RPH, CHAPTER 3: Sa Aking Mga Kabata and Code of Kalantiaw

Summary

The video discusses Chapter 3 of a course on Philippine history, focusing on historical interpretation and multiperspectivity. It highlights the importance of analyzing historical events through primary sources and understanding multiple viewpoints to avoid biased interpretations. The discussion also covers the historiographical problems in Philippine history, such as the Code of Kalantiaw and José Rizal's poem 'Sa Aking Mga Kabata,' illustrating how historical interpretations change over time. Students are encouraged to critically evaluate sources and interpretations to gain a richer, more complex understanding of the past.

Takeaways

• 📜 The chapter focuses on spaces for conflict and controversies in Philippine history.
• 🎯 Learning objectives include interpreting historical events using primary sources and recognizing the multiplicity of interpretations in historical texts.
• 🧐 Historical interpretation is the way historians analyze and explain past events, and different historians may have varying perspectives based on available evidence.
• 🔍 Multiperspectivity involves considering multiple viewpoints to study and interpret historical events, encouraging inclusive analysis.
• 🏛️ History is described as the study of the past, with an emphasis on understanding its impact on the present through consequences.
• 📚 Joffrey Barak defines history as the attempt to discover significant things about the past through fragmentary evidence, highlighting the importance of key elements in historical understanding.
• ⚖️ Historical interpretations can differ based on who interprets the source and when it was read, showing the dynamic nature of historical analysis.
• 🧐 Non-historians interpreting primary sources can sometimes do more harm than good, leading to misunderstandings.
• 📝 The Code of Kalantiaw, once considered a historical legal code, was later revealed as a hoax, demonstrating how historical interpretations can change over time.
• 🔁 Multiperspectivity emphasizes that historical narratives often contain contradictions and ambiguities, encouraging deeper inquiry and investigation into historical evidence.

Q & A

What are the main learning objectives of Chapter 3 in the Philippine History subject?

The main learning objectives include interpreting historical events using primary sources, recognizing multiple interpretations of historical texts, identifying the advantages and disadvantages of employing critical tools in interpreting historical events, and demonstrating the ability to argue for or against an issue using primary sources.

What is the concept of multiperspectivity in history?

Multiperspectivity in history refers to considering multiple viewpoints or perspectives when studying and interpreting historical events. It helps avoid one-sided or biased views and encourages a more inclusive analysis of the past.

How does historical interpretation differ from multiperspectivity?

Historical interpretation involves analyzing and explaining past events based on available evidence, while multiperspectivity focuses on incorporating multiple perspectives or viewpoints when studying those events. Interpretation is shaped by historians' biases and evidence, while multiperspectivity seeks to provide a broader, more inclusive understanding.

Why is it important for students of history to recognize different types of interpretations?

It is important for students of history to recognize different interpretations because interpretations of historical events can vary depending on the historian, available evidence, and biases. By recognizing these differences, students can critically evaluate historical narratives and avoid accepting one-sided or biased views.

What is the significance of primary sources in historical interpretation?

Primary sources are crucial in historical interpretation because they provide direct evidence from the past. However, interpreting them requires proper training, as misinterpretation of primary sources can lead to misunderstandings or biased views of historical events.

What is the Code of Kalantiaw, and why is it significant in Philippine history?

The Code of Kalantiaw was a purported legal code believed to have been established in 1433 in Aklan, but it was later revealed to be a historical hoax by William Henry Scott in 1968. Despite being debunked, some still consider it a legitimate document, highlighting the importance of careful historical interpretation.

What role does interpretation play in understanding historical events?

Interpretation is essential in understanding historical events because it helps historians analyze, explain, and make sense of the past. However, interpretations can differ depending on the historian’s perspective, biases, and the available evidence.

Why is it important to track changes in historical interpretations over time?

Tracking changes in historical interpretations over time is important because historical narratives evolve as new evidence emerges and societal views shift. Understanding these changes helps historians and students of history gain a more comprehensive understanding of the past.

What does the phrase 'history is not factual but a series of accepted judgments' mean?

This phrase suggests that history, though based on facts, is shaped by historians' interpretations and judgments. Different historians may present different versions of the same event, depending on their perspectives and biases, making history a subjective understanding of the past.

How can multiperspectivity help prevent biased views of history?

