Testing, Testing | Linda Darling-Hammond | TEDxStanford

TEDx Talks
29 Jun 201515:15

Summary

TLDREl script de un video plantea un debate sobre los exámenes estandarizados en la educación. Se cuestiona su utilidad y relevancia, ya que estudios demuestran que no predicen el éxito futuro y son poco representativos de las habilidades requeridas en el mundo laboral real. El orador comparte su amor por los exámenes de selección múltiple, pero argumenta que la habilidad para responder a este tipo de pruebas no se traduce en el ámbito profesional. La charla aboga por un enfoque educativo que fomente el pensamiento crítico, la resolución de problemas y la comunicación efectiva, en lugar de la memorización y la selección de respuestas múltiples. Se destaca la importancia de las habilidades de orden superior y la necesidad de adaptarse a un mundo en rápida evolución. Además, se menciona la creciente tendencia de las escuelas y universidades a valorar los portfolios de aprendizaje y la necesidad de innovar en la evaluación educativa para preparar a los estudiantes para los desafíos del siglo XXI.

Takeaways

  • 📚 Los exámenes estandarizados no son una herramienta precisa para predecir el éxito en la vida adulta.
  • 🔍 Google y otras empresas han descubierto que los resultados de exámenes no correlacionan con el rendimiento laboral.
  • 📈 La demanda de habilidades de pensamiento crítico y resolución de problemas complejos ha aumentado, mientras que las tareas rutinarias han disminuido.
  • 🌐 El conocimiento está creciendo a una velocidad rápida, lo que hace que la memorización de hechos en la escuela sea insuficiente.
  • 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Los estudiantes necesitan habilidades para usar conocimientos y tecnologías que aún no han sido descubiertas.
  • 📉 El aumento de las pruebas estandarizadas ha llevado a una disminución en la calidad de la enseñanza y en el interés de los maestros por su profesión.
  • 🏫 El No Child Left Behind Act ha exacerbado la situación, obligando a las escuelas a aumentar sus puntajes anuales en pruebas.
  • 🚫 La preparación para exámenes estandarizados ha marginado áreas importantes como las artes, educación física y estudios del mundo.
  • 🤯 Los estudiantes experimentan un alto nivel de estrés y miedo debido a las pruebas, afectando su amor por el aprendizaje.
  • 📉 A pesar del aumento en las pruebas, los resultados de los estudiantes en evaluaciones internacionales han disminuido.
  • 🌟 Otros países miden el rendimiento de sus estudiantes de manera diferente, con menos énfasis en las pruebas de selección múltiple.
  • 📈 En sistemas educativos innovadores, los estudiantes presentan portafolios de trabajo que demuestran su capacidad para la investigación y la resolución de problemas.

Q & A

  • ¿Cuáles son las emociones que alguien podría experimentar al escuchar las palabras 'testing testing'?

    -Algunas personas podrían sentir un nudo en el estómago, un cosquilleo en la espina o una luz de felicidad encendiéndose sobre su cabeza al escuchar 'testing testing'.

  • ¿Qué tipo de habilidades se desarrolla con el uso de exámenes estandarizados de múltiples opciones?

    -Se desarrolla la habilidad para 'leer entre líneas' del creador del examen y determinar cuál es la respuesta correcta, aunque esta habilidad es prácticamente inútil en la vida real.

  • ¿Qué ha demostrado la investigación sobre la relación entre los exámenes estandarizados y el éxito en la vida adulta?

    -Varios estudios han demostrado que los exámenes estandarizados que utilizamos predicen casi nada sobre el éxito futuro en la vida adulta.

  • ¿Qué ha descubierto Google al estudiar la relación entre los resultados de exámenes y el rendimiento laboral de las personas?

    -Google descubrió que no había correlación entre los resultados de exámenes y cómo las personas desempeñaban en el trabajo.

  • ¿Qué tipo de habilidades están en mayor demanda en la economía actual?

    -Las habilidades de pensamiento de orden superior, comunicación compleja y resolución de problemas están en mayor demanda en la economía actual.

  • ¿Cómo afecta el crecimiento acelerado del conocimiento en el mundo la educación tradicional?

