Testing, Testing | Linda Darling-Hammond | TEDxStanford
Summary
TLDREl script de un video plantea un debate sobre los exámenes estandarizados en la educación. Se cuestiona su utilidad y relevancia, ya que estudios demuestran que no predicen el éxito futuro y son poco representativos de las habilidades requeridas en el mundo laboral real. El orador comparte su amor por los exámenes de selección múltiple, pero argumenta que la habilidad para responder a este tipo de pruebas no se traduce en el ámbito profesional. La charla aboga por un enfoque educativo que fomente el pensamiento crítico, la resolución de problemas y la comunicación efectiva, en lugar de la memorización y la selección de respuestas múltiples. Se destaca la importancia de las habilidades de orden superior y la necesidad de adaptarse a un mundo en rápida evolución. Además, se menciona la creciente tendencia de las escuelas y universidades a valorar los portfolios de aprendizaje y la necesidad de innovar en la evaluación educativa para preparar a los estudiantes para los desafíos del siglo XXI.
Takeaways
- 📚 Los exámenes estandarizados no son una herramienta precisa para predecir el éxito en la vida adulta.
- 🔍 Google y otras empresas han descubierto que los resultados de exámenes no correlacionan con el rendimiento laboral.
- 📈 La demanda de habilidades de pensamiento crítico y resolución de problemas complejos ha aumentado, mientras que las tareas rutinarias han disminuido.
- 🌐 El conocimiento está creciendo a una velocidad rápida, lo que hace que la memorización de hechos en la escuela sea insuficiente.
- 👨👩👧👦 Los estudiantes necesitan habilidades para usar conocimientos y tecnologías que aún no han sido descubiertas.
- 📉 El aumento de las pruebas estandarizadas ha llevado a una disminución en la calidad de la enseñanza y en el interés de los maestros por su profesión.
- 🏫 El No Child Left Behind Act ha exacerbado la situación, obligando a las escuelas a aumentar sus puntajes anuales en pruebas.
- 🚫 La preparación para exámenes estandarizados ha marginado áreas importantes como las artes, educación física y estudios del mundo.
- 🤯 Los estudiantes experimentan un alto nivel de estrés y miedo debido a las pruebas, afectando su amor por el aprendizaje.
- 📉 A pesar del aumento en las pruebas, los resultados de los estudiantes en evaluaciones internacionales han disminuido.
- 🌟 Otros países miden el rendimiento de sus estudiantes de manera diferente, con menos énfasis en las pruebas de selección múltiple.
- 📈 En sistemas educativos innovadores, los estudiantes presentan portafolios de trabajo que demuestran su capacidad para la investigación y la resolución de problemas.
Q & A
¿Cuáles son las emociones que alguien podría experimentar al escuchar las palabras 'testing testing'?
-Algunas personas podrían sentir un nudo en el estómago, un cosquilleo en la espina o una luz de felicidad encendiéndose sobre su cabeza al escuchar 'testing testing'.
¿Qué tipo de habilidades se desarrolla con el uso de exámenes estandarizados de múltiples opciones?
-Se desarrolla la habilidad para 'leer entre líneas' del creador del examen y determinar cuál es la respuesta correcta, aunque esta habilidad es prácticamente inútil en la vida real.
¿Qué ha demostrado la investigación sobre la relación entre los exámenes estandarizados y el éxito en la vida adulta?
-Varios estudios han demostrado que los exámenes estandarizados que utilizamos predicen casi nada sobre el éxito futuro en la vida adulta.
¿Qué ha descubierto Google al estudiar la relación entre los resultados de exámenes y el rendimiento laboral de las personas?
-Google descubrió que no había correlación entre los resultados de exámenes y cómo las personas desempeñaban en el trabajo.
¿Qué tipo de habilidades están en mayor demanda en la economía actual?
-Las habilidades de pensamiento de orden superior, comunicación compleja y resolución de problemas están en mayor demanda en la economía actual.
¿Cómo afecta el crecimiento acelerado del conocimiento en el mundo la educación tradicional?
