Lesson 3 Carbohydrates, Part 1 (Part 2)

Summary

This script delves into the world of carbohydrates, focusing on oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. It explains oligosaccharides as polymers of 3 to 9 sugar units, crucial for cell recognition and exemplified by blood type markers on red blood cells. Polysaccharides, made of many monosaccharides, include cellulose, chitin, starch, and glycogen, serving various functions like structural support and energy storage. The script also touches on monosaccharide reactions like oxidation, reduction, and glycoside formation, highlighting their importance in biological processes.

Takeaways

• 🔬 Oligosaccharides are polymers composed of 3 to 9 monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.
• 🌐 They are typically found attached to cellular structures, such as being bound to sphingolipids or proteins.
• 🆔 Oligosaccharides play a crucial role in cellular identity and recognition, acting as a sort of cellular barcode or ID.
• 🩸 An example of oligosaccharides' function is in determining blood types, with ABO blood markers being oligosaccharides containing three or four sugar units.
• 🚫 Type O blood is the universal donor because its oligosaccharides are a subset of those found in other blood types, whereas type AB is the universal receiver.
• 🍚 Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrate molecules made up of many monosaccharides linked together.
• 🌾 Examples of polysaccharides include cellulose, chitin, starch, and glycogen, which serve various functions like structural support and energy storage.
• 🔗 The type of glycosidic linkage (alpha or beta) in polysaccharides determines their function, with cellulose and chitin having beta linkages and starch and glycogen having alpha linkages.
• 🌱 Cellulose is a major structural component of plants, composed of beta D-glucose units, while chitin provides structural support in invertebrates like insects and crustaceans.
• 🥔 Starch, found in plants, and glycogen, found in animals, are energy storage polysaccharides with alpha glycosidic linkages.
• 🔄 Monosaccharides undergo various chemical reactions including oxidation, reduction, isomerization, esterification, and glycoside formation.

Q & A

What are oligosaccharides?

Oligosaccharides are polymers composed of 3 to 9 monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds. They are typically found attached to cellular structures and play a crucial role in cellular identity and recognition.

How do oligosaccharides function in cell recognition?

Oligosaccharides act as a barcode or ID on the cell surface, particularly in the plasma membrane, allowing cells to be recognized by other cells in the body.

What is the significance of oligosaccharides in blood type determination?

The type of oligosaccharides present on the surface of red blood cells determines a person's blood type. These oligosaccharides contain either three or four sugar units.

Why is blood type O considered a universal donor?

Blood type O is considered a universal donor because the saccharide units found in type O blood are also found in other blood types, making it less likely to cause a reaction when donated.

What are polysaccharides?

Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate molecules made up of many monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic linkages.

What are the two types of polysaccharides?

There are two types of polysaccharides: homopolysaccharides, which are made up of only one type of monosaccharide, and heteropolysaccharides, which are made up of different types of monosaccharides.

What is the role of cellulose in plants?

Cellulose is a major structural component of plants, particularly in wood and plant fibers. It provides mechanical strength due to hydrogen bonding between its linear chains of beta D-glucose units.

How does starch differ from cellulose?

Starch differs from cellulose in that it is a storage carbohydrate in plants, with alpha glycosidic linkages instead of beta. It is composed of amylose (linear) and amylopectin (branched) chains.

What is glycogen and where is it typically found?

Glycogen is a highly branched polymer of alpha D-glucose that serves as a stored carbohydrate in animals. It is typically found in the liver and muscle cells.

What are the five reactions that monosaccharides can undergo?

Monosaccharides can undergo oxidation, reduction, isomerization, esterification, and glycoside formation.

How does the oxidation of glucose provide energy for cells?

The oxidation of glucose is a process that generates energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration, involving the transfer of electrons and the production of acids like gluconic acid.

Outlines

00:00

🌐 Understanding Oligosaccharides

Oligosaccharides are polymers composed of 3 to 9 monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds. They are typically found attached to cellular structures, such as sphingolipids or proteins. These molecules play a crucial role in cellular identity and recognition, acting as a barcode or ID for cells. An example is the blood markers found on red blood cells, which are made up of oligosaccharides containing three or four sugar units. These markers determine a person's blood type. Type O blood is considered the universal donor because its oligosaccharides are a subset of those found in other blood types, allowing it to be donated to any recipient without causing an adverse reaction.