    -El crecimiento acelerado del conocimiento hace que la educación tradicional, que se basa en la memorización de hechos, sea insuficiente, ya que los jóvenes entrarán en un mundo donde utilizarán conocimientos aún por descubrir y tecnologías por inventar.

  • ¿Qué tipo de evaluación se realiza en Singapur y cómo se diferencia de la evaluación en Estados Unidos?

    -En Singapur, las evaluaciones son menos numerosas y se basan en respuestas de ensayo abierto, soluciones a problemas y evaluaciones basadas en proyectos, en contraste con las pruebas de múltiples opciones comunes en Estados Unidos.

  • ¿Qué impacto ha tenido el aumento de las pruebas estandarizadas en la enseñanza?

    -El aumento de las pruebas estandarizadas ha afectado negativamente la enseñanza, empujando hacia la memorización y la preparación para exámenes en lugar de fomentar el aprendizaje profundo y la aplicación de conocimientos.

  • ¿Por qué algunos padres y estudiantes están optando por no tomar exámenes estandarizados?

    -Algunos padres y estudiantes están optando por no tomar exámenes estandarizados debido al estrés y las altas expectativas asociadas con estos exámenes, lo que ha llevado a una pérdida de la alegría del aprendizaje.

  • ¿Cómo están algunas escuelas estadounidenses respondiendo al modelo tradicional de evaluación estandarizada?

    -Algunas escuelas estadounidenses están adoptando sistemas de portafolios de graduación que evalúan proyectos en diversas disciplinas y requieren que los estudiantes demuestren su aprendizaje a un panel de jueces.

  • ¿Qué tipo de tarea de investigación podría ser parte de las nuevas evaluaciones en California?

    -Las nuevas evaluaciones en California podrían incluir tareas de investigación que exijan a los estudiantes investigar un tema, evaluar la credibilidad de las fuentes y escribir un memorando basado en la evidencia, como parte de su aprendizaje.

  • ¿Qué cambios se están discutiendo en el ámbito federal en relación con la evaluación de la educación?

    -Hay un proyecto de ley en el Senado que busca dejar atrás la Ley de Responsabilidad de las Escuelas que No Dejan a Niño Atras (No Child Left Behind) y abrir nuevas vías para evaluar la educación, aunque solo cinco estados podrían tener permiso para innovar en términos de sus evaluaciones.

Outlines

00:00

🤔 Reflexiones sobre las pruebas estandarizadas

El primer párrafo explora las diferentes percepciones que las personas tienen sobre las pruebas estandarizadas y cómo el orador personalmente disfruta de ellas, a pesar de que estudios demuestran que estas pruebas son prácticamente inútiles para predecir el éxito en la vida. Se destaca que en el mundo laboral, en especial en empresas como Google, las habilidades para aprender y resolver problemas son más valoradas que los resultados de pruebas estandarizadas. Además, se menciona el rápido crecimiento del conocimiento y la necesidad de que los jóvenes estén preparados para utilizar conocimientos y tecnologías aún por descubrir.

05:03

📚 Crítica a las pruebas estandarizadas y su impacto en la educación

El segundo párrafo aborda las consecuencias negativas de las pruebas estandarizadas en la educación, como la sobre-evaluación de la memorización en detrimento de la aplicación de conocimientos a problemas reales. Se menciona el aumento en la cantidad de pruebas federadas y estatales, y cómo la Ley de No Niño Atrás (No Child Left Behind Act) ha exacerbado esta situación. Además, se destaca el impacto en la enseñanza y la motivación de los estudiantes, así como la tendencia de los padres y estudiantes a no participar en estas pruebas y buscar opciones educativas alternativas.

10:03

🌟 Alternativas a las pruebas estandarizadas y la innovación educativa

Este párrafo describe cómo algunos estados y escuelas están adoptando métodos de evaluación más innovadores y significativos que promueven el aprendizaje profundo y la aplicación del conocimiento. Se discuten sistemas de portafolios de graduación que evalúan proyectos estandarizados en diversas áreas y cómo estos métodos son más efectivos para preparar a los estudiantes para el éxito en la universidad y la vida profesional. Se menciona el movimiento de California hacia nuevas normas y evaluaciones centradas en habilidades de pensamiento crítico y la tendencia en instituciones educativas como MIT de valorar portafolios de trabajo en lugar de solo calificaciones estandarizadas.

