Struktur dan Fungsi Karbohidrat | Biomolekul #2

Summary

This educational video delves into the structure and function of carbohydrates, essential biomolecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It explains the different types of carbohydrates, including monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose), disaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose), oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin). The video highlights their roles in energy storage, structural components of cells, and their presence in various organisms. It also covers their significance in human and animal nutrition, explaining how carbohydrates are utilized and digested by different species. Ideal for students and those interested in veterinary science or biology.

Takeaways

• 😀 Carbohydrates are biomolecules made of carbon and water, with carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen and oxygen.
• 😀 Glucose is an example of a carbohydrate molecule with 6 carbon atoms, commonly found in living organisms.
• 😀 Carbohydrates are also known as saccharides, meaning sugars in Latin, and can be classified into simple and complex sugars.
• 😀 Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of one sugar unit, such as ribose, deoxyribose, glucose, fructose, and galactose.
• 😀 Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharide units joined together, like sucrose (glucose + fructose) and lactose (glucose + galactose).
• 😀 Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates with 3 to 10 sugar units, often found on cell membranes and involved in cell signaling.
• 😀 Polysaccharides are large carbohydrates composed of many sugar units, serving as storage forms of energy (e.g., starch and glycogen) or structural components (e.g., cellulose and chitin).
• 😀 Starch is the main storage form of sugar in plants, found in foods like rice, potatoes, and corn, while glycogen is the storage form in animals, mainly in the liver and muscles.
• 😀 Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls and is indigestible by most animals, but important for fiber in our diets.
• 😀 Chitin is a polysaccharide that makes up the exoskeletons of arthropods, like insects and crustaceans, and contains nitrogen.

Q & A

What are carbohydrates and what elements do they consist of?

Carbohydrates are biomolecules that consist of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms. They are called carbohydrates because they are composed of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen and oxygen in a specific arrangement.

Why does the molecule glucose form a ring shape in water?

Glucose forms a ring shape in water due to the chemical interactions between the hydroxyl (OH) group and the carbonyl group. In the presence of water, glucose’s chain structure transforms into a more stable ring form.

What are the different types of sugars in carbohydrates?

Carbohydrates are classified into simple sugars and complex sugars. Simple sugars include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and oligosaccharides, while complex sugars are polysaccharides.

What are monosaccharides and provide examples?

Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of a single sugar unit. Examples include ribose, deoxyribose, fructose, glucose, and galactose.

How are disaccharides formed?

Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides combine through a dehydration reaction. For example, sucrose is formed by glucose and fructose, while lactose is formed by glucose and galactose.

What is the role of oligosaccharides in living organisms?

Oligosaccharides, which consist of 3 to 10 monosaccharide units, are often found on cell membranes and play a role in cell recognition and communication.

What is the difference between simple sugars and complex sugars?

Simple sugars consist of fewer sugar units (monosaccharides, disaccharides, or oligosaccharides), while complex sugars (polysaccharides) are made up of hundreds or thousands of sugar units, typically serving more complex functions like energy storage or structural support.

What are polysaccharides and how do they function?

Polysaccharides are large molecules made of many monosaccharide units. They can function as energy storage (e.g., starch and glycogen) or as structural components (e.g., cellulose and chitin).

How does starch serve as an energy source for plants and animals?

Starch serves as a storage form of energy in plants. It is made through photosynthesis and can be consumed by animals and humans as a source of energy, found in foods like rice, corn, and potatoes.

Why is cellulose difficult to digest for most animals?

Cellulose is difficult to digest for most animals because it contains strong chemical bonds that are hard to break down. However, certain animals like ruminants can digest cellulose due to special microorganisms in their digestive systems.