-El crecimiento acelerado del conocimiento hace que la educación tradicional, que se basa en la memorización de hechos, sea insuficiente, ya que los jóvenes entrarán en un mundo donde utilizarán conocimientos aún por descubrir y tecnologías por inventar.
¿Qué tipo de evaluación se realiza en Singapur y cómo se diferencia de la evaluación en Estados Unidos?
-En Singapur, las evaluaciones son menos numerosas y se basan en respuestas de ensayo abierto, soluciones a problemas y evaluaciones basadas en proyectos, en contraste con las pruebas de múltiples opciones comunes en Estados Unidos.
¿Qué impacto ha tenido el aumento de las pruebas estandarizadas en la enseñanza?
-El aumento de las pruebas estandarizadas ha afectado negativamente la enseñanza, empujando hacia la memorización y la preparación para exámenes en lugar de fomentar el aprendizaje profundo y la aplicación de conocimientos.
¿Por qué algunos padres y estudiantes están optando por no tomar exámenes estandarizados?
-Algunos padres y estudiantes están optando por no tomar exámenes estandarizados debido al estrés y las altas expectativas asociadas con estos exámenes, lo que ha llevado a una pérdida de la alegría del aprendizaje.
¿Cómo están algunas escuelas estadounidenses respondiendo al modelo tradicional de evaluación estandarizada?
-Algunas escuelas estadounidenses están adoptando sistemas de portafolios de graduación que evalúan proyectos en diversas disciplinas y requieren que los estudiantes demuestren su aprendizaje a un panel de jueces.
¿Qué tipo de tarea de investigación podría ser parte de las nuevas evaluaciones en California?
-Las nuevas evaluaciones en California podrían incluir tareas de investigación que exijan a los estudiantes investigar un tema, evaluar la credibilidad de las fuentes y escribir un memorando basado en la evidencia, como parte de su aprendizaje.
¿Qué cambios se están discutiendo en el ámbito federal en relación con la evaluación de la educación?
-Hay un proyecto de ley en el Senado que busca dejar atrás la Ley de Responsabilidad de las Escuelas que No Dejan a Niño Atras (No Child Left Behind) y abrir nuevas vías para evaluar la educación, aunque solo cinco estados podrían tener permiso para innovar en términos de sus evaluaciones.
Outlines
🤔 Reflexiones sobre las pruebas estandarizadas
El primer párrafo explora las diferentes percepciones que las personas tienen sobre las pruebas estandarizadas y cómo el orador personalmente disfruta de ellas, a pesar de que estudios demuestran que estas pruebas son prácticamente inútiles para predecir el éxito en la vida. Se destaca que en el mundo laboral, en especial en empresas como Google, las habilidades para aprender y resolver problemas son más valoradas que los resultados de pruebas estandarizadas. Además, se menciona el rápido crecimiento del conocimiento y la necesidad de que los jóvenes estén preparados para utilizar conocimientos y tecnologías aún por descubrir.
📚 Crítica a las pruebas estandarizadas y su impacto en la educación
El segundo párrafo aborda las consecuencias negativas de las pruebas estandarizadas en la educación, como la sobre-evaluación de la memorización en detrimento de la aplicación de conocimientos a problemas reales. Se menciona el aumento en la cantidad de pruebas federadas y estatales, y cómo la Ley de No Niño Atrás (No Child Left Behind Act) ha exacerbado esta situación. Además, se destaca el impacto en la enseñanza y la motivación de los estudiantes, así como la tendencia de los padres y estudiantes a no participar en estas pruebas y buscar opciones educativas alternativas.
🌟 Alternativas a las pruebas estandarizadas y la innovación educativa
Este párrafo describe cómo algunos estados y escuelas están adoptando métodos de evaluación más innovadores y significativos que promueven el aprendizaje profundo y la aplicación del conocimiento. Se discuten sistemas de portafolios de graduación que evalúan proyectos estandarizados en diversas áreas y cómo estos métodos son más efectivos para preparar a los estudiantes para el éxito en la universidad y la vida profesional. Se menciona el movimiento de California hacia nuevas normas y evaluaciones centradas en habilidades de pensamiento crítico y la tendencia en instituciones educativas como MIT de valorar portafolios de trabajo en lugar de solo calificaciones estandarizadas.