15:04

📉 Desempeño educativo y la necesidad de cambio

El cuarto y último párrafo refleja sobre el estado del rendimiento educativo de los Estados Unidos en comparación con otros países y cómo, a pesar de la intensificación de las pruebas estandarizadas, los resultados no han mejorado. Se hace un llamado a la acción para reconsiderar el enfoque educativo y permitir que más estados y escuelas adopten métodos de evaluación que fomenten el pensamiento crítico y la resolución de problemas, esencial para el éxito en el mundo moderno.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Pruebas estandarizadas

Las pruebas estandarizadas son evaluaciones utilizadas para medir el conocimiento y las habilidades de los estudiantes de acuerdo con unos estándares predefinidos. En el video, se argumenta que estas pruebas no son eficaces para predecir el éxito futuro de los individuos y que su habilidad para 'resolver problemas' es más valiosa en el mundo laboral moderno.

💡Habilidad para resolver problemas

Este concepto se refiere a la capacidad de una persona para analizar situaciones complejas, identificar soluciones y aplicarlas de manera efectiva. En el video, se destaca como una habilidad esencial en el mundo laboral y en la vida en general, contrastando con la memorización de hechos que se enfatiza en las pruebas estandarizadas.

💡Google

Google es una compañía tecnológica que se menciona en el video como un ejemplo de una empresa que no se basa en las calificaciones de las pruebas estandarizadas para contratar a sus empleados, sino en habilidades más prácticas y relevantes para el trabajo, como la capacidad de aprender y aplicar conocimientos a problemas complejos.

💡Conocimiento en crecimiento

Este término describe la rápida expansión del conocimiento en el mundo, que se destaca como un factor que hace que la memorización de hechos en la educación tradicional sea insostenible. El video menciona que entre 1999 y 2003 se creó más conocimiento de lo que se creó en toda la historia previa, lo que implica que los jóvenes deben estar preparados para usar conocimientos y tecnologías que aún no existen.

💡Desarrollo de pensamiento crítico

El pensamiento crítico es la habilidad de analizar y evaluar la información de manera lógica y fundamentada. El video argumenta que el enfoque en las pruebas estandarizadas no promueve este tipo de pensamiento, y en su lugar, deberíamos fomentar el pensamiento crítico y la resolución de problemas en la educación.

💡No Child Left Behind Act

Esta ley, mencionada en el video, requiere que los estudiantes realicen pruebas cada año para evaluar y clasificar a las escuelas. Se ha criticado por aumentar la carga de pruebas estandarizadas y por las consecuencias negativas que esto ha tenido en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje.

💡Portfolio de graduación

Un portfolio de graduación es una colección de proyectos y trabajos que demuestran las habilidades y el conocimiento adquiridos por un estudiante. En el video, se describe cómo este método de evaluación puede ser más efectivo para preparar a los estudiantes para el mundo real y fomentar el aprendizaje profundo en lugar de la memorización.

💡Educación tradicional

Este término se refiere al enfoque en la educación que se centra en la memorización de hechos y la realización de pruebas estandarizadas. El video lo contrasta con un enfoque más moderno que promueve el aprendizaje activo, la investigación y la resolución de problemas.

💡Innovación educativa

La innovación educativa implica el desarrollo de nuevas formas de enseñanza y aprendizaje que van más allá de los métodos tradicionales. En el video, se discute cómo la innovación educativa puede ayudar a los estudiantes a desarrollar habilidades relevantes para el siglo XXI, como el pensamiento crítico y la resolución de problemas.

💡Evaluación de rendimiento

La evaluación de rendimiento es el proceso de medir el progreso y el éxito de los estudiantes. El video critica la dependencia excesiva en las pruebas estandarizadas para la evaluación y sugiere que métodos más variados y profundos, como los portfolios, pueden ser más efectivos.