05:00

🍚 Exploring Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrate molecules made up of many monosaccharides linked together. They are categorized into homo-polysaccharides, which consist of a single type of monosaccharide, and heteropolysaccharides, which consist of different types. Four major examples of polysaccharides are cellulose, chitin, starch, and glycogen. Cellulose and chitin have beta glycosidic linkages and serve structural roles in plants and invertebrates, respectively. Starch and glycogen, with alpha glycosidic linkages, function as energy storage in plants and animals. Starch comes in two forms: amylose, a linear polymer, and amylopectin, a branched polymer. Glycogen is highly branched and found in the liver and muscle cells of animals. Chitin is found in the exoskeleton of invertebrates and cell walls of algae, fungi, and yeast.

10:01

🔄 Reactions of Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides can undergo various chemical reactions, including oxidation, reduction, isomerization, esterification, and glycoside formation. Oxidation involves the transfer of electrons, where aldehyde groups in sugars can be oxidized to form carboxylic acids, known as sugar acids. Reducing sugars, which can donate or accept electrons, are important for cellular energy production. Reduction reactions yield sugar alcohols like sorbitol and xylitol, used as sweeteners. Isomerization involves the rearrangement of atoms, such as the shift of a hydrogen atom and relocation of a double bond, leading to the formation of isomers like D-glucose and D-fructose. Esterification occurs when hydroxyl groups react with acids to form esters, altering the chemical and physical properties of sugars. Phosphate esters, formed during carbohydrate breakdown, are crucial for energy provision. Glycoside formation involves the reaction of a cyclic hemiacetal or hemiketal with an alcohol to create a glycosidic linkage.

Keywords

💡Oligosaccharides

Oligosaccharides are polymers composed of 3 to 9 monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds. They play a crucial role in cellular identity and recognition as they form patterns on the cell surface, acting as a sort of cellular barcode or ID. In the script, oligosaccharides are used as an example to explain the ABO blood group system, where the presence or absence of certain oligosaccharides on the surface of red blood cells determines a person's blood type.

💡Glycosidic Bond

A glycosidic bond is a type of chemical bond that links monosaccharide units together to form larger carbohydrate molecules like oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. The script explains that these bonds are crucial for the structure and function of carbohydrates, with different types of glycosidic bonds (alpha or beta) influencing the properties and roles of the carbohydrates.

💡Cell Recognition

Cell recognition is a biological process where cells identify and respond to signals from their environment or other cells. In the context of the video, oligosaccharides are highlighted as key players in cell recognition because they can act as markers or identifiers on the cell surface. This is exemplified by how blood type is determined by the specific oligosaccharides present on red blood cells.

💡Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are large carbohydrate molecules composed of many monosaccharide units linked together. They are categorized into homo-polysaccharides, which consist of a single type of monosaccharide, and hetero-polysaccharides, which consist of different types. Polysaccharides serve various functions, including energy storage and structural support, as seen with starch and glycogen in plants and animals, respectively.

💡Homo-polySaccharide

A homo-polysaccharide is a type of polysaccharide made up of only one kind of monosaccharide unit. An example from the script is cellulose, which is composed solely of beta-D-glucose units. These types of polysaccharides often serve structural roles in organisms, such as cellulose providing rigidity in plant cell walls.

💡Hetero-polySaccharide

Hetero-polysaccharides are composed of more than one type of monosaccharide. An example mentioned in the script is starch, which can be broken down into two types: amylose (a linear polymer) and amylopectin (a branched polymer). These molecules are important for energy storage, with different structural properties due to the varying linkages of their monosaccharide units.

💡Glycogen

Glycogen is a highly branched homo-polysaccharide made up of alpha-D-glucose units. It serves as the primary form of energy storage in animals, found mainly in the liver and muscle cells. The script explains that glycogen is more branched than amylopectin, allowing for efficient storage and quick release of glucose when energy is needed.

💡Chitin

Chitin is a linear homo-polysaccharide similar to cellulose, composed of beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units. It provides structural support in the exoskeletons of invertebrates like insects and crustaceans, as well as in the cell walls of fungi and yeast. The script highlights chitin's role in offering mechanical strength due to its beta glycosidic linkages and hydrogen bonding.

💡Reduction

Reduction in the context of the script refers to a chemical reaction where the aldehyde or ketone groups of monosaccharides gain electrons, resulting in the formation of sugar alcohols. This process is significant in the metabolism of sugars and the production of compounds like sorbitol and xylitol, which have applications as sweeteners.