Multiperspectivity helps prevent biased views of history by encouraging the inclusion of different perspectives and viewpoints in the analysis of historical events. By considering multiple angles, historians can avoid presenting one-sided narratives and create a more balanced understanding of the past.

Outlines

00:00

📘 Introduction to Chapter Three: Spaces for Conflict and Controversies in Philippine History

This paragraph introduces Chapter Three of the course, which focuses on Philippine history and its conflicts and controversies. The objectives include interpreting historical events using primary sources, understanding multiple perspectives, and employing critical tools to analyze historical events. The paragraph emphasizes key concepts such as historical interpretation, multiperspectivity, and the process of making sense of the past.

05:01

🔍 Understanding Historical Interpretation and Multiperspectivity

The paragraph discusses two key concepts: historical interpretation and multiperspectivity. Historical interpretation involves analyzing and explaining past events based on available evidence and historian biases, while multiperspectivity encourages considering multiple viewpoints to avoid biased or one-sided interpretations of history. This approach offers a more inclusive analysis of historical events, helping to better understand the complexities of the past.

10:04

📚 Defining History and Historical Interpretation

The focus here is on defining history and its significance. History is not just about past events but how it impacts the present. The paragraph introduces historian Joffrey Barak, who emphasizes the importance of discovering significant elements of the past based on limited evidence. It also discusses how historical interpretation varies depending on the historian and their perspective, highlighting that accepted facts may change over time.

15:05

⚖️ The Role of Primary Sources in Historical Interpretation

This paragraph explains the critical role of primary sources in historical interpretation. While primary sources are essential, not everyone has access to them, and misinterpreting these sources can lead to misunderstandings. Students of history must learn to critically analyze these sources to avoid biased or incorrect interpretations, recognizing that interpretations of historical events change across generations.

20:08

📜 The Myth of the Code of Kalantiaw

The Code of Kalantiaw, once considered a legitimate legal document, is revealed as a historical hoax by scholar William Henry Scott. Scott's research, conducted in 1968, showed that the code was a work of historical fiction attributed to Jose E. Marco, rather than a legitimate pre-Hispanic source. This paragraph illustrates how false historical narratives can emerge and the importance of critical scrutiny when interpreting historical documents.

25:09

📝 Debunking José Rizal's ‘First Poem’

The paragraph examines the claim that José Rizal wrote a famous poem at the age of eight, debunking it by noting that no original manuscript exists. The poem was published in 1906 by Hermenegildo Cruz, who claimed to have received it from one of Rizal’s friends. However, there is no evidence to confirm this, and Rizal himself never mentioned writing it, highlighting the need for caution in accepting historical claims.

🔍 Multiperspectivity in Historical Analysis

The paragraph elaborates on the concept of multiperspectivity, which involves analyzing historical events, personalities, and cultures from different viewpoints. It warns that historians may introduce biases or omit critical information, and stresses the importance of using multiple sources to create a more balanced understanding of history. Multiperspectivity allows for deeper investigation and prevents one-sided interpretations of the past.

📖 Historiographical Problems in Philippine History

In this concluding paragraph, the speaker wraps up the discussion and previews the next section, which will focus on historiographical problems in Philippine history through case studies. The discussion in this video set the stage for understanding how historical interpretation evolves and how scholars approach conflicting or controversial narratives in Philippine history.

Keywords

💡Primary Source

A primary source refers to an original document, object, or piece of evidence directly from a historical period, used by historians to interpret events. In the script, it is emphasized that historians interpret historical events through primary sources, but also warns that without proper training, non-historians might misinterpret them, leading to misunderstandings.

💡Multiperspectivity

Multiperspectivity is the concept of analyzing historical events from various viewpoints or perspectives. It encourages inclusive analysis and helps avoid one-sided historical interpretations. The script highlights that multiperspectivity allows for a more complete and nuanced understanding of history by considering multiple sources and interpretations.

💡Historical Interpretation

Historical interpretation refers to how historians analyze and explain past events based on available evidence and their perspectives. In the script, historical interpretation is a key theme, showing how different historians might interpret the same event differently based on biases and evidence. This is exemplified in how interpretations of the past change over time.

💡Historiography

Historiography is the study of historical writing and methods of interpreting historical events. The script discusses 'historiographical problems in Philippine history,' meaning challenges in how history has been written or understood. It also addresses how historical narratives evolve based on the historians’ approaches.