💡Optimismo hacia el aprendizaje

Este concepto se refiere a la actitud positiva y la motivación para aprender. El video señala que el enfoque en las pruebas estandarizadas puede disminuir el optimismo hacia el aprendizaje, provocando miedo y estrés en los estudiantes en lugar de una experiencia de aprendizaje enriquecedora y significativa.

Highlights

The speaker enjoys taking multiple-choice standardized tests and psyching out the test maker.

Standardized tests are found to predict almost nothing about success later in life.

Google does not use test scores for hiring as they found no correlation with job performance.

There is a growing demand for higher-order thinking skills and complex problem-solving in the economy.

The rapid pace of knowledge growth means students will use knowledge and technologies not yet discovered.

The traditional model of education, focusing on memorization, is not suitable for the current world.

Standardized testing has increased dramatically over the last dozen years, up 300% since 2002.

No Child Left Behind Act has caused significant stress and has been linked to a decline in teaching quality.

85% of teachers say that standardized testing is undermining good teaching.

The focus on testing is pushing out important subjects like art, music, and physical education.

Students and parents are beginning to opt out of standardized tests.

U.S. scores on international assessments have gone down slightly over the last dozen years.

Singapore uses fewer, more open-ended assessments, fostering future scientists and technologists.

Some schools are moving towards a portfolio system to assess student work more deeply.

Graduates from schools with portfolio systems have higher college attendance and graduation rates.

California is moving towards new standards and assessments based on higher order thinking skills.

MIT and other institutions are encouraging students to submit portfolios as part of their admissions process.

There is a debate in Congress about moving beyond No Child Left Behind to a new approach to evaluating education.

The future of education depends on preparing young people to be creative problem solvers and innovative leaders.

Transcripts

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[Music]

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well okay testing testing how do you

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feel when I say those words you get that

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little knot in the pit of your stomach

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maybe a little tingle in your spine

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maybe there's a little happy light bulb

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going off over your head well that's our

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first question let's take a test and uh

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raise your hand to designate your

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answers let's see if this will move

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there we go what do you think are

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standardized tests a fun to take anyone

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B an important tool for evaluating

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knowledge couple of people c a necessary

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evil H now we got some hands what about

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d a distraction from real learning

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almost everyone well I'll tell you a

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little secret I actually love taking

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multiple choice standardized tests I

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like like psyching out the test maker

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and figuring out what they think is the

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right answer and I love having a right

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answer which happens to me very rarely

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in the rest of my life uh so this is a

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very finely developed art for many of us

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uh but in fact this skill that we spend

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so much time on is practically useless

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dozens of Studies have shown that the

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kinds of standardized tests we use

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predict almost nothing about your

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success later in life and if you think

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about it one of you ever gone to the

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office and got a piece of paper with a

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set of questions and predetermined

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answers that you could check off turn in

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and go home because your work is done

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has not happened to me or what about a

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young engineering grad who goes down the

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street for their first tech job gets

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their first uh engineering problem and

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says what are my five

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choices that would be the first and last

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day on the job for that young person uh

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and in fact if you did go down the

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street to to Google you would in fact uh

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not be given a test or asked for your

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test scores they used to take that

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information and transcripts and use that

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to figure out who to hire but they

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discovered when they studied it that

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there was no correlation between those

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scores and how people performed on the

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job and so today if you want to apply

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for a job there they would be trying to

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find out about your learning ability

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your ability to get new information

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figure out how to apply it to a complex

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problem work with other people and other

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ideas to frame a puzzle or a solution

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test it learn from that and develop a

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product or a solution and in fact that

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set of skills are in Greater demand in

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the uh economy as a whole we've seen a

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sharp increase in the demand for higher

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order thinking skills and complex

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communication and problem solving and a

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sharp decrease in the demand for skills

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that are root routine like the sort that

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people needed on the assembly line and

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in the factory because those jobs are

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being outsourced and

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digitized and this problem is getting

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even more pronounced as knowledge is

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growing at a very rapid Pace now as a

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Stanford Professor I don't usually like

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to quote people from Cal Berkeley I'm

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sure there's somebody from Cal in the

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house yeah always is but there are these

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two

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professors

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at Cal who have been doing fascinating

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research they've been studying the

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growth of knowledge in the world and

