O CONHECIMENTO E SUAS MODALIDADES

Summary

In this engaging lecture, Professor Sejana Borges introduces the foundational concepts of scientific methodology, highlighting the different types of knowledge, including mythological, religious, common sense, philosophical, and scientific knowledge. She emphasizes the role of reason, investigation, and validation in scientific knowledge, contrasting it with other knowledge systems. The professor outlines key methods of scientific research, such as deductive and inductive reasoning, and explains their application in social sciences. The session concludes with a thought-provoking question, encouraging students to reflect on the characteristics of common sense knowledge.

Takeaways

• 😀 The course focuses on scientific methodology, a vital part of university life and academic research.
• 😀 Knowledge is divided into different categories, such as common sense, mythology, religion, philosophy, and science.
• 😀 Scientific knowledge is the result of the relationship between the knower (subject) and the object being studied.
• 😀 The discovery of writing was a key milestone in human history, allowing knowledge to be recorded and passed on.
• 😀 Each type of knowledge (e.g., mythical, religious, common sense, philosophical, and scientific) has its own characteristics and methods of validation.
• 😀 Common sense knowledge is passed down through tradition and lacks scientific validation or questioning.
• 😀 Mythical knowledge is based on myths and oral traditions, explaining the world in a fantastical manner.
• 😀 Religious knowledge relies on faith, dogma, and sacred scriptures, passed down by religious leaders.
• 😀 Philosophical knowledge is based on reason, reflection, and argumentation, with a focus on understanding existence and reality.
• 😀 Scientific knowledge is rational, objective, factual, and methodical, often validated through experimentation and the scientific method.

Q & A

What is the main focus of the subject being introduced?

The main focus of the subject is scientific methodology, a crucial discipline in university life, which students will utilize throughout their academic journey and in future semesters.

Why is the discovery of writing considered one of the greatest achievements of humanity?

The discovery of writing allowed humans to record knowledge, enabling them to preserve, communicate, and share information across generations.

What are the five primary types of knowledge discussed in the transcript?

The five primary types of knowledge are: mythological knowledge, religious knowledge, common sense (empirical) knowledge, scientific knowledge, and philosophical knowledge.

How is mythological knowledge acquired, and who transmits it?

Mythological knowledge is acquired through mythical narratives, and it is transmitted by rhapsodists, who were professional reciters of poetry in ancient Greece.

What characterizes religious knowledge, and how is it transmitted?

Religious knowledge is based on faith, acquired through sacred scriptures, and validated by dogmas. It is transmitted by theologians or religious leaders.

What is common sense or empirical knowledge, and how is it validated?

Common sense or empirical knowledge is based on beliefs passed down through generations. It is validated by unquestioned acceptance within certain communities or cultures.

How does scientific knowledge differ from the other types of knowledge?

Scientific knowledge is based on reason, acquired through investigation, and validated using specific methods. It is transmitted by scientists and is characterized by rationality, objectivity, and experimentation.

What is the role of philosophical knowledge, and how is it acquired?

Philosophical knowledge involves reflecting on and questioning reality. It is acquired through reasoning and validated through logical argumentation. Philosophers transmit this knowledge.

What are the key characteristics of scientific knowledge?

The key characteristics of scientific knowledge are that it is rational, objective, factual, methodical, fallible, general, and useful.

What are the main stages of the scientific method outlined in the script?

The main stages of the scientific method are: observation of a phenomenon, posing a question or problem, formulating hypotheses, experimentation, data analysis, discussion, and concluding with results.

What is the difference between the deductive and inductive methods in scientific research?

The deductive method starts from a general theory or hypothesis and moves to specific conclusions, while the inductive method begins with specific observations and leads to broader generalizations.

What is the significance of the common sense knowledge example regarding mango and milk?

The example illustrates how common sense knowledge can be based on myths or unwarranted beliefs, such as the idea that mango and milk are harmful together, which lacks scientific evidence.

How is knowledge from the scientific method applied to social sciences, according to the script?

The scientific method is applied in social sciences through systematic investigation, using methods like deduction and induction to gather data, form hypotheses, and draw conclusions about human behavior and societal phenomena.