Equality, Capability and Human Rights

Summary

The speaker discusses the capability approach, developed by economist Amartya Sen, emphasizing its role in integrating equality and human rights. They introduce key concepts like substantive freedom and capability, and how it values individual lives over collectives. The talk covers the equality measurement framework, which uses this approach to assess inequality in various life areas. Criticisms such as individualism, idealism, and lack of specificity are addressed, along with the framework's strengths in promoting policy change.

Takeaways

• 📚 The capability approach is a framework for understanding and addressing injustice, focusing on what individuals are enabled to do and be.
• 👧 The approach captures various forms of injustice, such as a schoolgirl unable to participate in a trip due to financial constraints, highlighting inequality of outcome and opportunity.
• 👴 It also considers constraints on choice and control, like an elderly person receiving home care with no say in their meal choices or schedule.
• 🏢 The capability approach acknowledges discrimination and lack of respect, exemplified by a gay couple being refused a hotel room.
• 🌟 Developed by philosopher and economist Amartya Sen, the capability approach emphasizes substantive freedom, or the freedom to achieve important things in life.
• 🔑 The concept of 'capability' is central, referring to what an individual is enabled to be and do, influenced by personal characteristics, social context, resources, rights, and societal structures.
• 🔄 The approach promotes integration of equality and human rights by aligning values such as fairness, respect, equality, dignity, and autonomy.
• 📊 It accounts for variations in need between individuals, suggesting that different people may require different resources to achieve the same standard of living.
• 🌈 The capability approach is multidimensional, incorporating both objective and subjective outcomes, such as housing security and self-respect.
• 📈 The equality measurement framework applies the capability approach to monitor inequality and human rights, using international human rights frameworks to guide the selection of capabilities.
• 🏛 It critiques traditional income inequality measures for not considering differences in need and instead evaluates equality of outcome, autonomy, and process.

Q & A

What is the capability approach?

The capability approach is a theoretical framework developed by philosopher and economist Amartya Sen. It focuses on evaluating individual well-being in terms of the range of valuable 'functionings' a person can achieve, rather than just their resources or utilities.

How does the capability approach differ from traditional economic measures of well-being?

The capability approach emphasizes 'substantive freedom' or the real freedom to achieve important things in life, contrasting with traditional measures that focus on income or utility. It considers individual capabilities as the key to evaluating well-being.

What are the three types of inequality that the capability approach identifies?

The capability approach identifies three types of inequality: inequality of outcome, inequality of process, and inequality of autonomy. These refer to disparities in what people achieve, how they are treated, and the degree to which they can shape their circumstances, respectively.

How does the capability approach integrate considerations of equality and human rights?

The capability approach integrates equality and human rights by focusing on the actual capabilities people have to lead the lives they value. It aligns with human rights principles such as fairness, respect, equality, dignity, and autonomy, and can be used to monitor compliance with human rights standards.

What is the Equality Measurement Framework and how does it relate to the capability approach?

The Equality Measurement Framework is an application of the capability approach that was developed to monitor inequality and human rights. It uses a set of capabilities derived from international human rights instruments to evaluate the state of equality and human rights in a given context.

Why is the capability approach considered both a strength and a weakness for its multi-dimensionality?

The capability approach is considered a strength for its multi-dimensionality because it can incorporate both objective and subjective outcomes, reflecting the complexity of human well-being. However, it is also seen as a weakness because it requires a significant amount of data and information across various domains of life, which can be challenging to gather.

How does the capability approach address the criticism that it is too individualistic?

While the capability approach focuses on individual well-being, it does not ignore the role of communities, groups, and structures. It acknowledges that individual capabilities are shaped by various social and environmental factors, including family, community, and national/global contexts.

What are some of the practical applications of the capability approach mentioned in the script?

The capability approach has been used by various organizations such as the Equality and Human Rights Commission for Great Britain, government equalities offices, Children's Commission in England, local governments, public service organizations like the NHS, and local equality networks.

How does the capability approach handle the criticism that it is too abstract or academic?

The capability approach is grounded in a strong theoretical foundation, which allows it to be defended against charges of being arbitrary. However, there is an ongoing task to translate these abstract principles into concrete examples that are relevant to people's daily lives.

What are the potential radical implications of the capability approach if taken seriously?