📉 Desempeño educativo y la necesidad de cambio
El cuarto y último párrafo refleja sobre el estado del rendimiento educativo de los Estados Unidos en comparación con otros países y cómo, a pesar de la intensificación de las pruebas estandarizadas, los resultados no han mejorado. Se hace un llamado a la acción para reconsiderar el enfoque educativo y permitir que más estados y escuelas adopten métodos de evaluación que fomenten el pensamiento crítico y la resolución de problemas, esencial para el éxito en el mundo moderno.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Pruebas estandarizadas
💡Habilidad para resolver problemas
💡Conocimiento en crecimiento
💡Desarrollo de pensamiento crítico
💡No Child Left Behind Act
💡Portfolio de graduación
💡Educación tradicional
💡Innovación educativa
💡Evaluación de rendimiento
💡Optimismo hacia el aprendizaje
Highlights
The speaker enjoys taking multiple-choice standardized tests and psyching out the test maker.
Standardized tests are found to predict almost nothing about success later in life.
Google does not use test scores for hiring as they found no correlation with job performance.
There is a growing demand for higher-order thinking skills and complex problem-solving in the economy.
The rapid pace of knowledge growth means students will use knowledge and technologies not yet discovered.
The traditional model of education, focusing on memorization, is not suitable for the current world.
Standardized testing has increased dramatically over the last dozen years, up 300% since 2002.
No Child Left Behind Act has caused significant stress and has been linked to a decline in teaching quality.
85% of teachers say that standardized testing is undermining good teaching.
The focus on testing is pushing out important subjects like art, music, and physical education.
Students and parents are beginning to opt out of standardized tests.
U.S. scores on international assessments have gone down slightly over the last dozen years.
Singapore uses fewer, more open-ended assessments, fostering future scientists and technologists.
Some schools are moving towards a portfolio system to assess student work more deeply.
Graduates from schools with portfolio systems have higher college attendance and graduation rates.
California is moving towards new standards and assessments based on higher order thinking skills.
MIT and other institutions are encouraging students to submit portfolios as part of their admissions process.
There is a debate in Congress about moving beyond No Child Left Behind to a new approach to evaluating education.
The future of education depends on preparing young people to be creative problem solvers and innovative leaders.
Transcripts
[Music]
well okay testing testing how do you
feel when I say those words you get that
little knot in the pit of your stomach
maybe a little tingle in your spine
maybe there's a little happy light bulb
going off over your head well that's our
first question let's take a test and uh
raise your hand to designate your
answers let's see if this will move
there we go what do you think are
standardized tests a fun to take anyone
B an important tool for evaluating
knowledge couple of people c a necessary
evil H now we got some hands what about
d a distraction from real learning
almost everyone well I'll tell you a
little secret I actually love taking
multiple choice standardized tests I
like like psyching out the test maker
and figuring out what they think is the
right answer and I love having a right
answer which happens to me very rarely
in the rest of my life uh so this is a
very finely developed art for many of us
uh but in fact this skill that we spend
so much time on is practically useless
dozens of Studies have shown that the
kinds of standardized tests we use
predict almost nothing about your
success later in life and if you think
about it one of you ever gone to the
office and got a piece of paper with a
set of questions and predetermined
answers that you could check off turn in
and go home because your work is done
has not happened to me or what about a
young engineering grad who goes down the
street for their first tech job gets
their first uh engineering problem and
says what are my five
choices that would be the first and last
day on the job for that young person uh
and in fact if you did go down the
street to to Google you would in fact uh
not be given a test or asked for your
test scores they used to take that
information and transcripts and use that
to figure out who to hire but they
discovered when they studied it that
there was no correlation between those
scores and how people performed on the
job and so today if you want to apply
for a job there they would be trying to
find out about your learning ability
your ability to get new information
figure out how to apply it to a complex
problem work with other people and other
ideas to frame a puzzle or a solution
test it learn from that and develop a
product or a solution and in fact that
set of skills are in Greater demand in
the uh economy as a whole we've seen a
sharp increase in the demand for higher
order thinking skills and complex
communication and problem solving and a
sharp decrease in the demand for skills
that are root routine like the sort that
people needed on the assembly line and
in the factory because those jobs are
being outsourced and
digitized and this problem is getting