💡Bias

Bias refers to a particular preference or point of view that can affect a historian's interpretation of historical events. The script explains how historians' biases can influence their analysis and lead to varying interpretations. Multiperspectivity helps counter these biases by encouraging the consideration of multiple viewpoints.

💡Code of Kalantiaw

The Code of Kalantiaw was a supposed ancient legal code in the Philippines, later revealed as a hoax. The script uses this case to demonstrate the potential dangers of misinterpreting historical sources. Historians such as William Henry Scott debunked the Code as fiction, emphasizing the need for careful evaluation of historical evidence.

💡Historical Fiction

Historical fiction refers to literature that uses historical events as a backdrop but includes fabricated or fictional elements. In the script, the Code of Kalantiaw is revealed as historical fiction created by Jose E. Marco, which was once believed to be real but was later disproved by historians.

💡Joffrey Barraclough

Joffrey Barraclough is mentioned as a historian who defined history as the attempt to discover significant things about the past based on fragmentary evidence. The script highlights Barraclough’s emphasis on the dynamic nature of history and how interpretations of the past are constructed from incomplete sources.

💡Rizal's Poem

The poem attributed to Jose Rizal, allegedly written when he was 8 years old, is another example of a debated historical source. The script points out that there is no manuscript of the poem in Rizal’s handwriting, and it is likely that Rizal did not write it. This serves as a case study of how historical sources can be misattributed or misinterpreted.

💡Critical Tools

Critical tools refer to the methods and strategies historians use to analyze and interpret historical events. The script mentions the importance of employing critical tools to distinguish between reliable and unreliable sources, helping historians make more accurate interpretations of the past.

Highlights

Introduction to Chapter 3 of the course on Philippine History, focusing on spaces for conflict and controversies.

Learning objectives include interpreting historical events using primary sources, recognizing multiple interpretations, and demonstrating critical analysis skills.

Key concepts covered: historical interpretation, multiperspectivity, and how historians analyze and interpret past events based on their perspectives and biases.

Multiperspectivity involves considering multiple viewpoints in interpreting historical events to avoid biased or one-sided analysis.

History is defined as the study of the past, with emphasis on how it impacts the present and future.

Joffrey Baraklaw's definition of history highlights the importance of focusing on key elements that contribute to meaningful understanding of the past.

Historical interpretations are not purely factual but consist of accepted judgments by historians, leading to various interpretations of the same events.

Primary sources are vital for historical analysis but may be misinterpreted by non-historians, causing misunderstanding and further problems.

Importance of recognizing different types of interpretations and how they may vary over time, especially when analyzing primary sources.

Discussion of the Code of Kalantiaw, a supposed ancient legal code, which was revealed to be a hoax by William Henry Scott in 1968.

Another case study: the poem 'Sa Aking Mga Kabata,' traditionally attributed to Jose Rizal, but its authorship is now questioned due to lack of evidence.

Multiperspectivity as an approach in history helps reveal discrepancies, contradictions, and ambiguities, offering more comprehensive insights.

Historians may omit or emphasize certain facts depending on their interpretations and biases, impacting how historical events are perceived.

Exploring multiple perspectives in history encourages further investigation, research, and a richer understanding of historical events.

Concluding with the idea that historical truths differ depending on sources, as ordinary people's perspectives may contrast with official documents.