If the capability approach is taken seriously, particularly with an emphasis on equality of capability, it can highlight significant structural constraints on people's capabilities. This could lead to radical policy implications, challenging existing social and economic structures to ensure a more equitable distribution of capabilities.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to the Capability Approach

The speaker begins by introducing the capability approach and its potential role in integrating equality and human rights. They use hypothetical examples to illustrate different types of injustices such as a schoolgirl unable to afford a trip, an elderly person with limited choices in home care, and a gay couple denied a hotel room. These examples highlight issues of inequality, constraints on choice, and discrimination. The speaker then outlines the plan for the discussion, which includes an introduction to key concepts, using the capability approach to monitor inequality and human rights, its applications, addressing criticisms, and summarizing its strengths and weaknesses.

05:02

🌟 Key Concepts of the Capability Approach

The capability approach, developed by philosopher and economist Amartya Sen, is explained with a focus on substantive freedom, which is the freedom to achieve important things in life. This is contrasted with negative freedom, emphasizing the ability to participate in society and pursue personal goals. The term 'capability' is central, referring to what an individual is enabled to be and do, influenced by personal characteristics, social context, resources, rights, and societal structures. The approach is useful for thinking about equality and human rights as it promotes integration of values such as fairness, respect, equality, dignity, and autonomy.

10:02

🔍 The Equality Measurement Framework

The speaker discusses the equality measurement framework, an application of the capability approach, which involves identifying and prioritizing capabilities of concern. It accounts for variations in need between people, focusing on what individuals are enabled to do rather than just outcomes. The framework is multi-dimensional, incorporating both objective and subjective outcomes, and addresses three parts of equality: outcome, autonomy, and process. The framework uses characteristics protected under equality legislation for analysis and breaks down inequality into three components: outcome, process, and autonomy.

15:04

🌐 International Human Rights and Capabilities

The selection of capabilities in the equality measurement framework is guided by international human rights frameworks, resulting in 10 domains with extensive subdomains. These capabilities were identified through a deliberative consultation process involving the public, particularly groups at risk of discrimination. The capabilities were then translated into empirical measures, such as the percentage of different groups who have experienced violence. The framework has been used by various organizations to evaluate equality and human rights.

20:05

🤔 Criticisms and Interpretations of the Capability Approach

The speaker addresses criticisms of the capability approach, including its individualistic focus, potential distraction from wealth redistribution, and being seen as both idealistic and an apology for capitalism. They explain that while the approach is centered on individuals' lives, it does not ignore the role of communities and structures. The approach treats income as a means to an end, not an end in itself, and can have radical implications depending on its interpretation. The speaker emphasizes the importance of the analytical framework behind the capability approach in understanding how to expand capabilities.

25:05

🔗 Integrating Equality and Human Rights

The speaker summarizes the capability approach's potential for integrating equality and human rights. They acknowledge its informational demands, the potential weakening of the link to legally enforceable rights, and its academic and abstract nature. However, they also highlight its strengths, such as being multi-dimensional, grounded in theory, and adaptable to local contexts. The speaker concludes by inviting further discussion and providing a link for more information on the equality measurement framework.

Keywords

💡Capability Approach

The Capability Approach is a theoretical framework developed by economist and philosopher Amartya Sen. It focuses on evaluating the freedom or real opportunities individuals have to achieve valuable 'functionings' or states of being in life. In the video, this approach is used to discuss inequality and human rights, emphasizing the importance of looking beyond just resources or income to consider what people are truly able to do and be.

💡Injustice

Injustice refers to unfairness or the violation of rights, which is a central theme in the video. The script uses hypothetical examples to illustrate different types of injustices, such as a school girl unable to participate in a trip due to financial constraints or a gay couple being refused a hotel room, to motivate the discussion on the role of the capability approach in addressing such issues.

💡Substantive Freedom

Substantive Freedom is a core concept within the capability approach, contrasting with negative freedom. It refers to the real opportunities individuals have to achieve outcomes they value. The video explains that this concept moves beyond mere absence of interference to consider the actual ability to participate in society and pursue personal goals.

💡Capabilities

Capabilities, in the context of the capability approach, are the various things a person is able to do or be. They are shaped by personal characteristics, social surroundings, resources, rights, and broader societal structures. The video uses the capability to participate fully in school life or to go on holiday without fear as examples to illustrate this concept.

💡Equality

Equality is a central theme in the video, particularly in relation to how the capability approach can integrate considerations of equality into human rights frameworks. It is discussed in terms of outcome, autonomy, and process, with the approach aiming to address various forms of inequality beyond just income or resources.

💡Human Rights

Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, and the video discusses how the capability approach can be used to monitor and evaluate these rights. The approach is seen as a tool to promote the integration of human rights values such as fairness, respect, and dignity into policy and practice.

💡Inequality of Outcome

Inequality of outcome refers to disparities in what people achieve or attain, such as income, health, or education. The video uses this concept to discuss one aspect of inequality that the capability approach seeks to address, emphasizing that it's not just about income but about what income allows people to do.