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they found that between 1999 and 2003

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there was more new knowledge created in

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the world than in the entire history of

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the world preceding think about that and

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think about what that means for

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Education it means we can't take all the

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facts we want kids to know and divide

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them up into the 12 years of schooling

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and get them to memorize those facts and

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spit them back it means our young people

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are going into to a world where they

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will use knowledge that hasn't been

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discovered yet and technologies that

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have not been invented yet to solve

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complex problems that we have not

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managed to solve global climate change

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the availability of water and food to

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feed the Earth deep conflicts that need

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to be resolved without which we may have

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no planet in a couple of decades they

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need a lot more than the ability to pick

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one answer out of

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five but the tests we use are developing

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a different kind of thinking and here's

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an example from the California standards

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test of a couple years ago I'll give you

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the same 10 seconds that the kids have

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when they confront this question in this

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particular one John's solution to an

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equation is shown below and the question

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is which property of real numbers did

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John use for step two take a quick look

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how many of you think it was a how many

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think it was B how many think it was C

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how many of you think it was D well a

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few of you knew and remembered that in

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fact it's B the zero product property of

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multiplication but I noticed that many

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of the rest of you have nonetheless had

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successful and satisfying

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lives how is

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that beyond the question of why should

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we be drilling students on this kind of

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a problem instead of teaching them to

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apply their knowledge to real problems

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we should also ask the question of what

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kind of instruction is rein forced when

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you're trying to train kids to take this

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kind of test so what is the teacher

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doing if she's preparing for

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this wrote learning and memorization

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right uh while the demands of the

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society are so much different well in

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addition to this standardized testing

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has increased dramatically over the last

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a dozen years it's up 300% since 20 2002

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in federally mandated testing uh and

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more than that with state and local

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tests in that year the federal

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government passed something called the

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No Child Left Behind Act some people

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call it no child's behind left um

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because of the amount of uh grief it has

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caused uh it is a a law that requires

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students to take tests every gear in

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order to rank and judge their schools

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and uh schools must increase their

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scores by a certain amount each year or

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face sanctions if they don't um meet

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those targets they can ultimately be

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closed or their staff fired in some

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states students are held back in grade

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or denied diplomas because of the tests

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recently the federal government added

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incentives for states to tie the test

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scores to teacher evaluation which has

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ballooned the amount of testing still

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further this year in Broward County they

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announced an additional 800 new tests

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they would be adding in order to meet

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the teacher evaluation

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mandate well this of course affects

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teaching and as one teacher put it from

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Texas she said I've seen students who

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can pass the test but cannot apply the

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skills to anything if it's not in the

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test format as for higher quality

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teaching I'm not sure I would call it

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that and in fact 85% of teachers have

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said that standardized testing is

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undermining good teaching last year 45%

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said that it has made them consider

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leaving the profession and in fact some

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have left testing as it's growing uh and

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expanding in the curriculum and the test

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prep component of it is also pushing out

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research and writing science and social

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studies art music physical education and

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World Language studies despite the fact

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that we know that cognitive science has

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shown that studying those subjects

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actually expands our cognitive capacity

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and our basic intelligence which raises

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achievement and accomplishment in a

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variety of

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domains perhaps worst of all students

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feel less joy and more fear I remember

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when my own daughter came home from

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kindergarten terrified that a test she

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was about to take would sort the class

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into the stupid class and the smart

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class for the following year we get

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reports every spring about students

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crying and throwing up on their test

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booklets because of the stress and the

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stakes that are attached to the tests

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for the first time this year students

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and parents around the country began

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opting out of the test several hundred

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thousand parents refus to allow their

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students to take uh standardized tests

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this

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spring and some have voted with their

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feet taking their children out of public

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school into private schools where the

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demand for this amount of testing with

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these kinds of stakes uh is not present

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and where students can participate in

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active engaged learning uh Project work

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and other things that will support them

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later in

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life now you would think with all of

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this we would be the Master Test takers

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of the universe we would have the

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highest scores and they would be

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increasing but in fact on the

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international assessments uh our scores

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have gone down slightly over the last

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Dozen Years in math reading and Science

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and in fact we have been falling further