💡Esterification

Esterification is a chemical reaction where the hydroxyl groups of sugars react with acids to form esters. This process is important in the metabolism of carbohydrates, as it can lead to the formation of phosphate esters, which are intermediates in energy production. An example given in the script is the formation of beta-D-glucose 6-phosphate from beta-D-glucose and ATP, which is a crucial step in glycolysis.

💡Glycoside Formation

Glycoside formation is a reaction where a cyclic hemiacetal or hemiketal from a monosaccharide reacts with an alcohol to form a glycosidic linkage, creating a glycoside. This process is significant in the formation of various biologically active compounds, including those with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antihypertensive properties.

Highlights

Oligosaccharides are polymers made up of 3 to 9 monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds.

Oligosaccharides are typically found attached to cellular structures, unlike other carbohydrates.

They are bound to sphingolipids or proteins and play a role in cellular identity and recognition.

Oligosaccharides act as a barcode or ID that identifies the specific cell type.

Blood markers in red blood cells are made up of oligosaccharides containing three or four sugar units.

The type of oligosaccharides present on the surface of red blood cells determines blood type.

Type O blood is considered the universal donor because it lacks certain saccharide units found in other blood types.

Polysaccharides are made up of many monosaccharides linked together in long chains.

Polysaccharides can be either homopolysaccharides, made up of one type of monosaccharide, or heteropolysaccharides, made up of different types.

Examples of polysaccharides include cellulose, chitin, starch, and glycogen.

Cellulose and chitin have beta glycosidic linkages and are important for the structure of organisms.

Starch and glycogen have alpha glycosidic linkages and serve as carbohydrate storage in plants and animals, respectively.

Starch is composed of amylose (linear) and amylopectin (branched) polymers of glucose.

Glycogen is a highly branched polymer of glucose found in the liver and muscle cells of animals.

Chitin is similar to cellulose in structure and function, providing mechanical strength to exoskeletons of invertebrates and cell walls of algae, fungi, and yeast.

Monosaccharides undergo various reactions including oxidation, reduction, isomerization, esterification, and glycoside formation.

Oxidation of monosaccharides involves the transfer of electrons and can produce energy for organisms.

Reduction of monosaccharides yields sugar alcohols such as sorbitol and xylitol.

Isomerization of monosaccharides involves a shift in the hydrogen atom and relocation of the double bond.

Esterification of monosaccharides changes their chemical and physical properties, forming esters like phosphate esters.

Glycoside formation occurs when a cyclic hemiacetal or hemiketal from a monosaccharide reacts with an alcohol to form a glycosidic linkage.

