Immunology Map - Immune Cells
Summary
TLDRThis educational video series, titled 'Immunology Map,' delves into the immune system's intricacies, focusing on the origin and journey of immune cells. Stemming from bone marrow stem cells, these cells mature in various tissues, exemplified by T-cells in the thymus and B-cells in lymph nodes. The series distinguishes between innate and adaptive immune cells, highlighting key players like neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. It also touches on natural killer cells and their unique ability to identify and eliminate abnormal cells without external signals.
Takeaways
- ๐ The video series focuses on the immune system and lymphatic system, termed the 'Immunology Map'.
- ๐ฌ The immune cells originate from stem cells in the bone marrow, which differentiate into various types of white blood cells.
- ๐ Stem cells in the bone marrow produce precursor cells that migrate to different tissues for maturation and activation.
- ๐ง The bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells that give rise to both the innate and adaptive immune cells, as well as red blood cells.
- ๐ฆ Myoid progenitor cells from the bone marrow produce innate immune cells like granulocytes, mast cells, and macrophages.
- ๐ Granulocytes include basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils, each with specific roles in immune response.
- ๐ฌ Lymphoid progenitor cells give rise to cells of the adaptive immune system, including T-cells and B-cells.
- ๐ก๏ธ T-cells mature in the thymus and play a critical role in cell-mediated immunity, while B-cells mature in the lymph nodes and produce antibodies.
- ๐ Dendritic cells act as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems by presenting antigens to T-cells.
- โ๏ธ Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular cells that can kill abnormal cells, such as tumor cells or cells infected by viruses, without prior activation.
- ๐ The video script also mentions the process of maturation and activation of immune cells in different tissues and organs.
Q & A
What are the two main types of progenitor cells that stem cells give rise to?
-The two main types of progenitor cells that stem cells give rise to are the lymphoid progenitor cell and the myeloid progenitor cell.
What is the primary function of the lymphoid progenitor cell?
-The primary function of the lymphoid progenitor cell is to give rise to cells that are part of the Adaptive immune system.
How does the myeloid progenitor cell contribute to the innate immune system?
-The myeloid progenitor cell gives rise to immune cells that are part of the innate immune system, such as granulocytes and monocytes.
What is the role of the erythroblast in the body?
-The erythroblast eventually matures into a red blood cell (erythrocyte), which is crucial for transporting oxygen to different tissues and removing carbon dioxide from the body.
What are the main functions of platelets produced by megakaryocytes?
-Platelets play a critical role in initiating hemostasis and repairing tissues.
How do granulocytes get their name, and what are the three types of granulocytes produced in the bone marrow?
-Granulocytes get their name because they contain granules. The three types of granulocytes produced in the bone marrow are basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils.
What is the primary function of basophils in the immune system?
-Basophils promote allergic responses and are important for defense against parasites.
What is the role of neutrophils when they enter the bloodstream?
-Neutrophils are the fast-acting cells that go to the site of inflammation or damage the quickest and are the most abundant white blood cells.
How do mast cells differ from other granulocytes?
-Mast cells differ from other granulocytes because they do not circulate like basophils and neutrophils; instead, they stay in the tissue.
What is the primary function of monocytes and their derivative, the macrophage?
-Monocytes circulate in the bloodstream and, upon entering tissues, become macrophages, which are antigen-presenting cells that also engulf pathogens.
What is the role of immature dendritic cells in the immune system?
-Immature dendritic cells play a crucial role as they connect the innate and adaptive immune systems by entering tissues, taking up antigens, and presenting them to adaptive immune cells.
How do natural killer cells differ from other immune cells?
-Natural killer cells are unique because they can kill abnormal or infected cells naturally without the need for signals from other cells.
