Kerajaan Kutai itu tidak ada?

Summary

The video explores the historical mystery of the Kutai Kingdom, debunking the commonly held belief that it existed around 400 AD. While seven Yupa inscriptions were discovered in Kalimantan, which mention a king named Mulawarman, no records directly identify the kingdom by name. The video delves into theories about the kingdom's origins, including the idea that it may have been known as Martapura. It further explores the kingdom’s development, its eventual merger with the Kutai Kartanegara Kingdom, and the rise of its influence in the region. The intriguing discussion provides new insights into Indonesia's oldest Hindu kingdom.

Takeaways

• 😀 The Kingdom of Kutai, often considered the oldest Hindu kingdom in Indonesia, did not actually exist under that name.
• 😀 There are two main Kingdoms of Kutai mentioned in history: the Hindu Kingdom of Kutai and the Islamic Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara.
• 😀 The Hindu Kingdom of Kutai was believed to have existed around 400 AD, but the name Kutai is not found in any historical records from that time.
• 😀 Seven Yupa inscriptions were discovered in 1879, providing insight into the royal family of a kingdom ruled by King Mulawarman, but the name of the kingdom was not specified.
• 😀 The Kingdom of Kutai was named after the region where the inscriptions were found, in Kutai Kartanegara, Kalimantan Timur, but the original name of the kingdom remains unclear.
• 😀 Some historians propose that the original name of the Kingdom of Kutai was Martapura, based on historical texts written in Arabic-Malay script.
• 😀 A 16th-century text, written by Khatib Muhammad Tahir, suggests that Martapura was a kingdom that was eventually incorporated into the Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara.
• 😀 The term 'Martapura' is believed to mean 'city of life,' derived from the Sanskrit words 'Amarta' (life) and 'Pura' (city).
• 😀 The Kingdom of Martapura began as a small community led by Maharaja Kudungga, a former noble from Champa (modern-day Cambodia), who established the kingdom along the Mahakam River.
• 😀 King Mulawarman, a later ruler of Martapura, is remembered for his charitable acts, such as giving 20,000 cattle to Brahmins and contributing large quantities of offerings like oil, honey, and other valuable goods.
• 😀 The Kingdom of Martapura reached its peak under King Mulawarman, known for his strength, wisdom, and the prosperity of the kingdom, especially in education and Hindu rituals.
• 😀 The Kingdom of Martapura eventually fell due to internal conflicts and the rise of surrounding kingdoms, including the Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara, which took over Martapura after a major battle in 1635.

Q & A

Why is it said that the Kingdom of Kutai never existed?

The Kingdom of Kutai never existed because historical records and archaeological findings, including seven Yupa inscriptions, did not mention a kingdom named Kutai. The name was applied later by historians, based on the location where the inscriptions were found, rather than any definitive historical proof of its existence.

What is the significance of the Yupa inscriptions in the history of the Kingdom of Kutai?

The Yupa inscriptions, found in 1879 and 1940, are crucial because they provide the only available records about the reign of a king named Mulawarman. However, these inscriptions do not mention the name of the kingdom, leading historians to apply the name 'Kutai' based on their discovery in the Kutai Kartanegara region.

What was the role of Mulawarman in the Kingdom of Kutai?

Mulawarman was a significant king mentioned in the Yupa inscriptions. He is credited with providing generous offerings to the Brahmins, showing his wealth and influence. His reign marked a prosperous and advanced period for the Kingdom of Martapura, which is later linked to the name 'Kutai.'

What led to the Kingdom of Martapura being considered as the original name of the Kingdom of Kutai?

The idea that Martapura was the original name of the Kingdom of Kutai comes from historical texts such as the 'Surat Salsilah Raja dalam Negeri Kutai Kartanegara.' The text mentions Martapura as a kingdom that was overtaken by the Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara in the 16th century, after which the name 'Kutai Kartanegara ing Martapura' emerged.

What evidence suggests that Martapura was a prosperous and well-educated society?

The Yupa inscriptions, written in the difficult-to-learn Pallawa script and Sanskrit, indicate that the Brahmins in Martapura were highly educated. The inscriptions also mention large donations made by King Mulawarman, such as the offering of 20,000 cows, which suggest the kingdom's wealth and prosperity.

How did Hinduism influence the Kingdom of Martapura?

Hinduism significantly shaped the Kingdom of Martapura, as seen in the royal family names like Aswawarman, which derived from Sanskrit. The introduction of Hinduism led to a change in governance, transforming the area from a tribal group into a formal kingdom, with a system of rituals and governance influenced by Hindu practices.

Who was Maharaja Kudungga, and what was his significance?

Maharaja Kudungga, mentioned in the Yupa inscriptions, is believed to be the founder of the Martapura Kingdom. He was a noble from Champa (modern-day Cambodia) who settled near the Mahakam River and became the leader of a local tribe, laying the foundations for the Martapura kingdom.

What role did the Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara play in the decline of the Kingdom of Martapura?

The Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara, which rose to prominence in the 13th century, played a crucial role in the decline of the Kingdom of Martapura. After a significant battle in 1635, Kutai Kartanegara defeated Martapura, incorporated it into its own territory, and renamed the kingdom to 'Kutai Kartanegara ing Martapura.'

What are the two main versions of the Kingdom of Kutai's history mentioned in the script?

The script mentions two main versions: one is the early Kingdom of Kutai as a Hindu kingdom around 400 AD, based on the Yupa inscriptions, and the second is the Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara, an Islamic kingdom that emerged around the 1300s.

How does the name 'Martapura' relate to the Kingdom's history?

The name 'Martapura' is derived from the Sanskrit words 'Amarta' (life) and 'Pura' (city or palace), meaning 'city of life.' It was the original name of the kingdom that eventually became part of Kutai Kartanegara after its conquest. The term Martapura also reflects the prosperous and thriving nature of the society before its downfall.