Transcripts

Okay The Next question is what are

oligosaccharides so oligosaccharides

from from the term or the Greek word

igos so these are polymers that are made

up of 3 to9 monosaccharide units joined

by glycosidic Bond so si

oligosaccharides is made up of how many

3 to9 na Sugar units and

oligosaccharides are typically they are

found attached to cellular

structures d siya unlike The Other ano

other types of carbohydrates si

oligosaccharides they are usually makita

na t sila na naka-attach sa cells and

they are found bound to sphingolipids or

proteins and then oligosaccharides um

they have a very very important role in

cellular identity or

recognition because Itong mga oligo

sacares they have a pattern that is

found in the extracellular meaning sa

labas ng Cell in the plasma membrane

particularly and they act as a barcode

or an ID that identifies the specific

cell type okay so again their function

is in Cell to cell recognition meaning

para ma para ma recognize sa onong body

Saan siang type sa cell that is the

function of oligo rides Let's have an

example so the very example for this one

is

the the blood markers that we can find

in our blood red blood cells Okay so

natin mga abo blood markers and we can

these are found in the red blood cells

and these blood markers Actually are

made up of oligosaccharides that contain

either three or four sugar units so

makita this one Okay so n ang Legend

kung na siya glucose siya and acy gluc

samine etc and then these are

oligosaccharides so the ones that are so

it's made up of um 3 to9 na saak ride

units and then again They they act as

markers ID for cell recognition So In

our blood na na makita dito ngang

oligosaccharides and the type of

oligosaccharides that are present in the

surface of our red blood cells will

determine your blood type okay so again

kung sa naigo sa rides ang makita sa

surface red blood cell that will

determine kung saong blood typ so kindly

Look at this illustration

here so as you can see This is um blood

type O blood type a blood type B blood

type ab ito Iyung Legend Okay so ito

iyung mga sugar or saccharide units that

are attached to the surface ito yung mga

oligo saes okay that are attached to the

surface of the red red blood cells and

again this will act as a barcode or ID

to

distinguish one type of blood cell to

another okay and as you can see class

Ano nga Iyung tinatawag nating universal

blood donor okay when we say universal

blood donor it means It is a type of

blood that it is a blood type that can

donate to other blood types other TY

okay so the universal blood donor

Actually is type O And why is that ngano

maka-date man si type O kay a b or ab

the answer to that is if you are going

to look at the oligosaccharides or the

saccharide units that is that are found

in type O gamay lang compared to the

other blood types gamay lang Actually

ang sacar units are found in the blood

type O so therefore if si blood type O

mag-donate siya kah blood type a then

walay problema because the saccharide

units that are found in blood type O are

also found in blood type a So if si

blood type O mag-donate po si Kay blood

type B wala Poy problema because the

saccharide units that are found in blood

type O are also found in blood type B

okay and the same is true if magdonate

si o kay ab So it means kung magdonate

si o sa other blood types since kay

gamay naman i ang sacar units these

sacar units are also found in other

blood types and therefore um d mo react

atong Lawas no Kasi walang something

foreign na ma-detect si ang atong Lawas

so It will be accepted by our Bodies

however the reverse cannot be done So if

for example si ab mag-donate siya kay

blood type o dili na siya pwede why that

because if you can see Uh as you can see

rather yung ah blood type ab daghan

siyang mga saccharide units na wala si

blood type O So kung salinan mo si blood

type O blood type ab then a mga

saccharide units Dito na si ab na Wala

kay o and therefore the body will detect

that as foreign and since it is foreign

to the body the body will attack it and

that can be deadly okay pwede siyang

mag-cause of of

death that's why ab cannot donate to o

kasi nga meron siyang saccharide units

na wala si o and o will detect that or

the body of that person who has blood

type O will detect that as foreign the

same is true if C type B magdonate siya

kay blood type O Dili pwede kasi meron

siyang suar units na wala si o and then

sa type a is del mo siya pwedeng

maka-date kay o kay ngaan na siya mga

saade units na wala si type O Okay so si

type O is a universal donor but it

cannot receive from other blood types si

ab siya ang universal receiver kasi it

can receive from other blood

types

Okay Now let's go to the

question What are polysaccharides so

polysaccharides This is the last

classification of um carbohydrates so

when we see polysaccharides these are

made up of many monosaccharides that are

linked together and It's a polymeric

carbohydrate molecule because polymeric

because it's a very already a huge um

molecule meaning it is already made up

of long chains of monosaccharide units

bound together by glycosidic linkages so

kan siya kay made up na G siya of many

many many na mga monosaccharide units

and if we are going to hydro

polysaccharides We will

um We will see the monosaccharide and

disaccharide units and then there are

two types of polymer of polysaccharides

we have homo polysaccharide and

heteropolysaccharide so from the term

itself homo polysaccharide homo which

means same so ma siya ang type sa

polysaccharide that is made up of only

