INDIGENOUS RESPONSES to State Expansion 1750-1900 [AP World History] Unit 6 Topic 3 (6.3)

Summary

In this episode of Heimler's History, we explore the global resistance to imperialism from 1750-1900. The script highlights indigenous responses, such as the surge of nationalism and resistance movements, across different regions. It discusses the American Indians' assimilation and the Ghost Dance movement, Tupac Amaru II's rebellion in Peru, Benito Juarez's fight against foreign influence in Mexico, the British settlers' mistreatment of Aboriginal peoples in Australia, the Xhosa's cattle killing in South Africa, the Sokoto Caliphate and Samory Toure's resistance in West Africa, the Mahdist Revolt in Sudan, and the rise of nationalism leading to independence in the Balkan states. The video paints a vivid picture of the struggles faced by native populations against imperial powers during a period of significant global change.

Takeaways

• 🌍 The script discusses the global wave of imperialism from 1750-1900 and the resistance it faced from indigenous peoples.
• 🇺🇸 In the Americas, the Proclamation of 1763 by the British reserved lands for natives, but Americans later encroached and displaced them, notably the Cherokee Indians.
• 🏰 The Cherokee attempted assimilation by adopting American cultural customs and a constitutional government, but were still displaced after gold was found on their land.
• 💃 The Ghost Dance movement in the 18th century was a significant resistance by American Indians, believing in a prophecy of ancestral return to drive out white settlers.
• 🇵🇪 In Peru, Tupac Amaru II led a rebellion against Spanish colonial leaders, marking a major Indian revolt against Spain.
• 🇲🇽 Benito Juarez, of Zapotec heritage, resisted foreign influence, particularly French, in Mexico, leading to a short-lived French occupation.
• 🇦🇺 In Australia, despite initial instructions to be kind to the aboriginal peoples, British settlers encroached on native lands, leading to conflict and native deaths.
• 🇿🇦 The Xhosa people in South Africa fought against British colonial rule for over forty years, culminating in the Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement which led to famine.
• 🇳🇬 The Sokoto Caliphate in West Africa was a thriving economy based on the slave trade, but was eventually dismantled and made a British protectorate.
• 🇫🇷 Samory Toure established the Wassoulou Empire in West Africa and resisted French colonial advances until he was defeated.
• 🇸🇩 In Sudan, Muhammad Ahmad led the Mahdist Revolt against British forces, initially successful but later defeated after his death.
• 🇧🇦 The Balkan states, under Ottoman rule, experienced a rise in nationalism leading to uprisings and the establishment of new, independent states.

Q & A

What was the general response of indigenous people to the wave of imperialism from 1750-1900?

The general response of indigenous people to imperialism was resentment and resistance against the encroachment of imperial powers.

What was the significance of the Proclamation of 1763 in the context of American expansion?

The Proclamation of 1763 was issued by the British to reserve lands in the Ohio River Valley for the natives after winning territory from the French. However, American settlers ignored this and continued to push westward.

How did the Cherokee Indians attempt to secure their place amidst American expansion?

The Cherokee Indians attempted to assimilate culturally into American society by creating a constitutional government similar to the U.S. Constitution and adopting American cultural customs.

What was the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and what was its impact on the Cherokee?

The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was a law passed by the U.S. Congress that resulted in the forced relocation of the Cherokee and other Native American tribes to reservations in Oklahoma Territory, a journey known as the Trail of Tears.

What was the Ghost Dance movement and how did it culminate?

The Ghost Dance was a spiritual and prophetic movement among Native Americans in the late 19th century, which involved ritualistic dances and songs aimed at hastening the return of ancestral spirits and the expulsion of white settlers. It culminated in the conflict at Wounded Knee in 1890, marking the end of the Indian Wars.

Who was Tupac Amaru II and what was his significance in the resistance against Spanish colonial rule?

Tupac Amaru II was a hereditary leader in Peru who led an armed rebellion against Spanish colonial leaders. His rebellion was a significant resistance movement, though he was eventually captured and executed, marking the last major Indian revolt against Spain.

How did Benito Juarez's leadership impact Mexico's stance against foreign influence?

Benito Juarez, of Zapotec descent, was a liberal leader who opposed foreign influence, particularly from the French. Despite internal opposition, his government resisted French intervention, leading to a three-year armed resistance that resulted in the expulsion of the French from Mexico.

What was the British government's initial stance towards the treatment of Aboriginal peoples in Australia?

The British government instructed settlers to be kind to the Aboriginal peoples when they established a penal colony in Australia. However, this stance did not prevent the settlers from later encroaching on Aboriginal lands.

What was the Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement and what were its consequences for the Xhosa people?

The Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement was an act of resistance by the Xhosa people in South Africa who, believing their cattle were infected by European diseases, killed over 400,000 of their own cattle. This led to widespread famine and death among the Xhosa, rather than driving the Europeans away.

How did the Sokoto Caliphate resist European colonization in West Africa?

The Sokoto Caliphate, established in 1804, resisted European colonization through economic growth and the slave trade. Despite significant resistance, by 1903, it was dismantled and became a British protectorate.

What was the outcome of the Mahdist Revolt in Sudan against British forces?

The Mahdist Revolt, led by Islamic cleric Muhammad Ahmad, initially defeated the British forces in the 1880s. However, after Ahmad's death, the movement lost cohesion, and the British returned in 1896 to defeat the Mahdists and take control of Sudan.

How did the wave of nationalism in the Balkans manifest during the period of Ottoman decline?

The decline of the Ottoman Empire led to a strong wave of nationalism in the Balkans. This resulted in uprisings against Ottoman rule, with many Balkan states, including Greece, Serbia, and Bulgaria, gaining independence and establishing new nations.