Transcripts

good day everybody welcome back to our

subject our readings in Philippine

history and now we are in the chapter

three which is all about the Philippine

history we'll be talking about the

spaces for conflict and controversies so

with this let me show uh let me share

with you on board the learning

objectives of our chapter three first we

are going to interpret historical events

using primary source second is to

recognize the multiplicity multiplicity

of interpretation that can be read from

a historical

text third is to identify the advantages

and disadvantages of employing critical

Tools in interpreting historical events

through primary source and lastly to

demonstrate ability to argue for or

against a particular issue using primary

source so what we'll discuss we'll be

discussing about making sense of the

past historical

interpretation code

ofano and

multiperspectivity so let's start with

the making sense of the

past historical interpretation code of

Kalan and multiperspectivity so uh with

this no making sense of the past we want

uh to make sense of the past and knowing

the story behind that and that's why and

that's the way making sense of the past

so in this chapter uh we are going to

analyze the four historiographical

problems in Philippine history in an

attempt to apply what we have learned

thus far in the work of a historian and

the process of

storical inquiry so now what are the two

concepts that need to be defined before

proceeding to the historical an analysis

of problems in

history before we are going to discuss

the four Stog graphical problems in

Philippine history first is so the

interpretation and the multi-

perspectivity so of course we all know

Nam man that historical interpretation

this is how a

historian analyze examine prize the

historical past

events and

interpretation indicate action historian

in explaining the meaning of something

or explaining the past events so in the

context of

History interpretation refer the way

historian analyze and examine or explain

past events and take note that different

historians may

provide

interpretations

based

perspectives biases and the available

evidence senses to interpret the past

with the

concept and

helps historical viewpoints and that is

interpretation how about this

multiperspectivity more than one

perspective that is represented to the

reader or

people

study certain past events or in short

the word the word multi no from the word

multi

palang or dag perspective so therefore

we can say that multi perspectivity in

history involves

considering um multiple perspective or

viewpoints study and

interpret and

interpret

historical events and of

course concept

multiperspectivity it help

us

avoid onesided or bias view of history

and

encourage uh more inclusive analysis in

historical events so in short

multiperspectivity okay so now let's

proceed

so

because foundation for us to make sense

of the

past what's the meaning of history so

history is the study of the past no we

already discussed this in our PRM but a

more contemporary definition is centered

on how it impacts the present through

its

consequences sense

or hisorical

interpretation

story

or next um according to Joffrey Barak

law G Define history as the attempt to

discover on the basis of fragmentary

evidence the significant things about

the past so a little background about

jofrey baracon no j joof joof free Barak

was a historian and an author and

definition of

history about

importance or import historical research

need resarch to navigate the gaps and

limitations in the available

evidence

therefore um definition Joffrey

bar it uh it emphasizes the importance

of

identifying and focusing on the KE

elements that contribute to a meaningful

understanding of the past so emphasiz

Joffrey Barak and and we already

discussed in the previous discussion

about the historical

interpretation historical interpretation

that is involves the the theories and

examinations in of the past and also

historical interpretation do differ

depend no do differ depend on the person

or the

historian next

Joffrey also he also notes that history

we

read though based on facts is strictly

speaking not factual at all but a series

of accepted judgments

therefore statement jofrey

bar it underscores a dynamic process of

interpretation and different storian may

offer for different interpretations of

the same historical

events

multiperspectivity which is more than

one perspective that is

represented to the reader or people

study certain past

events next

is such judgments of historians in how

the past should be seen

make the foundation of historical

interpretation that means the the

Judgment made by

historians shape the way we understand

and interpret the past and historians

take note

historians utilize facts collected from

primary sources of history and and then

draw their own reading so that their

intended audience May understand the

historical events in the process that in

essence make sense of the past so the

premise is not

only or is not is that not all because

primary sources are accessible to a

general audience take note H primary

sources are accessible to a general

audience and without the proper training

and

background non

historian

historian interpreting a primary source

may do harm than

good and a primary source may even cause

misunderstanding

sometimes resulting in more

problems and interpretation of the past

therefore four vary According

To

Source primary

source primary

source and as a student of History camo

you must be all equipped to recognize

different types of

interpretations why this may differ from

each other and how critically sift this

interpretation through

historical um

evaluation and here interpret

interpretations of historical events

change over time so change every

generation to generation thus

it is an important skill for a student

camo student of History to track these

changes in an attempt to understand the

past so now we're going to track some of

the historical events that change over

time first we have this making sense of

the P of code of

kalania code of C

is a is a mythical legal code in the