Outlines
๐งฌ Bone Marrow and Immune Cell Development
The first paragraph introduces the focus of the video series on the immune system, particularly the lymphatic system. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the origin and journey of immune cells. The video begins with the bone marrow, which contains hematopoietic stem cells that produce precursors of white blood cells. These precursors, or immature cells, leave the bone marrow and enter the bloodstream, eventually maturing in different tissues. For instance, T-cells mature in the thymus, while B-cells activate in the lymph nodes. The paragraph also explains the division of stem cells into lymphoid and myeloid progenitor cells, whichๅๅซ give rise to cells of the adaptive and innate immune systems. The myeloid progenitor cells can further develop into various cells, including red blood cells, platelets, and granulocytes, which play critical roles in oxygen transport, hemostasis, and defense against parasites.
๐ฌ Granulocytes and Other Myeloid Cells
Paragraph two delves into the specifics of granulocytes, a group of cells that contain granules and are produced in the bone marrow. It describes the transformation of band basophils into basophils in the bloodstream, which promote allergic responses and defend against parasites. Similarly, band eosinophils become eosinophils that kill antibody-coated parasites, and band neutrophils become neutrophils, which are the first responders to inflammation or damage sites. The paragraph also discusses the non-granular myeloblast, which matures into a mast cell in tissues and contains granules, and the promonocyte, which becomes a monocyte in the bloodstream and a macrophage in tissues, playing roles in antigen presentation and pathogen consumption. Additionally, the myeloid progenitor cell gives rise to immature dendritic cells, which are crucial for connecting the innate and adaptive immune systems by presenting antigens to adaptive immune cells.
๐ก๏ธ Adaptive Immune Cells from Lymphoid Progenitors
The third paragraph discusses the lymphoid progenitor cells, which primarily give rise to cells of the adaptive immune system. It explains that the lymphoid progenitor cell can develop into immature dendritic cells and natural killer (NK) cells, the latter being large granulated cells that can kill abnormal cells like tumors and are crucial for fighting infections. NK cells are unique because they can kill without needing signals from other cells. The paragraph also covers the development of T-cells and B-cells from lymphoid precursors. T-cells mature in the thymus, while B-cells, initially expressing only IgM antibodies, can become plasma cells or memory cells upon activation. Plasma cells secrete antibodies, and both memory cells and plasma cells are vital components of the adaptive immune system. The paragraph concludes by noting that natural killer cells can also arise from the thymus, but for simplicity, they are considered to come from the bone marrow.
Mindmap
Keywords
๐กImmune System
๐กLymphatic System
๐กBone Marrow
๐กStem Cells
๐กLymphoid Progenitor Cells
๐กMyeloid Progenitor Cells
๐กT-cells
๐กB-cells
๐กNatural Killer Cells
๐กDendritic Cells
๐กGranulocytes
Highlights
The Immunology Map series focuses on the immune system and lymphatic system.
Immune cells originate from stem cells in the bone marrow.
Stem cells produce precursor or immature white blood cells.
Precursor T-cells mature in the thymus, and immature B cells go to lymph nodes for activation.
Bone marrow is part of the lymphatic system and contains hematopoietic stem cells.
Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to immune cells including red blood cells.
Stem cells divide to produce lymphoid or myeloid progenitor cells.
Myeloid progenitor cells produce cells of the innate immune system.
Myeloid progenitor cells can give rise to various immune cells including erythrocytes and platelets.
Granulocytes, containing granules, are produced in the bone marrow.
Neutrophils are the most abundant and fast-acting immune cells.
Mast cells, containing granules, do not circulate and stay in tissues.
Macrophages, derived from monocytes, are antigen-presenting cells and consume pathogens.
Dendritic cells connect innate and adaptive immunity by presenting antigens to adaptive immune cells.
Lymphoid progenitor cells give rise to adaptive immune cells.
Natural killer cells arise from the bone marrow and are important against tumors and infections.
Lymphoid precursor cells travel to the thymus to become T-cells.
B cell precursors express IgM antibodies and can become plasma cells or memory cells upon activation.
T-cells and B-cells are key lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system.
The next video will explore where immune cells travel to in different tissues and other organs of the immune system.