💡Inequality of Process

Inequality of process pertains to how people are treated or the procedures they go through, which may be fair or discriminatory. The video highlights this concept as part of the capability approach's focus on ensuring people are treated with dignity and respect, not just in terms of outcomes but also in the processes that affect their lives.

💡Inequality of Autonomy

Inequality of autonomy is about the degree to which individuals can shape their own lives and have agency. The video discusses how the capability approach considers the constraints and opportunities individuals have to make choices and control their circumstances as a form of inequality.

💡Disaggregation

Disaggregation is the process of breaking down data to analyze specific subgroups within a population. In the video, this concept is used in the context of the capability approach to analyze inequality by various characteristics such as gender, age, disability, etc., to better understand and address disparities.

💡Measurement Framework

The Measurement Framework mentioned in the video is an application of the capability approach used to monitor inequality and human rights. It involves translating capabilities into measurable indicators, such as the percentage of people who have experienced physical violence, to assess the state of equality and human rights in society.

Highlights

The capability approach is introduced as a tool for integrating equality and human rights approaches.

Three hypothetical examples are presented to illustrate different types of injustices.

The capability approach captures inequality of outcome, constraints on choice, and discrimination.

Substantive Freedom is defined as the freedom to achieve important things in life.

Capability is described as what an individual is enabled to be and do, influenced by personal characteristics, resources, rights, and societal structures.

The capability approach promotes the integration of equality and human rights by aligning values such as fairness, respect, and autonomy.

The approach accounts for variations in need between individuals, such as additional income for disabled persons.

Both objective and subjective outcomes are incorporated, such as housing and self-respect.

The concept of equality in the capability approach includes equality of outcome, autonomy, and process.

The equality measurement framework is an application of the capability approach for monitoring inequality and human rights.

The framework uses international human rights frameworks to guide the selection of capabilities.

The capability to live in physical security is translated into empirical measures, such as the percentage of people who've been victims of violence.

The equality measurement framework has been used by various organizations to evaluate equality and human rights.

Critics argue that the capability approach is too individualistic, ignoring the importance of groups and communities.

The approach is also criticized for potentially reducing the focus on wealth redistribution.

The capability approach is accused of being both hopelessly idealistic and an apology for capitalism.

The approach is informationally demanding, requiring extensive data gathering across various domains of life.

The capability approach is seen as both a weakness and strength for its lack of a pre-specified list of capabilities, allowing for adaptation.

