DEMOKRASI LIBERAL DI INDONESIA 1950 SAMPAI 1959

Makna Masa

29 Jul 202118:13

Summary

TLDRThis video explores Indonesia's political and economic development during the liberal democracy era. It traces the multipartite political system from the 1950s, following the dissolution of the Republic of Indonesia Serikat (RIS) and the formation of a parliamentary government. Key events include frequent cabinet changes, debates over political alliances, and economic challenges. Significant political figures and parties like PNI, Masyumi, and PKI play central roles. The video also discusses various economic policies, such as the 'Benteng' program and the 'Alibaba' system, aiming to reshape Indonesia's post-colonial economy, though with mixed success.

Takeaways

🇮🇩 Indonesia adopted a multi-party system after gaining independence, marking its transition into a democracy.
🗳️ The first implementation of a multi-party system in Indonesia occurred during the era of liberal democracy, with over 28 political parties participating.
👥 The main political parties during this era were PNI (nationalists), Masyumi (modernist Muslims), NU (traditionalist Muslims), and PKI (communists).
🔄 Frequent cabinet changes occurred due to unresolved differences between parties, resulting in unstable governments.
🛑 Major political events included the dissolution of the Republic of the United States of Indonesia (RIS) and the return to the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI).
👥 Cabinets like the Natsir, Sukiman, Wilopo, and Ali Sastroamidjojo administrations faced challenges, including external negotiations and internal instability.
💥 The Tanjung Morawa Incident, where a land dispute led to deaths, caused political upheaval and government instability.
🌏 The Ali Sastroamidjojo I Cabinet is notable for organizing the Bandung Conference, an important diplomatic achievement in Asia-Africa relations.
📉 Economic instability during this period led to measures such as the 'Syafruddin Cut' to reduce currency values and the 'Benteng Program' to foster local entrepreneurship.
📜 The era ended with President Sukarno transitioning to Guided Democracy, rejecting liberal democracy as unsuitable for Indonesia.

Q & A

When did Indonesia start implementing a multi-party system in elections?
-Indonesia started implementing a multi-party system in elections after gaining independence, during the era of Liberal Democracy in 1950.
What was the main characteristic of the political system during Indonesia's Liberal Democracy era?
-The main characteristic of Indonesia's political system during the Liberal Democracy era was a parliamentary system with multiple political parties and civilian politicians controlling the government.
Which four major political parties were prominent during the Liberal Democracy era in Indonesia?
-The four major political parties during Indonesia's Liberal Democracy era were the Indonesian National Party (PNI), Masyumi, Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), and the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI).
What event led to the fall of the Natsir Cabinet in 1951?
-The Natsir Cabinet fell due to a motion of no confidence submitted by the PNI over the government’s regulation on regional parliamentary elections, which they considered undemocratic.
What caused the collapse of the Sukiman Cabinet in 1952?
-The Sukiman Cabinet collapsed because the signing of the Mutual Security Act with the United States was seen as aligning Indonesia with the Western Bloc during the Cold War, contrary to Indonesia’s neutral foreign policy.
What was one of the main achievements of the Ali Sastroamidjojo I Cabinet?
-One of the main achievements of the Ali Sastroamidjojo I Cabinet was organizing the 1955 Asia-Africa Conference, which showcased Indonesia’s active role in international diplomacy.
What significant political reform was introduced by the Djuanda Cabinet?
-The Djuanda Cabinet introduced the Djuanda Declaration, which expanded Indonesia’s maritime boundaries, uniting the land and sea as one territorial entity.
What led to the fall of the Wilopo Cabinet?
-The Wilopo Cabinet fell after the Tanjung Morawa incident, in which the government clashed with local farmers, leading to the deaths of five farmers and a motion of no confidence from the parliament.
What was the main reason President Sukarno wanted to replace Liberal Democracy with Guided Democracy?
-President Sukarno believed that Liberal Democracy did not align with the Indonesian spirit and wanted to replace it with Guided Democracy to create a more stable political environment.
What economic measure was implemented during the Liberal Democracy era to reduce Indonesia's budget deficit?
-One of the economic measures was the 'Gunting Syafruddin,' which involved cutting the value of banknotes above 250 rupiah by half, aimed at reducing the national budget deficit.