Transcripts
Armando huran biology and Medicine
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graphics these series of videos we look
at the immune system as well as the
lymphatic system to some extent and so I
Nam these series of videos the
Immunology map because we're
concentrating predominantly on the immun
system and so to study the immune system
we have to know the about the immune
cells where do they come from and where
do they go so in this video we'll
concentrate on the immune immune cells
specifically and to learn about the
immune cells we have to start from where
they came from which is the bone marrow
so before looking at the main big map
we're just going to draw uh a small map
and look at the overview of what we're
actually going to learn today so the
bone marrow we have what's called stem
cells and these stem cells produce
precursor or immature lucos sites the
white blood cells and once these uh
white blood cells are there in the bone
marrow they will leave the bone marrow
into the bloodstream over here and the
lucco sites will migrate to different
areas different tissues for further
maturation or for further activation for
example and for an example of this is
the precursor t- cell which matures in
the thymus and the immature B cell
which goes to the lymph nodes to become
activated now let's look at the big
Immunology map now remember the previous
diagram was just an overview to see what
we're going to learn in this video this
part one so we begin with the bone
marrow where the lucco sites come from
the bone marrow is important it's part
of the lymphatic system and it contains
cells known as the plop poent
hematopoetic stem cells and these cells
these plottin stem cells the these cells
are the ones that give rise to the
immune cells including red blood cells
as well um what what happens actually is
that these ploen stem cells divide to
produce two types of cells first it
divides to produce either the lymphoid
progenitor cell which later will mostly
give rise to cells part of the Adaptive
immune system or the ploen stem cell can
um divide to produce the myoid
progenitus cell and the myoid progenitor
cell will later typically produce immune
cells which will be part of the innate
immune system so now for Simplicity let
us begin um with the myoid progenitor
cell and what these cells can give rise
to can divide and give rise to so
firstly the myoid progent cell uh can
divide to give rise to what's called an
arthr blast and AR blast can later give
rise to a reticular side the reticular
side will then leave the the bone marrow
and circulate in the bloodstream where
later on it will mature to become an
arthy or a red blood cell and a red
blood cell is important for our body
because the red blood cells the
erythocytes is what carries oxygen
transports oxygen to different tissues
and removes carbon dioxide from our body
to be exhaled
out the M progen cells can also divide
to produce what's called a Mega karote
Blast which will later give rise to a
Mega carot this Mega carot will actually
still stay in the bone marrow but will
secrete um molecules known as platelets
and platelets play a critical role in
the immune system in that it is
important in initiating hemostasis and
repairs of tissue for example and they
circulate all around our body by the way
before I continue it should be noted and
stressed that I'm not including all the
names of all the types of cells that
will give rise to um each of the immune
cells I'm only including the names of a
couple of cells um for Simplicity anyway
continuing on the M progena cell can
also give rise to What's called the
myoblast and the myoblast can give rise
to a variety of cells a variety of cells
um and these variety of cells include a
group of cells known as granulocytes and
granulocytes are interest are special
because these are the cells which
contain granules hence the granulo
before the
site and the three Granulos ites um
which will be produced in the bone
marrow are the band basophil the band
EOP and the band
neutrophil other cells that the myoblast
will produce that is not a granulo side
is the mass cell precursor and the pro
mono
side whenever a cell has a precursor or
a pro within it it means that it's not
yet that particular cell yet so for
example the mass precursor means that
it's not a m cell but it will will
become a Mel and the pro monoy means
that it's not a monoy yet but it will
become a
monoy so what will happen to these cells
or what will become of these cells when
once they leave the bone marrow well the
band basophil will become a basophil
once it enters the
bloodstream and the role of basophils is
to promote allergic responses and they
are important against for defense
against parasites the band is copil
similarly will become an Ashy and
theophil role is that it kills um
antibody coded parasites essentially so
they're important against parasites the
bad
nutrifil will become a nutrifil once
enters the bloodstream and the
neutrophils are the fast acting one and
they and they essentially go into the
sight of inflammation or site of damage
the quickest and it's the most abundant
lucco sites neutri neutrophils are also
known as polymorphic lucites because