Transcripts

I've been invited to talk about the

capability approach and what role it

might play in helping to integrate

equality and human rights approaches but

I thought it might help to start by

motivating our discussion with some

hypothetical examples of the types of

Injustice we might be interested in

trying to capture and indeed to

tackle the first example is a school

girl who's unable to participate in a

school trip but because her parents are

unable to afford it the second example

is an elderly person receiving home care

services but given no choice over what

the meal is that he receives or when he

receives it perhaps only being helped to

get out of bed in the morning uh as late

as 10:00 and then having the lunch

delivered at halfast

11 the third example a gay couple being

refused a double room in a hotel on the

grounds of not being married three very

different examples of injustices but all

ones that would be captured by a

capability approach in the first case

inequality of outcome and inequality of

opportunity for the school GR in the

second case constraints on choice and

control for the Home Care user and in

the third case a clear instance of

discrimination and a lack of respect on

grounds of

sexuality so what I'm I'm going to try

and cover today is the following first

of all an introduction to some of the

key Concepts in the capability approach

secondly how we might use the capability

approach to monitor inequality and human

rights through an application of the

equality measurement framework which

I'll say more about in a

minute thirdly some ways in which the

equality measurement framework in

particular and the capability approach

in general have been used in monitoring

equality and human

rights fourthly of course the capability

approach has its critics and its

weaknesses and I will discuss some of

those and what possible responses there

might

be finally I will summarize by talking

about the overall strengths and

weaknesses of the capability approach as

I see

it so first of all some of the key

Concepts the capability approach was

developed by philosopher and Economist

the mar sen who was subsequently awarded

a Nobel

Prize and the foundational concept is

the idea of substantive

Freedom substantive Freedom meaning

freedom to be able to achieve important

things in

life and the term substantive is used to

contrast it with negative Freedom or

mere Liberty so it's not about fre

freedom from interference it's not about

freedom from the state it's not about um

civil and political Liberties

alone it's about the freedom to be able

to participate in society and to pursue

your own

goals indeed it's sometimes been

described as flourishing or as having a

wide range of

capabilities the term capability itself

is of course key to understanding the

approach the capability is what you're

enabled to be and

do and that depends on your own

characteristics on the people around you

on the resources and services that you

draw on the rights you can access and

more broadly the institutions structures

and legal framework of

society so we might think about an

example the example of being able to

participate fully in school life being

able to decide what and when to eat

being able to go on holiday with your

partner without fear of being harassed

these would all be

capabilities so why might the capability

approach be a useful starting point for

thinking about equality and human rights

well first of all I think it does serve

as one tool to promote the integration

of equality in human human rights we can

see this at the integration of the level

of

values so the Freeda principles are

sometimes used in connection with human

rights the principles of fairness

respect equality dignity and

autonomy and those apply equally to the

human rights approach as to the

capability

approach secondly there's potential for

integration at the level of which areas

of life are of concern I'll explain a

bit more in a minute how that might work

but it's to do with the selection and

prioritization of which uh capabilities

we might be concerned

with another reason why the capability

approach is attractive I think is

because it takes account of variations

in need between

people because it focuses on what you're

enabled to do the

outcomes even if one person needs more

resources than

another that will be taken into into

account so a disabled person may need

additional income in order to achieve

the same standard of living as a

non-disabled

person capability equality is assessed

in terms of their achieved standard of

living the actual outcome that's of

importance to them a more traditional

focus on income inequality without

making allowance for differences in need

would in this case produce the wrong

answer so taking account of variations

in need I think is one of the attractive

features of the capability

approach another important feature is

the ability of the approach to

incorporate both objective and

subjective

outcomes so some valuable capabilities

are subjective happiness or self-respect

for example whilst others are more

objective like having somewhere warm and

dry to

live the capability approach doesn't

attempt to wrap everything up into a

single measure of well-being

it's inherently

multi-dimensional and that gives it the

potential to incorporate both both

objective and subjective

components another strength is the three

parts of the concept of equality which

we work with in the capability approach

and the measurement framework in

particular equality of outcome equality

of autonomy and equality of process the

three examples the three injustices that

I started with are examples of each of

those types of of

inequality and finally the capability

approach has a strong theoretical basis

which means that it can be non

arbitary it's easier to defend an

approach based on something like the

capability approach uh because it draws

on a very wide uh academic basis an

academic

Foundation

the equality measurement framework is an

application of the capability approach

developed by Polly vizard and myself in

collaboration with many others including

the equality and Human Rights Commission

for

Britain and this slide shows a number of

building blocks of the equality

measurement

framework in the first case are the

characteristics that we disaggregate or

all analysis uh as far as possible

by these are six of the characteristics

protected under equality legislation

plus social class one might also want to

look at particular intersections between

these characteristics and of course the

list can be expanded depending on the

particular focus of the analysis or the

context so in some instances it would be

very relevant to consider pregnancy for

example as an additional characteristic

for disaggregation

systematic disaggregation of this kind

is required for human rights monitoring

um as in the ohchr best practice on

monitoring human rights and that's

following on from the general

prohibition on discrimination embedded

in many human rights

instruments so that's the first building

block secondly we've got the concept of

inequality as I described just

previously the foundational concept is

one of substantive Freedom or a wide

capability set but of course you can't

directly monitor or evaluate substantive

Freedom what could that possibly really

mean in practice so in order to unpack

that we talk about three components of

inequality inequality of outcome

inequality of process and inequality of

autonomy outcome I think are reasonably

self-explanatory but by equality of

process we mean how people are treated

are they treated with dignity and

respect or are they subject to

discrimination the third component

autonomy and it's really about the