Outlines

00:00

🇮🇩 The Emergence of Indonesia's Multiparty Democracy

This section introduces Indonesia's multiparty system, which began after the country’s independence. It highlights how political parties multiplied following the liberal democracy era, influenced by different ideologies. Major political parties such as PNI, Masyumi, NU, and PKI are briefly introduced, reflecting the ideological diversity and the ensuing political instability that led to frequent cabinet changes during this time.

05:02

⚖️ The Rise and Fall of the Sukiman Cabinet

This paragraph details the formation of the Sukiman Cabinet after the fall of the Natsir Cabinet. Although the cabinet pursued similar goals as its predecessor, it fell after less than a year due to its controversial signing of the Mutual Security Agreement with the U.S. during the Cold War. The agreement was seen as a deviation from Indonesia's neutral foreign policy, which caused a loss of support for the cabinet, eventually leading to its resignation.

10:03

📉 Economic Struggles and Political Challenges in the Wilopo Cabinet

This segment describes the challenges faced by the Wilopo Cabinet, particularly the October 17, 1952, demonstration and the Tanjung Morawa incident. The political instability, including military dissatisfaction and land disputes, further weakened the cabinet. The protest led by farmers in Tanjung Morawa resulted in casualties and a loss of public confidence, eventually forcing the Wilopo Cabinet to resign.

15:04

🌍 Achievements and Struggles of the Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet

This paragraph discusses the achievements of the first Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet, particularly in international diplomacy with the organization of the 1955 Asia-Africa Conference. Domestically, it initiated efforts to tackle economic issues but was eventually undermined by internal conflicts in the military and political disputes, leading to the cabinet’s downfall. The second Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet later faced regional rebellions and growing discontent, causing it to collapse as well.

🗳️ The 1955 General Elections and Burhanuddin Harahap's Success

Here, the narrative focuses on the accomplishments of the Burhanuddin Harahap Cabinet, which successfully organized Indonesia's first democratic general elections in 1955. The elections were considered fair and transparent, producing four dominant political parties: PNI, Masyumi, NU, and PKI. Despite this success, the cabinet eventually resigned after fulfilling its role, passing the torch to the next government.

🚢 The Fall of Democracy and the Birth of the Djuanda Cabinet

This paragraph explores how political instability led President Sukarno to declare the end of Indonesia’s liberal democracy and propose the idea of 'Guided Democracy.' His vision was resisted by political parties, prompting him to take control by appointing himself to lead the government. This marked the formation of the Djuanda Cabinet, an extra-parliamentary government led by a non-partisan figure, aiming to stabilize the country amid increasing turmoil.

💵 Economic Reforms and Policies under Democracy Liberal

This section outlines the economic struggles during Indonesia's liberal democracy era. It explains significant economic policies such as the ‘Syafruddin Cut,’ aimed at reducing the currency in circulation to tackle inflation. Other reforms, including the nationalization of De Javasche Bank and the Alibaba system to promote collaboration between indigenous and Chinese-Indonesian businesses, were implemented but met with limited success, reflecting the broader economic challenges of the period.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Democracy Liberal

Democracy Liberal refers to a political system characterized by multiple political parties and the dominance of civilian politicians in parliamentary control. In the video, it describes Indonesia’s political system after gaining independence, where freedom for citizens was prioritized. The government transitioned into a parliamentary system under this framework following the dissolution of the Republic of Indonesia Serikat (RIS).

💡Multipartai System

The Multipartai System, or multi-party system, was implemented in Indonesia after independence, allowing the formation of numerous political parties. The script highlights how the system led to over 28 parties being formed, representing a variety of ideologies. This was a fundamental feature of Indonesia’s Democracy Liberal era, showcasing political diversity but also contributing to instability.

💡PNI (Partai Nasional Indonesia)

PNI, or the Indonesian National Party, was one of the major political parties during the Democracy Liberal era, representing nationalist ideologies. The video outlines how the PNI played a significant role in shaping Indonesia’s post-independence politics, often in opposition to other major parties such as Masyumi and PKI, contributing to cabinet instability.

