Introduction to Discourse Analysis
Summary
TLDRThis lecture introduces discourse analysis, a method for understanding spoken or written text by examining its context. It explains that discourse encompasses everything that gives meaning to text, including speaker, context, and time. The lecture also discusses the importance of analyzing discourse to uncover speakers' intentions and the two types of text: spoken and written. Examples are given to illustrate how discourse analysis can be applied to determine meaning in conversations and answer questions about dialogues. Various approaches to discourse analysis are mentioned, including pragmatics, social linguistics, conversation analysis, and systemic functional linguistics.
Takeaways
- π Discourse analysis is the study of how meaning is created in language beyond the sentence level.
- π£οΈ It involves looking at the speaker, the text, and the context in which communication occurs.
- π¬ Discourse can be spoken or written, including utterances, sentences, paragraphs, and more.
- π The goal of discourse analysis is to understand the speaker's intention and the meaning of the text in context.
- π Discourse analysis considers various factors like time, context, and social interactions to interpret meaning.
- π£οΈ Spoken text includes dialogues and utterances, which can have multiple interpretations depending on the context.
- βοΈ Written text encompasses any form of written communication, such as letters, books, or digital messages.
- 𧩠Discourse analysis helps in understanding the correct meaning of words or phrases by analyzing the surrounding context.
- π It can be applied to solve problems or answer questions based on a given text or dialogue.
- π There are several approaches to discourse analysis, including pragmatics, sociolinguistics, conversation analysis, and systemic functional linguistics.
- π These approaches help to uncover the intended meaning of language by examining the function, context, and social aspects of communication.
Q & A
What is discourse analysis?
-Discourse analysis is the process of understanding spoken or written language by paying attention to everything that gives meaning to the text.
What is the difference between spoken and written text?
-Spoken text is language that is spoken, like an utterance, while written text is language that is in written form, such as a book or a document.
How can discourse analysis help in understanding the meaning of a text?
-Discourse analysis helps by considering the context, social aspects, conversation patterns, and the functions of language to find the intended meaning of the speaker.
What is the role of context in discourse analysis?
-Context plays a crucial role in discourse analysis as it provides the setting in which the language is used, helping to determine the intended meaning of the text.
Can you provide an example of how discourse analysis is used in the script?
-Yes, in the script, the example of analyzing the phrase 'what's up' in different contexts (classroom, casual conversation) shows how the meaning can change based on the discourse.
What are the approaches to discourse analysis mentioned in the script?
-The approaches mentioned are pragmatics, social linguistics, conversation analysis, systemic functional linguistics, and ethnography of communication.
How does conversation analysis contribute to understanding discourse?
-Conversation analysis contributes by examining turn-taking patterns, the length of speakers' turns, and other interactive aspects of discourse to uncover the intended meaning.
What is the significance of systemic functional linguistics in discourse analysis?
-Systemic functional linguistics is significant as it views language not just as a form but also as a function, helping to understand how different linguistic structures can convey different meanings.
How can discourse analysis be applied to an English test?
-Discourse analysis can be applied to an English test by analyzing the context and language used in dialogues to infer the correct answers to questions about speakers' identities or the settings of conversations.
What is the importance of understanding the speaker's intention in discourse analysis?
-Understanding the speaker's intention is important in discourse analysis because it helps to accurately interpret the meaning behind the text, which is crucial for effective communication.
How does the script illustrate the application of discourse analysis in identifying a speaker's role?
-The script illustrates this by analyzing dialogues containing keywords like 'mail', 'package', 'prescription', and 'medicine' to deduce that the speakers are likely postal workers or pharmacists.
Outlines
π Introduction to Discourse Analysis
This paragraph introduces the concept of discourse analysis within the field of linguistics. It explains that discourse analysis involves understanding the meaning of spoken or written text by considering the context, speaker, and other factors that contribute to meaning. The paragraph gives examples of spoken text like 'hello' and written text like a paragraph in a book. It emphasizes that discourse analysis is not just about the text itself but also about the speaker's intention and the context in which the text is produced. The paragraph also touches on the practical application of discourse analysis in understanding the meaning behind utterances and written statements.
π Analyzing Discourse: Methods and Applications
The second paragraph delves into the practical application of discourse analysis, highlighting different approaches such as pragmatics, social linguistics, conversation analysis, and systemic functional linguistics. It explains how these approaches help in understanding the meaning of discourse by considering factors like context, social aspects, turn-taking in conversations, and the function of language. The paragraph also provides examples of how discourse analysis can be used to infer the location of a conversation (e.g., a florist's shop) and the roles of speakers in a dialogue (e.g., identifying a pharmacist). It concludes by emphasizing the importance of these methods in uncovering the intended meaning behind spoken or written text.
