Dinamika dan Tantangan Demokrasi di Indonesia

Summary

This video lecture from Unira, Malang explores the dynamics and challenges of democracy in Indonesia. It delves into the historical evolution of Indonesia's democratic process, highlighting significant changes in the implementation of democratic systems, particularly post-reform era elections. The video also examines key institutions such as MPR, DPR, and DPD before and after constitutional amendments, focusing on their evolving roles in governance. Furthermore, the lecture discusses current challenges in Indonesian democracy, such as direct elections, political identity, and potential risks of corruption, emphasizing the need for a robust, transparent, and inclusive democratic system.

Takeaways

• 😀 Democracy in Indonesia is based on the will of the people, with power exercised through representative democracy, involving both legislative and executive branches.
• 😀 The legislative branch in Indonesia includes the MPR (People's Consultative Assembly), DPR (People's Representative Council), and DPD (Regional Representative Council), while the executive branch consists of the President, Vice President, Governors, and other local officials.
• 😀 The development of democracy in Indonesia can be traced through key elections: 1997 (Orde Baru), 1999 (multi-party system), 2004 (direct elections), and 2009 (expanded democracy to local officials).
• 😀 The 1997 election was under the Orde Baru regime, with limited party choices and indirect presidential selection. It marked a period of authoritarian control.
• 😀 The 1999 election introduced a multi-party system, where presidential candidates were selected by political parties, and the number of political parties increased significantly.
• 😀 In 2004, Indonesia shifted to direct elections for the president, legislative representatives, and local officials, marking a significant change towards a more inclusive and democratic system.
• 😀 By 2009, the election process expanded to include not only the president and legislature but also regional leaders like governors, regents, and even village heads.
• 😀 Post-reformation changes to governance included constitutional amendments that changed the roles and powers of institutions like the MPR, DPR, and DPD, shifting to a more horizontal structure.
• 😀 The 1945 Constitution amendments gave the MPR a new role, with its members now being directly elected from the DPR and DPD, and gave it the power to oversee the election of the president and make constitutional changes.
• 😀 Challenges in Indonesian democracy include the complexities of direct elections, issues with political funding leading to corruption, and the emergence of identity politics, which threatens national unity and stability.

Q & A

What is the primary focus of the video discussed in the script?

The primary focus of the video is on the dynamics and challenges of democracy in Indonesia, particularly after the reform era. It explores the evolution of democratic processes, including the changes in the electoral system, government institutions, and political dynamics.

What type of democracy is practiced in Indonesia according to the script?

Indonesia practices a representative democracy, where the people elect representatives who hold the power to make decisions on their behalf. This includes the election of legislative bodies and the executive leadership.

How has the Indonesian electoral process evolved from the 1997 elections to the 2004 elections?

In the 1997 elections, the system was still under the New Order regime, where the president was chosen by the People’s Consultative Assembly (MPR) through a deliberative process. However, by the 2004 elections, Indonesia implemented direct presidential elections, allowing the people to choose their president and other representatives through a free and fair process.

What changes occurred in the presidential election system from 1997 to 1999?

In 1997, the president was chosen indirectly through a vote by the MPR, based on nominations by political parties. However, in 1999, Indonesia shifted to a multi-party system, and the president was elected through a party convention, where candidates like Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati Soekarnoputri emerged. The process became more transparent, with greater public involvement.

What significant electoral reform occurred in Indonesia in the 2004 elections?

The 2004 elections marked the beginning of direct elections for both the executive and legislative branches. The president and members of the DPR (People’s Representative Council) were chosen directly by the people, making the election process more democratic and participatory.

How did the role of the MPR change after Indonesia's constitutional amendments?

Before the amendments, the MPR held a vertical position of power, with its members elected by the legislature. After the amendments, the MPR became a horizontal institution, with its members elected directly from the DPR and DPD (Regional Representative Council), reflecting a more balanced system of governance.

What is the function of the DPD in Indonesia's political system after the constitutional amendments?

After the constitutional amendments, the DPD became an elected body, representing regional interests. Its functions include proposing and discussing draft laws, providing input to the DPR, and overseeing regional autonomy laws, marking a shift from its previous role as a body appointed by the government.

What were some of the key challenges faced by Indonesia's democratic system as mentioned in the script?

Some of the challenges include the large cost of political campaigns leading to potential corruption, the semi-open proportional electoral system which sometimes undermines public choice by giving more power to political parties, and the rise of identity politics that threatens national unity and democratic cohesion.

How does the script describe the issue of identity politics in Indonesia?

The script highlights the emergence of identity politics, where political participation is increasingly driven by ethnicity, religion, or regional affiliations. This can lead to divisions within society, causing conflicts and undermining the unity of the nation.

What is the role of political parties in Indonesia's electoral system as described in the script?

Political parties play a critical role in Indonesia's electoral system, particularly in the proportional semi-open voting system. While individuals may be chosen based on public votes, the final decisions regarding candidates and positions often lie in the hands of the political parties, which can undermine the influence of voters.