even more pronounced as knowledge is
growing at a very rapid Pace now as a
Stanford Professor I don't usually like
to quote people from Cal Berkeley I'm
sure there's somebody from Cal in the
house yeah always is but there are these
two
professors
at Cal who have been doing fascinating
research they've been studying the
growth of knowledge in the world and
they found that between 1999 and 2003
there was more new knowledge created in
the world than in the entire history of
the world preceding think about that and
think about what that means for
Education it means we can't take all the
facts we want kids to know and divide
them up into the 12 years of schooling
and get them to memorize those facts and
spit them back it means our young people
are going into to a world where they
will use knowledge that hasn't been
discovered yet and technologies that
have not been invented yet to solve
complex problems that we have not
managed to solve global climate change
the availability of water and food to
feed the Earth deep conflicts that need
to be resolved without which we may have
no planet in a couple of decades they
need a lot more than the ability to pick
one answer out of
five but the tests we use are developing
a different kind of thinking and here's
an example from the California standards
test of a couple years ago I'll give you
the same 10 seconds that the kids have
when they confront this question in this
particular one John's solution to an
equation is shown below and the question
is which property of real numbers did
John use for step two take a quick look
how many of you think it was a how many
think it was B how many think it was C
how many of you think it was D well a
few of you knew and remembered that in
fact it's B the zero product property of
multiplication but I noticed that many
of the rest of you have nonetheless had
successful and satisfying
lives how is
that beyond the question of why should
we be drilling students on this kind of
a problem instead of teaching them to
apply their knowledge to real problems
we should also ask the question of what
kind of instruction is rein forced when
you're trying to train kids to take this
kind of test so what is the teacher
doing if she's preparing for
this wrote learning and memorization
right uh while the demands of the
society are so much different well in
addition to this standardized testing
has increased dramatically over the last
a dozen years it's up 300% since 20 2002
in federally mandated testing uh and
more than that with state and local
tests in that year the federal
government passed something called the
No Child Left Behind Act some people
call it no child's behind left um
because of the amount of uh grief it has
caused uh it is a a law that requires
students to take tests every gear in
order to rank and judge their schools
and uh schools must increase their
scores by a certain amount each year or
face sanctions if they don't um meet
those targets they can ultimately be
closed or their staff fired in some
states students are held back in grade
or denied diplomas because of the tests
recently the federal government added
incentives for states to tie the test
scores to teacher evaluation which has
ballooned the amount of testing still
further this year in Broward County they
announced an additional 800 new tests
they would be adding in order to meet
the teacher evaluation
mandate well this of course affects
teaching and as one teacher put it from
Texas she said I've seen students who
can pass the test but cannot apply the
skills to anything if it's not in the
test format as for higher quality
teaching I'm not sure I would call it
that and in fact 85% of teachers have
said that standardized testing is
undermining good teaching last year 45%
said that it has made them consider
leaving the profession and in fact some
have left testing as it's growing uh and
expanding in the curriculum and the test
prep component of it is also pushing out
research and writing science and social
studies art music physical education and
World Language studies despite the fact
that we know that cognitive science has
shown that studying those subjects
actually expands our cognitive capacity
and our basic intelligence which raises
achievement and accomplishment in a
variety of
domains perhaps worst of all students
feel less joy and more fear I remember
when my own daughter came home from
kindergarten terrified that a test she
was about to take would sort the class
into the stupid class and the smart
class for the following year we get
reports every spring about students
crying and throwing up on their test
booklets because of the stress and the
stakes that are attached to the tests
for the first time this year students
and parents around the country began
opting out of the test several hundred
thousand parents refus to allow their
students to take uh standardized tests
this
spring and some have voted with their
feet taking their children out of public
school into private schools where the
demand for this amount of testing with
these kinds of stakes uh is not present
and where students can participate in
active engaged learning uh Project work
and other things that will support them
later in
life now you would think with all of
this we would be the Master Test takers
of the universe we would have the
highest scores and they would be
increasing but in fact on the