Mindmap
Keywords
π‘Discourse Analysis
π‘Text
π‘Context
π‘Pragmatics
π‘Social Linguistics
π‘Conversation Analysis
π‘Systemic Functional Linguistics
π‘Spoken Text
π‘Written Text
π‘Utterance
π‘Turn-Taking
Highlights
Introduction to discourse analysis in linguistics
Discourse analysis focuses on understanding text in context
Discourse includes everything that gives meaning to text
Examples of text include spoken words, written sentences, and paragraphs
Discourse analysis helps to find the speaker's intention
Text can be classified into spoken and written forms
Spoken text includes utterances like greetings or questions
Written text encompasses written communication like books or notes
Discourse analysis is applied to understand meaning in dialogues
Analyzing discourse can reveal the correct meaning of utterances
Context plays a crucial role in understanding spoken language
Discourse analysis can be used to solve English test questions
Identifying the speaker's role through discourse analysis
Determining the conversation's location by analyzing discourse
Approaches to discourse analysis include pragmatics, social linguistics, conversation analysis, and systemic functional linguistics
Pragmatics focuses on the context of conversation
Social linguistics considers the social aspects of language use
Conversation analysis looks at turn-taking and speaker length
Systemic functional linguistics examines the function of language
Five approaches to understand discourse and extract meaning
Discourse analysis can be applied to both spoken and written text
Transcripts
okay welcome back to the introduction to
linguistics class and today we will
discuss about introduction to discourse
analysis okay
so previously we have talked about the
psycholinguistics phonetics and
phonology morphology syntax semantics
and pragmatics a little so today we will
discuss about introduction to discourse
analysis okay so the question is when we
are having this topic what is discourse
analysis alright let's check so in our
daily interaction we can describe the
process like this there is a speaker and
then we have the text and then we have
here so everything that is written or at
search by the speaker is called text
vertex everything that is written or
spoken by the speaker is for example is
like when you are saying hello that is a
text and then you write
the book is here that is all subtext and
then you have a paragraph that is also a
text so the question is what is
discourse analysis discourse analysis is
the process of understanding attacks by
paying attention to everything that
gives meaning to this text that's it so
we can describe it like this so when
when we want to understand a text what
we have to pay attention is everything
that gives me that gives meaning to this
X that is what we call discourse so
simply we can say that this chorus is
anything like the speaker is like the
context time and everything that gives
meaning to this next like oh when
someone is saying do you like it and
then we can understand the word it from
the speaker when we are analyzing the
discourse for example is your friend say
do you like it
bye and while giving you a chocolate for
example and then you know it refers to
the chocolate because you have the
discourse so this course is everything
that gives meaning to a text and then
that is what we are going to analyze in
discourse analysis what is the use the
use is by analyzing the discourse we can
find the right meaning as the intention
of the speaker in our daily interaction
that's it so text is the object of
discourse analysis as we can see in the
previous slide and this text can be
classified into two types the first
classification is the spoken text spoken
text is a rating that is spoken like the
name the example is when someone is
saying what's up yeah the utterance
what's up now we can understand it has
more than one meaning the first one is
what's up means what is happening or
asking for your condition what's up
in bahasa and SF can say that as a pocke
bar or something like that
what is the right meaning yet to find
out the right meaning we have to analyze
the discourse for example katika in our
classroom someone is crying and then you
are saying what's up the person crying
is part of the discourse and then we can
find the meaning of what's up is at the
upper not Ibaka bar that is what we call
this chorus now this is the second type
of the text is what we call written text
it is like the writing free or any other
writing that is in written form and both
of these are closed are included in the
classification of texts
both are texts okay now that we have
talked about this one let's move to the
next part an English test for example we
can use this discourse analysis to find
the correct answer for example for
number one we want to we want to figure
out or we want to know who is the woman
most likely here you have the right
thing woman it means we are talking
about the who is the second speaker
right so let's check the complete
dialogue I'd like to mail this package
please first our second class here we
can see some clues that becomes the
discourse like mail and then you have
package and then you have class then you
have first or second from this discourse
we can answer this question
yeah by analyzing this discourse we can
answer this question seeing this one I
believe that everyone is agreeing or
everyone agrees that the answer is a
postal worker so we can guess we can
find out who a person is by analyzing
the discourse the other one is when we
have this question where does this
conversations will probably take place
we can guess or we can understand the
location by paying attention to the
dialogue and then analyze
the discourse here we have at a some
keyword like flowers and then okay it
means they are talking about flowers and
perhaps they are in a florists shop
because this one is about the price also
so they are not in a garden because they
have the transaction it also works for
number three who is the woman most
likely to be the second speaker here we
have the complete one and then we can
analyze the discourse here we have the
prescription and then take a seat and
then you have your medicine ready for a
moment and I believe everyone can
understand that the second speaker or
the woman is a pharmacist okay that's it
now when we want to understand the
discourse is it like popping out in our
mind directly without thinking for
example in some case yes however in our
discourse analysis we have some
approaches that we can use to analyze
the discourse so here we have pragmatic
social linguistics at mcgoofy
conversation analysis and systemic
functional linguistics so pragmatics as
we can see we can find the meaning in by
using this one by studying this one
because this part is focusing mostly in
the context of the conversation and then
we also have social linguistics so we
can find the real meaning by paying
attention to the social aspect that's
why it is called socio linguistics
ethnography of communication so we are
talking about the unag Rafi whatever
involves in the conversation like who is
speaking where they are talking when are
they talking and everything involved
this is also the approaches so we can
understand someone's meaning like paying
attention to the complete one we'll
discuss this later
then we also use conversation analysis
that turn-taking resemble or the length
of the speaker is talking we can see the
real meaning or different
by analyzing the discourse using this
approach or the latest one is we are
having systemic functional linguistics
an approach a theory that says language
is not just a forum it also has function
and then by seeing the function like
when you are saying a sentence inactive
and then you are saying a sentence in
passive they have different meaning then
you can find it in systemic functional
linguistics so we can use this five s
approaches to understand a discourse so
we can find the right meaning of
someone's text whether it is in spoken
form or it is in written form and we
will discuss this later okay that's it
thank you for the attention and good
luck
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