they contain uh many nucleuses three now
these are the three granular sites and
as you can see where when in the bone
marrow their granules are are not
present yet but once they they're in the
bloodstream they have these granules and
so they're ready and these Granulos
sites they typically circulate through
the bloodstream and essentially wait for
a particular response or uh chemicals to
Signal them to go to an area where they
where they are needed now the
non-granular sites the musel precursor
when it leaves the bone marrow it will
still become a Mel
precursor but it will become a mast cell
once it enters tissues mass cells
interestingly contain also granules but
they are not part of the Granulos side
group why well it's because they mels do
not circulate like the basophil eils and
neutrophils they stay in the tissue the
other type of cell is a proom monoy
which when it leaves a bone marrow it'll
become a monoy and a monoy will
circulate around the bloodstream but
when it enters tissues it will become a
maccrage so in the bloodstream it's a
monoy in the tissues it's a maccrage and
macres as we all know are antigen
presenting cells and it also eats up
pathogens now finally the myoid
progenitor cell can also give rise to
immature dendr dritic cells and immature
dendritic cells once it leaves the bone
marrow it will still become an immature
dendritic cell a dendritic cell role is
important because it is the connection
between the innate and the Adaptive
immune
system its role is to enter tissues the
peripheral tissues and then uptake
antigens from the peripheral tissues and
then present them as antigen presenting
cells to the Adaptive immune cells and
so the dendritic cells as we as I just
noted is the is important because it
connects the innate immunity and the
adaptive immunity and we'll learn about
the dric cells a lot more later on now
let's look at the lymphoid progenitor
cells which also uh came from the poop
poent stem cell now the lymphoid
progenitor cell as I mentioned earlier
typically gives gives rise to the
Adaptive immune cells uh this is true
away first of all the lymphoid
progenitor cell will give rise to two
cells which are not really part of the
Adaptive immune system these cells are
also the immature dendritic cell which
as we talked about is a connection
between the inate and IND of immunity
and the lyo progenitor cell will also
give rise to immature natural killer
cell a immature natural killer cell when
it leaves the bone marrow to the
bloodstream it will become a natural
killer cell natural killer cell is
important they are large granulated
cells which kill abnormal looking cells
or abnormal cells such as tumors and
they're also important against
infections what's crazy about them or
why they are called natural killer cells
is because they kill cells naturally
without the need of other signals from
other cells so when they see something
bad they will just kill
it now now let's talk about the Adaptive
the main adaptive immune cells so the
lymphoid gender cell will give rise to
um a lymphoid precursor now this
lymphoid precursor will then leave the
bone marrow and will still become a
lymphoid precursor but it it will travel
to the thymus and will mainly become a
te- cell so it becomes a te- cell in the
thymus so okay why doesn't this cell
just be called the t- cell precursor or
the immature t- cell well this is
because the Lim oid precursor can
actually also give rise to other types
of cells in the thymus but it will
mainly give rise to t- cells because we
need t- cells in our
body okay I hope you understood that now
the lympo progena cell will also give
rise to B cell precursors which will
Express once in the bloodstream only IGM
antibodies so now because this is an
immature B cell it's still not
activated a B cell when we think of B
cells we think of antibodies because
later on when the B cell is activated
and it matures it can become uh two
types of cells plasma cells or memory
cells which if it's a plasma cell it
will be able to secrete antibodies and
these are and these two types of cells
the memory cells and the plasma cells
are important part of the Adaptive
immune system and we'll talk about these
cells later on if you don't understand
it a point to make is that the the t-
cell the soon to be t- cell and the B
cell are the two important
lymphocytes which are part of the
Adaptive immune
system another interesting thing is that
the natural killer cells here they can
not only arise from the bone marrow but
they can also arise from the thymus from
the lymphoid precursor cell which will
travel to the thymus and that's
something interesting to note but we'll
just say for now that the natural killer
cells come from the B marrow and so
looking back at this small diagram we
learned how uh the stem cell produced
many types of lucco sites precursor and
immature ones and that it will go into
the bloodstream and in the bloodstream
it will travel to different tissues in
the next video part two we will look at
where some of these immune cells will
travel to the different tissues it will
go to and we'll learn about other organs
which are part of the immune system and
the lymphatic system
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