international assessments uh our scores
have gone down slightly over the last
Dozen Years in math reading and Science
and in fact we have been falling further
behind other countries now ranking
between 21st and
32nd uh on those International
assessments which actually evaluate
higher order thinking skills and
students abilities to apply their
knowledge to new
problems we were the Undisputed leader
in education in the 1970s uh but since
then as you can see many countries have
forged ahead including little tiny
Singapore which had almost no education
system at all in 1965 when it became
independent so what's going on in these
other countries well for one thing they
test very differently we uh test our
students more than any other country in
the world and are more likely to do so
with multiple Cho Choice tests in
Singapore most of the assessments first
of all they are fewer there's a in uh
one in elementary school and one set in
high school where students do open-ended
essay uh responses and problem Solutions
and oral responses and increasingly
project-based assessments like this one
where students actually design a
scientific experiment conduct the
experiment collect the data um write up
their results in something that looks
like a small science Journal article
while our kids are sitting at a desk
bubbling in they are becoming the
scientists and technologists of the
future there are some schools that are
pushing back that have in fact said we
can assess in a different way uh that
will actually help kids learn deeply and
apply their knowledge suburban and urban
schools across the country and many
communities as well as some private
schools have created what they call a
graduation port portfolio
system students complete uh to a set of
Standards projects in science social
science research literary analyses math
modeling uh Arts demonstrations World
Language proficiency they do this work
to a standard and revise it until it
meets the standard uh they present it
like a dissertation to a set of Judges
sometimes from outside the school like
business people and college professors
as well as teachers and students and
parents from inside the school they're
engaged and excited about their work uh
about solving the problems that they've
taken on uh they come before school and
after school to really get it to the
level of uh depth and uh quality that
they want to demonstrate and
interestingly kids from these schools
even from high poverty communities
actually go to college at higher rates
and graduate from college at rates
nearly twice twice as high as the
average American student if you ask them
why they succeed in college they'll say
it's because of this work not only did
they learned to investigate and write
clearly and speak proficiently and
defend their ideas but they also learned
to plan a complex project and follow it
through they learn to be resilient in
the face of obstacles they learn to take
and use feedback they learn to be
resourceful in the way that you need to
be to succeed in
life we are in this country at a turning
point will we choose a reinforcing the
factory model schools of the past or
will we choose B developing schools
where students are able to apply their
knowledge to critical thinking and
problem solving
situations fortunately California is
moving in a different and new Direction
having rejected the federal incentives
uh California eliminated its old
California standards tests that you saw
a minute ago adopted new standards based
on higher order thinking skills and a
new set of Assessments fewer but deeper
uh that will be used to assess and
improve schools rather than to test and
punish and students might see a research
task like this one on their new
assessments as chief of staff for a
congress person who has to decide about
bringing a nuclear power plant into the
state they might need to research both
sides of that issue uh evaluate the
credibility of the sources and write a
memo based on the evidence making a
recommendation about how to move forward
a very different way to think and learn
as well as to demonstrate knowledge so
is MIT moving in a different direction
they've announced that they will be
encouraging students to submit
portfolios as part of their admissions
as have 800 other colleges and
universities Congress is debating this
issue right now there is a Senate bill
that's been voted out of committee it
will come to the floor uh in the
summertime that would leave No Child
Left Behind behind and open up a new
approach to evaluating education but
even in this bill only five states might
get permission to innovate in terms of
their assessments uh which of us will be
lucky enough to have our children and
grandchildren in those States and what
about the other 45 states that would
like to catch up with countries around
the world and come into the 21st Century
why should they be held back well our
future does hang in the balance if we
want education to prepare our young
people to solve the challenges we face
and build a better Planet then we will
need to free our nation and our schools
to become the creative problem solvers
and the Innovative leaders that we have
always before been and must once again
become the question is this are we ready
to reclaim our future there are no
predetermined
answers ultimately we must all decide
thank
you
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