💡Masyumi

Masyumi was a political party that represented modernist Islam in Indonesia. It was one of the four major parties during the Democracy Liberal period, often clashing with nationalist and communist factions, leading to frequent government changes. The script explains how Masyumi's leadership took part in shaping the early cabinets after Indonesia’s independence.

💡Cabinet Instability

Cabinet Instability refers to the frequent changes in government leadership during Indonesia's Democracy Liberal era. The video emphasizes that due to differing party interests, many cabinets failed to remain in power for long. Examples include the fall of the Natsir Cabinet, Sukiman Cabinet, and Wilopo Cabinet, all of which were unable to resolve political and economic issues effectively.

💡Mutual Security Act

The Mutual Security Act (MSA) was a treaty signed between Indonesia and the United States, which became a controversial issue leading to the fall of the Sukiman Cabinet. The video describes how this agreement was seen as aligning Indonesia with the Western bloc during the Cold War, contrary to Indonesia's principle of non-alignment, causing domestic political backlash.

💡Konstituante

Konstituante refers to the Constituent Assembly, which was formed following the 1955 elections to draft a new constitution for Indonesia. However, the assembly failed to complete its task, leading to its dissolution through a Presidential Decree in 1959. The video outlines how this failure contributed to the end of the Democracy Liberal period.

💡Sanering

Sanering, or the 'Gunting Syafruddin', was a drastic economic policy implemented in 1950 by Finance Minister Syafruddin Prawiranegara to cut the value of the currency in half for large-denomination notes. The video explains that this measure was aimed at reducing the budget deficit, but it was indicative of the economic struggles Indonesia faced during the Democracy Liberal era.

💡Gerakan Benteng

Gerakan Benteng, or the Fort Movement, was an economic policy initiated by Minister Sumitro Djojohadikusumo to promote local businesses and transition the economy from a colonial structure to a national one. It aimed to support Indonesian entrepreneurs but ultimately failed due to a lack of competitiveness. The video highlights this as one of the early economic struggles during the Democracy Liberal period.

💡Dekrit Presiden 5 Juli 1959

The Presidential Decree of July 5, 1959, was issued by President Sukarno, marking the end of the Democracy Liberal era and the beginning of the Guided Democracy period. The video explains that this decree dissolved the Konstituante and reinstated the 1945 Constitution, centralizing power under the president and reshaping Indonesia’s political landscape.

Highlights

Indonesia embraced a multiparty system after independence, marking the start of liberal democracy.

The first cabinet of the newly established Republic of Indonesia was the Natsir Cabinet, which fell due to a motion of no confidence.

Democracy liberalism in Indonesia featured a system with frequent cabinet changes, due to unresolved party conflicts.

One of the four major political parties during this era was the Indonesian National Party (PNI), representing the nationalist faction.

The downfall of the Sukiman Cabinet was caused by controversy over the signing of the Mutual Security Act, which aligned Indonesia with the Western bloc during the Cold War.

In 1952, a group of military officers led a demonstration demanding the dissolution of parliament, but President Sukarno refused.

The Tanjung Morawa incident, where local farmers were forcefully evicted, led to the fall of the Wilopo Cabinet.

Indonesia successfully held its first general election in 1955, which was hailed as a major democratic achievement.

The Ali Sastroamidjojo Cabinet made history by organizing the 1955 Asian-African Conference, strengthening Indonesia's international role.

President Sukarno expressed his discontent with liberal democracy and proposed Guided Democracy as a more fitting system for Indonesia.

The Djuanda Cabinet declared Indonesia's maritime boundaries, consolidating territorial unity through the 1957 Djuanda Declaration.

President Sukarno issued the 1959 decree, reinstating the 1945 Constitution and ending the era of liberal democracy.

The Syafruddin Cut (Gunting Syafruddin) was a financial policy that halved the value of certain denominations to combat economic instability.

The Benteng Program aimed to transform Indonesia's colonial economic structure by promoting native entrepreneurship, but ultimately failed.

The Alibaba Program sought collaboration between native and Chinese-Indonesian entrepreneurs but did not achieve its intended success.