one type of monosaccharide while si

heteropolysaccharide naman is made up of

um different types of monosaccharides

Okay so more than one type of

monosaccharide makes up

heteropolysaccharide

now there

are at least four major examples of

polysaccharides the Cellulose the kitin

starch and glycogen and Please take note

of the glycosidic linkage or bonds ng

Cellulose at saka kittin Okay Cellulose

and kittin their um glycosidic Bond is

beta so it's beta glycosidic linkages

and both Cellulose and kittin are

important for the structure of organism

so makita na si Cellulose o ktin sa

structure so they are Actually

structural materials now starch and gly

naman they are also polysaccharides but

their um glycosidic linkage is Alpha

Okay so Alpha glycosidic linkages and

they serve as carbohydrate storage sa

plants for starch and then animals sa

glycogen okay and the type of glycosidic

linkage determines the

function Okay so the first example is

Cellulose Cellulose is a major

structural component of plants

particularly sa wood and plant fibers

and again itong Cellulose It is a linear

homo polysaccharide so It is just

composed of one type of monosaccharide

which is beta d glucose and all of the

sugar units are linked in beta 144

glycosidic bonds so Iyung glycosidic

Bond ni Cellulose is beta glycosidic

bonds and one f kasi yung Carbon one is

attached to the fourth Carbon So that's

why one for glycosidic bond and

individual polysaccharide chains are

hydrogen bonded together which gives the

plant fibers their mechanical

strength next is starch or starches so

these are polymers with Alpha d made up

of Alpha d glucose that occur in plant

cells so These are the stored

carbohydrates found in plants and

usually a starch granules in in the

cytosol and note that the linkage for

starches is Alpha

linkage Okay which is lahi siya kay Ong

sa Cellulose Saito ' ba beta linkage so

again starches are Alpha linkage and the

type of searches that can can be

distinguished from one another by their

degrees of chain branching so there are

different types of um searches we have

two types

Actually so we have the amylose which is

a linear polymer of glucose with all the

residues or sugar units linked Together

by Alpha 14 bonds So this one is

amylose so linear lang siya na starch

and Alpha 14 ihang bonds Okay and then

si Amel pic naman is branch siya na

chain polymer we in with the branches

starting at Alpha 16 linkages along with

a chain of one four linkages so we have

here The Chain which is nakbun siya sa

14 Alpha 14 linkages so Iyung Carbon one

is attached to Carbon 4 but then akong i

highlight the is that May branch siya or

branch up So see um Carbon one is

attached to the carbon 6 So it creates

branches and That's the difference

between the two si Amel is linear it

doesn't have branches Well see Amel ptin

has

branches and then because starch are

storage molecules there must be a way

for releasing the glucose from starch

when the organisms Uh need energy So

kung tah low ang sugar sa

plants so there must be a wave para

ma-release ang glucose and of course

plants and animals they have enzymes

that hydrolyze starches so sea plants

and of course animals we do have enzymes

for breaking down starch the next one is

glycogen so glycogen is a Branch chain

polymer made up of Alpha d glucose and

like amylopectin

glycogen consists of a chain of Alpha

144 linkages with one si linkages at the

branch points mur siyang katong sa Amel

ptin na nag branch siya but the main

difference between glycogen and

amylopectin is that glycogen is more

branch or highly branch si and when an

organism needs energy various degree

degradative enzymes remove

glucosidase and Can you see glycogen

these are stored sugar sa animals and

usually we can find it in the liver and

in muscle cells

now the last polysaccharide that we are

going to discuss is itong kittin Okay so

kittin is similar siya kay Cellulose

because it is

um in an structure in function because

ktin also has a linear homo

polysaccharide with all the the sugar

units link at beta one for glycosidic

linkage so linear din siya na homo

polysaccharide at saka yung type ng

kanyang glycosidic Bond is beta and then

like Cellulose kitin plays a structural

role and has a fair amount of mechanical

strength because hydrogen bonds Hold the

individual strengths so the same po siya

kay Cellulose na yang function is for

mechanical strength and it is also held

by hydrogen bots and Where can we find

kittin we can find kittin and the

exoskeleton of invertebrates such as in

the insects and also in the crustaceans

so mga lobsters shrimp um crab so we can

find kitin in their exoskeleton we can

also find it in the cell walls of alga

fungi at saka yeast so kaning gahi na

portion ' ba kaning

ah exoskeleton sa kaning particular na

bakukang Okay and then sa kaning crab

Okay di na makita si ktin their

exoskeleton is made up of kite

Now let's go to the reactions of

monosaccharides what are the different

reactions that monosaccharides undergo

so we Actually have five oxidation

reduction isomerization

esterification and glycoside glycoside

formation By the way class It is just an

overview of the reaction so we will not

delve

detailed into reactions so these are

just

overview so first we have oxidation so

oxidation um so the chemical reactions

of carbohydrates are largely that of the

hydroxyl and carbonic groups so Iyung

nag-participate G sa chemical reactions

sa carbohydrates kay ang hydroxyl ug ang

carbonyl

groups so the aldehyde and the ketone

