Garis Wallace dan Weber - Persebaran Flora & Fauna di Indonesia | Dunia Biologi

Summary

This script discusses Indonesia's rich biodiversity and its unique positioning between two major biogeographical zones, the Oriental and Australian zones. The country is home to a wide range of endemic species, with specific fauna and flora in different regions. Western Indonesia resembles the fauna of Asia, including animals like tigers and elephants, while Eastern Indonesia shares similarities with Australia's wildlife, such as kangaroos and wallabies. The division is marked by the Wallace and Weber lines, which separate these zones. Indonesia's biodiversity is further highlighted through its endemic species, making it a globally significant area for wildlife conservation.

Takeaways

• 🌍 Indonesia has high biodiversity and is unique in terms of species distribution globally.
• 🦓 There are six major biogeographic zones worldwide, with Indonesia located between the Oriental and Australian zones.
• 🐅 The western part of Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Bali, Kalimantan) has animals resembling those found in Asia, such as tigers, rhinoceros, and elephants.
• 🦘 The eastern part (Maluku, Papua) has animals similar to those in Australia, like the wallaby, kangaroo, and possum.
• 🗺️ The Wallace Line separates the fauna of the Oriental zone from the Australian zone and was discovered by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1863.
• ✍️ Max Weber proposed the Weber Line, which further divides the transitional fauna of Sulawesi, highlighting it as a transitional zone.
• 🦏 The Oriental zone (Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan) is characterized by large mammals like rhinos, elephants, and diverse primates like orangutans and proboscis monkeys.
• 🦜 The Australian zone (Papua, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara) has unique species, such as marsupials, colorful birds like the bird of paradise, and small mammals.
• 🌺 Indonesia is home to many endemic species, such as the Rafflesia Arnoldii flower, orangutans, Komodo dragons, and the maleo bird.
• 🌳 The flora in different zones is diverse, with tropical rainforests in the west and unique plant species in Papua and surrounding islands, such as ironwood and ebony.

Q & A

What makes Indonesia's biodiversity unique from a global perspective?

Indonesia's biodiversity is unique because it lies between two major biogeographical zones, the Oriental and the Australian zones. This position results in a mix of species from both regions, creating a diverse and distinctive ecosystem.

Which areas in Indonesia are part of the Oriental zone, and what are some of the species found there?

The Oriental zone in Indonesia includes Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Kalimantan. Species found in this zone that resemble those from Asia include tigers, rhinos, gibbons, and various primates.

What areas in Indonesia are part of the Australian zone, and which species are native to this region?

The Australian zone in Indonesia includes Maluku and Papua. Species here share similarities with Australian wildlife, such as the wallaby, cuscus, and kangaroo.

What is the Wallace Line, and why is it significant?

The Wallace Line is an imaginary boundary discovered by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1863. It separates the Oriental zone from the Australian zone, highlighting the distinct differences in species found on either side, such as Asian-type species in the west and Australian-type species in the east.

Who was Max Weber, and what was his contribution to biogeography in Indonesia?

Max Weber was a German zoologist who, in 1941, proposed the Weber Line, located east of Sulawesi. He suggested that Sulawesi's fauna were a mix of both Oriental and Australian species, making the region a transitional zone.

What is a key example of a transitional species found in Sulawesi?

An example of a transitional species in Sulawesi is the opossum, which has Australian origins, and the tarsier, which has Oriental characteristics. This supports Sulawesi's role as a biogeographical transition zone.

What distinguishes fauna in the Oriental zone compared to the Australian zone?

Fauna in the Oriental zone tend to include larger mammals like elephants, tigers, and primates, whereas the Australian zone is characterized by smaller mammals, marsupials, and species such as the cuscus and kangaroo. Additionally, the Oriental zone has colorful but less vibrantly colored birds compared to the strikingly colored birds in the Australian zone.

What flora is typical in the Oriental zone of Indonesia?

Flora in the Oriental zone includes tropical rainforest species such as various types of meranti trees, rattan, and endemic plants like the Rafflesia arnoldii. These forests are dense and lush, resembling those found in Southeast Asia.

What are some examples of endemic species in Indonesia's eastern region?

Examples of endemic species in Indonesia's eastern region, especially in Papua, include the cuscus, various species of marsupials, and a large diversity of birds, including the famous bird of paradise (Cendrawasih).

How does the flora in Papua differ from other regions of Indonesia?

The flora in Papua resembles the vegetation of northern Australia, featuring lush tropical rainforests with species like ironwood, ebony, and merbau. This flora is distinct from the Asian-type vegetation seen in western Indonesia.