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behind other countries now ranking

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between 21st and

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32nd uh on those International

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assessments which actually evaluate

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higher order thinking skills and

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students abilities to apply their

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knowledge to new

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problems we were the Undisputed leader

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in education in the 1970s uh but since

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then as you can see many countries have

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forged ahead including little tiny

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Singapore which had almost no education

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system at all in 1965 when it became

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independent so what's going on in these

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other countries well for one thing they

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test very differently we uh test our

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students more than any other country in

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the world and are more likely to do so

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with multiple Cho Choice tests in

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Singapore most of the assessments first

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of all they are fewer there's a in uh

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one in elementary school and one set in

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high school where students do open-ended

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essay uh responses and problem Solutions

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and oral responses and increasingly

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project-based assessments like this one

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where students actually design a

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scientific experiment conduct the

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experiment collect the data um write up

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their results in something that looks

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like a small science Journal article

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while our kids are sitting at a desk

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bubbling in they are becoming the

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scientists and technologists of the

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future there are some schools that are

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pushing back that have in fact said we

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can assess in a different way uh that

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will actually help kids learn deeply and

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apply their knowledge suburban and urban

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schools across the country and many

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communities as well as some private

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schools have created what they call a

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graduation port portfolio

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system students complete uh to a set of

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Standards projects in science social

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science research literary analyses math

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modeling uh Arts demonstrations World

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Language proficiency they do this work

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to a standard and revise it until it

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meets the standard uh they present it

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like a dissertation to a set of Judges

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sometimes from outside the school like

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business people and college professors

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as well as teachers and students and

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parents from inside the school they're

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engaged and excited about their work uh

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about solving the problems that they've

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taken on uh they come before school and

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after school to really get it to the

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level of uh depth and uh quality that

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they want to demonstrate and

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interestingly kids from these schools

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even from high poverty communities

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actually go to college at higher rates

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and graduate from college at rates

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nearly twice twice as high as the

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average American student if you ask them

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why they succeed in college they'll say

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it's because of this work not only did

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they learned to investigate and write

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clearly and speak proficiently and

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defend their ideas but they also learned

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to plan a complex project and follow it

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through they learn to be resilient in

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the face of obstacles they learn to take

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and use feedback they learn to be

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resourceful in the way that you need to

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be to succeed in

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life we are in this country at a turning

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point will we choose a reinforcing the

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factory model schools of the past or

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will we choose B developing schools

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where students are able to apply their

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knowledge to critical thinking and

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problem solving

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situations fortunately California is

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moving in a different and new Direction

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having rejected the federal incentives

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uh California eliminated its old

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California standards tests that you saw

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a minute ago adopted new standards based

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on higher order thinking skills and a

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new set of Assessments fewer but deeper

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uh that will be used to assess and

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improve schools rather than to test and

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punish and students might see a research

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task like this one on their new

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assessments as chief of staff for a

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congress person who has to decide about

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bringing a nuclear power plant into the

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state they might need to research both

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sides of that issue uh evaluate the

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credibility of the sources and write a

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memo based on the evidence making a

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recommendation about how to move forward

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a very different way to think and learn

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as well as to demonstrate knowledge so

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is MIT moving in a different direction

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they've announced that they will be

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encouraging students to submit

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portfolios as part of their admissions

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as have 800 other colleges and

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universities Congress is debating this

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issue right now there is a Senate bill

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that's been voted out of committee it

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will come to the floor uh in the

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summertime that would leave No Child

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Left Behind behind and open up a new

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approach to evaluating education but

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even in this bill only five states might

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get permission to innovate in terms of

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their assessments uh which of us will be

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lucky enough to have our children and

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grandchildren in those States and what

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about the other 45 states that would

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like to catch up with countries around

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the world and come into the 21st Century

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why should they be held back well our

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future does hang in the balance if we

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want education to prepare our young

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people to solve the challenges we face

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and build a better Planet then we will

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need to free our nation and our schools

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to become the creative problem solvers

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and the Innovative leaders that we have

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always before been and must once again

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become the question is this are we ready

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to reclaim our future there are no

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predetermined

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answers ultimately we must all decide

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thank

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you

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