Negosiasi dan Resolusi Konflik : Konsepsi Johan Galtung tentang Konflik dan Resolusi Konflik

Summary

This video discusses Johan Galtung's concept of conflict and conflict resolution. Galtung's framework defines conflict through the ABC triangle: Attitude, Behavior, and Contradiction, highlighting the complex interplay between perceptions, actions, and underlying issues. It also covers three forms of violence—cultural, structural, and direct—and explores the difference between latent and manifest conflicts. Galtung advocates for conflict transformation rather than simple resolution, emphasizing nonviolent methods such as peacebuilding, face-making, and addressing structural inequalities. This approach aims to create lasting peace by addressing the root causes of conflict, encouraging a dynamic, peaceful resolution to conflicts in both interpersonal and societal contexts.

Takeaways

• 😀 Johan Galtung's conflict theory involves the ABC Triangle, representing Actors, Behavior, and Contradiction, which explains how conflicts develop and escalate.
• 😀 There are three perspectives on conflict: traditional (conflict should be avoided), human interaction (conflict arises naturally in relationships), and interactionist (conflict can be created to drive innovation and progress).
• 😀 The traditional view of conflict sees it as inherently negative, often leading to violence or destruction, such as wars or ethnic conflicts.
• 😀 The human interaction view suggests that conflict is a natural consequence of human relationships, and it will emerge inevitably through interactions between people.
• 😀 The interactionist view advocates for intentionally creating conflict within groups to prevent stagnation and encourage creativity and progress.
• 😀 According to Galtung, conflict can exist in a latent form where there is awareness of incompatibilities, but no visible conflict or hostile behavior yet.
• 😀 Manifest conflict occurs when latent conflict escalates into observable and destructive behavior due to underlying contradictions.
• 😀 Galtung categorizes violence into three types: cultural violence (ideological justification for harm), direct violence (physical harm), and structural violence (systemic inequality causing harm over time).
• 😀 Structural violence refers to societal or political structures that prevent individuals from accessing basic rights or resources, indirectly causing harm, such as poverty and hunger.
• 😀 Conflict resolution should be seen as conflict transformation, which involves using non-violent methods to turn conflict into peaceful outcomes and long-term stability.
• 😀 Galtung emphasizes peace-building (addressing structural contradictions) and peace-making (persuading people to abandon hostile mindsets) as essential for transforming conflicts into peaceful coexistence.

Q & A

What are the three perspectives on conflict discussed in the lecture?

The three perspectives on conflict are: 1) Traditional, which believes conflict should be avoided as it leads to violence and destruction. 2) Human Relations, which views conflict as a natural consequence of human relationships. 3) Interactionist, which argues that conflict should sometimes be created to prevent stagnation and promote innovation in organizations.

How does Johan Galtung define conflict in his ABC triangle model?

Johan Galtung defines conflict as a three-part interaction involving: A) Attitudes (the perceptions or feelings between parties), B) Behavior (the actions resulting from these attitudes), and C) Contradictions (the underlying incompatibilities in goals, values, or needs between the parties).

What is the difference between latent and manifest conflict in Galtung’s model?

Latent conflict refers to conflicts that are not yet visible, existing only at the level of contradictions (misaligned goals or values). Manifest conflict occurs when these latent issues escalate into visible and destructive behaviors, such as physical aggression or hostility.

What are the three forms of violence according to Galtung?

The three forms of violence are: 1) Cultural Violence, which involves ideologies or beliefs that justify violence. 2) Direct (Physical) Violence, which refers to physical harm or aggression. 3) Structural Violence, which refers to social or political structures that prevent individuals from meeting their basic needs, such as poverty or inequality.

Why does Galtung emphasize 'conflict transformation' instead of just 'conflict resolution'?

Galtung advocates for conflict transformation because it focuses on changing the nature of the conflict itself and addressing its root causes. This goes beyond resolving the immediate issue to creating lasting peace by altering the relationships and structures that sustain the conflict.

What is the concept of 'peacebuilding' in Galtung's framework?

Peacebuilding, in Galtung's context, refers to efforts aimed at creating lasting peace by addressing the underlying sources of conflict. This includes eliminating structural inequalities, educating people to reject violence, and promoting a culture of peace.

How can conflict be transformed according to Galtung’s non-violent methods?

Conflict can be transformed through non-violent methods such as negotiation, persuasion, and mediation. These approaches aim to change attitudes, address contradictions, and encourage peaceful behavior, ultimately leading to a peaceful resolution of the conflict.

What role do structural inequalities play in conflict, according to Galtung?

Structural inequalities, such as poverty, hunger, or lack of access to resources, create long-term, often hidden forms of violence (structural violence) that prevent people from fulfilling their basic needs. These inequalities can lead to conflict as they create tension between different social groups.

What is the significance of Galtung’s emphasis on education in conflict resolution?

Education plays a critical role in conflict resolution according to Galtung because it helps to eliminate harmful ideologies (cultural violence) and teaches individuals peaceful methods of resolving differences. This can reduce hostility and promote understanding between conflicting parties.

How does Galtung’s concept of 'violence' extend beyond physical harm?

Galtung’s concept of violence extends beyond physical harm to include cultural violence (justifying violence through ideology) and structural violence (preventing individuals from meeting their basic needs due to systemic inequality). This broader understanding highlights the various forms through which conflict can manifest and persist.