence in 1945. The script also covers the transitions in Indonesia's government, from the parliamentary system to guided democracy under President Sukarno, and later the authoritarian New Order regime starting in 1966. The narrative concludes with the 1998 Reformasi movement, fueled by economic crises and calls for democratic reforms, leading to President Soeharto's resignation and the rise of BJ Habibie.

Takeaways

• 😀 Japan was increasingly under pressure in the Pacific War by late 1944, losing territories to Allied forces.
• 😀 On September 7, 1944, Japan's Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso promised Indonesia independence to gain local support.
• 😀 The BPUPKI (Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence) was formed to prepare for Indonesia's independence.
• 😀 The first BPUPKI session took place from May 29 to June 1, 1945, focusing on the formulation of Pancasila, led by key figures like Muhammad Yamin, Mr. Soepomo, and Sukarno.
• 😀 The second BPUPKI session was held from June 30 to July 17, 1945, discussing the draft Constitution of 1945 and forming a committee to finalize it.
• 😀 The Rengasdengklok Incident occurred on August 16, 1945, when Sukarno and Hatta were kidnapped by youth groups pushing for faster independence.
• 😀 The Indonesian Proclamation of Independence was officially declared on August 17, 1945, at Jalan Pegangsaan Timur, Jakarta.
• 😀 Indonesia's democratic system shifted several times, starting with the 1945 Constitution, followed by the RIS Constitution in 1949, and then the 1950 Provisional Constitution.
• 😀 The 'Guided Democracy' system was introduced from 1959 to 1965 due to instability caused by parliamentary democracy, with strong presidential authority.
• 😀 The period of the 'Guided Democracy' included non-aligned foreign policy, confrontation with Malaysia, and efforts to reclaim Irian Barat.
• 😀 The New Order era (1966-1998) began with the issuance of the March 11th Order (Supersemar), marked by economic instability and student-led protests, leading to political change and reforms.

Q & A

What was Japan's strategy in the Asia-Pacific War towards the end of 1944?

Japan was under increasing pressure in the Asia-Pacific War, with one after another of its occupied territories falling to the Allied forces.

What did Japanese Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso promise to Indonesia in September 1944?

In September 1944, Prime Minister Kuniaki Koiso promised Indonesia independence in an effort to gain the support of the Indonesian people.

What was the BPUPKI, and why was it formed?

The BPUPKI (Indonesian Independence Preparatory Committee) was formed to prepare for Indonesia's independence and draft its constitution, as part of Japan's promise of independence.

What significant event occurred during the first BPUPKI session in 1945?

During the first BPUPKI session, from May 29 to June 1, 1945, the foundational principles of Indonesia's state ideology, Pancasila, were formulated by figures such as Muhammad Yamin, Mr. Soepomo, and Sukarno.

What was the focus of the second BPUPKI session in 1945?

The second BPUPKI session, held from June 30 to July 17, 1945, focused on drafting Indonesia's 1945 Constitution.

What was the Rengasdengklok incident, and how did it impact Indonesia's independence?

The Rengasdengklok incident, on August 16, 1945, involved the kidnapping of Sukarno and Hatta by young nationalists, pressuring them to accelerate the declaration of Indonesia's independence.

When was Indonesia's independence proclaimed, and where did it take place?

Indonesia's independence was proclaimed on August 17, 1945, at Jalan Pegangsaan Timur 56 in Jakarta, with the proclamation text drafted at Laksamana Muda Maeda's house.

What changes occurred in Indonesia's political system between 1950 and 1992?

Between 1950 and 1992, Indonesia experienced two major changes in its constitution: first, the adoption of the RIS Constitution, transforming the state into a federation, followed by the 1950 provisional constitution that reestablished Indonesia as a unitary state.

What characterized Indonesia's 'Guided Democracy' period from 1959 to 1965?

The 'Guided Democracy' period, from 1959 to 1965, saw a shift from a parliamentary system to a presidential system, with centralized decision-making under President Sukarno to stabilize the country.

How did the 'Old Order' and 'New Order' periods differ in Indonesia's governance?

The 'Old Order' (1945-1966) was characterized by Sukarno's centralized leadership and political instability, while the 'New Order' (1966-1998) began with Suharto's rule, focusing on economic development and political stability through a military-backed regime.

What led to the Reformasi movement in Indonesia in 1998?

The Reformasi movement in 1998 was driven by a combination of economic crises, widespread corruption, and calls for democratic reform, leading to the resignation of President Suharto and the subsequent democratization of Indonesia.