epic history of maragas it was a source

of Pride for the people of aklan alanod

ofan before it was revealed as a hawks

or canang malicious

or the other definition of malicious is

numerous but it was revealed as a

malicious or e

a historical a historical marker was

installed in the town of batan in aklan

year 1956 with the following

text mythical code code

of so SI dat bindara kaltio sha third

chief of

P

establish government in

Peninsula aklan

s considered the the The First Filipino

law G Giver s dat vendara

Kalan dat vend vendara

Kalan

promulgated in

about 14 3 3 a penal code known as Penal

Code Penal

Code about

penalties penal code again in about 1433

a penal code now known as the code of

Kalan 18

articles and S Don Marcelino Orelia of

Zaragoza Spain

he obtained the original manuscript

though from an old chief of panai which

was later translated into Spanish

Raphael

Moro

Z so

magod

of Marcelino Orel

translate into Spanish Rafael Mor

Z

next it proved as a foxk in

1968 no when William Henry Scott William

Henry

Scott when William Henry Scott then a

doctoral candidate at the University of

Santo Tomas defended his research on

prehispanic sources in Philippine

history so William Henry

Scott

attributed the code to a historical

fiction oh historical fiction written in

1913 NE Jose e Marco titled L anas Lees

de esas degros or in English

translation uh the ancient

Legends of the island of

Negros Jose e

Marco and he Marco attributed the code

itself to a priest named Jose Maria

pavon Jose Maria pavon

capil and The prominent Filipino

historian did not desent to Scots F

findings but there are still some who

would like to believe that the code is a

legitimate document therefore a

non-historian interpreting a primary

source may do harm than good a primary

source even cause misunder understanding

and sometimes even resulting in more

problems

next interpretation of the past

therefore May

VAR who reads the primary source when it

was read and how it was read so of

course as a student of History you must

be well equipped to recognize different

types of

interpretation why this made differ from

each other and many more because

interpretation of historical events

change over time thus it is an important

skill for a student of History to track

this changes in an attempt to understand

the past so now we're going to track

another historical events that change

over time again in the code of kaltio it

is

clear specific person

code of and that's the sense of making

and that's uh the sense of the

past next another making sense of the

past are you familiar with this

p is a p purportedly written by rile

again

purportedly

is a so P pero

purportedly written by Jose Ral when he

was 8 years old and is probably one of

ral's most prominent

works this form there is no evidence to

support

CL there is no evidence to support the

claim that this form with with the now

imortal is was written by Ral and worse

the evidence against Ral authorship of

the pal seems all

unassailable or not not

liable there exist no manuscript of the

pois the manuscript of the poem

handwritten by

R the poem was first published in

1906 by Herman gildo Cruz take

not publish a p herminigildo Cruz in

1906 and herminigildo he received the

pal

from Gabriel biato Francisco n claimed

to have received it in

1884 from result's close friend SI

saturnino

Riles however

Ral never never mentioned writing this

PO anywhere in his writings and more

importantly and never mention having a

close friend by the person of

Riles so therefore no original

manuscript in result's own hand exists

for

traditionally believe to be his first

home and it is important therefore to

subject to

evaluation not only the primary source

but also the historical interpretation

of the same to ensure that the current

interpretation is reliable to support or

acceptance of events of the past

now it's clear there is no

manuscript and here making sense of the

past will be talking about the

multiperspectivity it is defined as a

way of looking at historical events

personalities developments cultur s in

societies from different perspectives

this means that there is a multitude of

ways by which we can view the world and

historical writing is by definition bias

partial and

contains

preconceptions therefore the historians

decides on what sources to use what

interpretation to make more apparent

depend depending on what his end is

and historians may misinterpret

evidence attending to those that suggest

that a certain event happened and then

ignore the rest of goes against evidence

also historians may

omit historians may omit significant

facts about their

subject which makes the interpretation

and balance and impose a certain

ideology to their subject which may not

be appropriate to the period of the

subject was prom and historians may also

provide a single cost for an event

without considering other possible

casual explanation of the said events

and with

multiperspectivity as an approach in

history again it is an approach in

history we must understand that

historical interpretations contain

discrepancies

contradictions ambiguities and are often

the focus of

desent exploring multiple perspective in

history requires incorporating Source

materials that reflect

different views of an event history

because historical

narratives do not provide or space to

inquire and

investigate hisorical

evidence and different sources that

counter each other May create space for

more investigation and research while

providing more uh evidences for those

truth that these sources agree

on therefore in conclusion different

kinds of sources also provide different

historical truths and official document

may not different may may note different

aspect of the past than say a mure of an

ordinary person on the same event and it

proves for the audence a more complex

but also a more complete and

richer understanding of the past so for

the next video

presentation uh we are going to

know historiographical problems in

Philippine history which are the case

studies so thank you so much everybody

for listening our uh discussion about

the introduction of our chapter three

thank you so

much