group in sugars can undergo redox

reactions to produce new substances and

By the way when we say red

that means reduction oxidation and these

are reactions that involve transfer of

electrons Okay so to recall when we say

oxidation these are substances na

naglose o electrons so just remember the

term Leo so lose electrons oxidation so

when we say the compound is oxidized

meaning the compound lost electrons and

then when the substance gains

that means

nerg reduction so just remember the term

Okay which stands for gain electrons

reduction so when we say that the

compound is reduced what we mean by that

is that n gain electrons and then

oxidation of sugar is provides energy

for organisms to care out their life

processes important oxidation example

iung oxidation ng glucose gives cells

their energy in the form of ATP and then

aldehyde groups can be oxidized and they

give the carboxyl group which is

characteristic of acids So if the

aldehyde group mag-undergo si o

oxidation it will form acids and the

term for that is sugar acid okay and

Actually mai ang Reaction na ginagamit

na to test for the present of aldos yung

mga ketos naman okay so those

monosaccharides that have a ketone group

they can also undergo oxidation Pero in

the presence of an oxidizing agent ketos

are rearranged to aldose and then they

will undergo oxidation to form a sugar

acid and then This is an example So if

the oxidation of an aldehyde group will

give us aldonic acid so for example the

oxidation of the glucose will give us

the gluconic acid and yyung

carbohydrates that can undergo oxidation

they are called reducing

sugars okay now reduction so when we say

reduction these are these are reactions

wein yyung aldehyde and ketone group Uh

will undergo reduction and that will

yield sugar alcohols Okay so G tawag po

natin sila aldi tos alds and then again

if si aldehyde at saka si ketone group

undergo of reduction meaning magin like

electrons that will give us sugar

alcohols and Actually two compounds Uh

that are formed from reduction of

aldehydes and ketones um we have C litol

and sorbitol these are Actually

derivatives

kikan sila sa

cul sa servos and sil sa commercial um

commercial na ah products no such as the

act or they are used as sweeteners sa

chewing gum o sa candy so kanang

pampatamis ang mga candy saong chewing

gum so on siya we can find sorbitol and

Salol

there the third um reaction is

isomerization so monosaccharides can

also undergo types several types of

isomerization

so for example si D glucose if ibutang

mo si sa alkaline solution after several

hours Uh we can we can see n d manos d

fructose again de glucose D manos and d

fructose are isomer of each other

because they have the same chemical

formula pero L lang ilahang arrangement

sa

atoms and both isomerization involve an

in molecular shift sa hydrogen atom and

relocation the Double Bond So that's

what happens ma relocate ma shift ang

hydrogen atom ma relocate po double bond

and the inter that na compound that is

form is we call that as an inidal so for

example in here the

glucose undergoes isomerization and

inidal intermediate is formed and then

that will

form the D fructose and d Man

can see the one in the highlighted sa

blue na nachange na na- shift ang

hydrogen atom so for example in the d

glucose at saka si D manos nag na

shifting na nahitabo sa oh o sa h So

this one the oh and the h while in the

def fructose nag-shift G ang hydrogen

atom o angang double Bond so sa glucose

and Double Bond is makita nait siya sa

sa last na Carbon atom pero sa fructose

na siya sa ikaduha or within the

chain the fourth one is esterification

and esterification happens when hydroxyl

groups of sugars react with acids and

form

esters so ma- form ang esters if yung

hydroxyl or yung oh ng sugars will react

with acids and that will form esters and

esterification changes the sugar's

chemical and physical properties yung

mga um particularly important na mga

esters or sugar esters is yyung um

phosphate esters and they are actually

intermediates that are found in the

breaking down of carbohydrates provide

energy and phosphate esters are

frequently formed by the transfer of

phosphate group from ATP to give the

phosphorylated sugar and adp so for

example we have beta d glucose and again

ATP donates one phosphate group so now

the phosphate group is attached to the

um beta d glucose and it now becomes a

phosphate Ester which is beta d glucose

6 phosphate and then na apoy um

na-produce na

adp okay and the last reaction is the

glycoside formation Now When the cyclic

hemiacetal Or cyclic hemiketal

from the monosaccharide reacts with

alcohol then a new linkage is form which

is the glycosidic linkage and the

compound is now called a glycoside Okay

remember um katong agag ang open chain

na Sugar undergo siya cyc

um mahim na siyang ring form ' ba

remember if the alcohol reacts with um

an aldehyde the compound that is form is

an a hemi acetal Okay pero if the ketone

reacts with

alcohol then the compound that is form

is hemiketal

and for this example now we have methyl

alcohol reacts with um Alpha d gluc

Paran noose

okay and that will form this glycoside

which is methyl Alpha de glucopyranose

in as

antioxidants anti-inflammatory and then

antihypertensive So basically they are

very important in our

Bodies Okay so that ends the first part

of Uh the discussion on lesson three

carbohydrates you can now proceed to

lesson two which is metabolism of

carbohydrates Okay so if you have any

questions feel free to ask me okay and

thank you for listening