degree to which the individual

themselves has had a chance to shape

their

circumstances and the extent to which

they're consulted and have uh decisions

made with them and including them rather

than for

them there's of course a significant

question about which capabilities we

should include in an

analysis so the equality measurement

framework looked to the international

human rights Frameworks the

international human rights covenants in

order to guide the selection of

capabilities this produced the 10 Dem

domains listed on the slide and an

extensive list of subdomains under each

so for example we might take from the

human rights uh framework the

international Covenant on civil and

political rights the right to Liberty

and security of the person article

9 that then is translated into a

capability which is the capability to

live in physical

security and that translation took place

through a process of deliberative

consultation with around 200 uh

individuals members of the public so

those were uh both uh drawn randomly

from the

population and also oversampled uh

groups at particular risk of

discrimination and

disadvantage and we invited those people

in small groups to reflect on and

consider what they regarded as the most

important

capabilities to include in an evaluation

of equality and human rights in Britain

in the 21st

century and through a process of

iteration between the human rights

framework and the initial list of

capabilities we drawn up from that

framework and the deliberative

consultation we arrived at a

comprehensive list of

capabilities that goes to make up the uh

set of capabilities included in the

equality measurement framework

then in a final stage those capabilities

were translated through expert and

stakeholder consultation into specific

empirical measures so for example the

capability to live in physical security

identified from the international human

rights instruments and then subject to

the process of deliberative

consultation was translated amongst

other things into a measure of the

percentage of different gender ethnic

and social class groups who've been the

victims of violence uh over the past 12

months so this slide gives one example

of such a

measure and we can see that the types of

violence have been broken down into

mugging stranger violence acquaintance

violence and domestic violence and in

this case by uh social class

groups the those who've never worked and

who are long-term

unemployed have a much higher likelihood

of having experienced physical violence

in the past year than do those in the

higher managerial and professional

social

classes but the types of violence have

different patterns across the different

social class groups that's of course

also important to take into account the

data source here is the British crime

survey so it's not Reliant purely on

reported crime uh to the police the

equality measurement framework has a

number of applications and uses perhaps

perhaps the most significant is the

equality and Human Rights Commission for

Great Britain who've used the

measurement framework in their trienal

review and their quinquennial review to

report on the uh development of equality

and human rights the state of equality

and human rights in

Britain it's also been used by the

government equalities office uh under

the previous administration in

Britain by the Children's Commission in

England by local governments evaluating

equality in human rights at a local

level by some Public Service

organizations such as the uh NHS in some

areas of

England and by local equality networks

and pressure

groups but its wide use doesn't mean to

say it's without its criticisms or

weaknesses

and I'm going to go through now a number

of the key critiques of the capability

approach one that recurs very frequently

is the idea that the capability approach

is too

individualistic and there are perhaps

two variants of this

criticism the first is that the

capability approach ignores the

importance of groups and

communities the second version of the

individualism critique is that the

capability of approach ignores the

significance of structures and

institutions and I think the reason why

this criticism is recurrent is because

the capability approach does have a very

strong focus on the individual but what

I mean by that is that the capability

approach has at its heart the idea that

what's of value is the lives that

individuals are able to

lead and it puts that ahead of valuing

groups in themselves or communities or

cultures or any of the other

collectivities to which we belong but it

is in no sense individualistic in

ignoring the role that communities

groups families cultures have in shaping

the capabilities that individuals have

so yes the capability approach is

individualistic in terms of the holders

of value individuals uh but no it's not

individual istic in terms of its

analysis of what shapes individuals

lives so we can see this on the onion

diagram as I like to call it the

individual there right in the middle and

their characteristics are one of the

important Shapers of their capability

set but around them uh may be

family and that is both an enabler and a

constraint on

capabilities in different ways in

different cases around the family there

is a

community again that can be an enabler

or acting as a constraint on different

capabilities and we can think about the

community both in terms of uh religious

groups or other identity groups to which

the individual belongs but also a

geographical community in terms of local

Services more generally the local labor

market the infrastructure available to

an individual is a key determin

of their

capabilities beyond that of course the

national picture and indeed the global

where we need to take into account for

example migration flows trade agreements

indeed climate change so the individual

is nested within a whole series of

different layers of um capability

enhancers and capability constraints and

taking that into account when we unpick

and analyze observed differences in the

capability set of of different

individuals is of course entirely

crucial a different criticism of the

capability approach is that by through

its

multi-dimensionality it reduces the

focus on redistribution of wealth or

income from the rich to the poor so one

line of criticism is that it's a

distraction and that it allows wriggle

room for policy makers and others to um

reduce the focus on the hard objective

facts of the income

distribution I think there is a real

risk there and perhaps particularly in

times of austerity um with very

significant changes in the income

distribution it's important to retain a

clear focus on um

income but the capability approach I

think is useful in reminding us that

that income is a means to an end rather

than an end in itself and just as I

explained in relation to the example

earlier of the disabled person who may

need more resources in order to achieve

the same standard of living as a

non-disabled person so here when we're

talking about income I think it's

important to remember uh that different

incomes are needed by different people

in order to achieve the same valuable

outcome the same capability in the way

of standard of

living so the cap ility approach doesn't

ignore income but it treats income as a

means to an end a very important means

to an end and one that feeds into a very

wide range of capabilities in fact not

just that in the standard of living

domain the final two criticisms of the

capability approach that I want to

Canvas are in a sense Polar Opposites so

the capability approach is sometimes

accused of being hopelessly

idealistic and on the other hand it's

sometimes accused us of being an apology

for

capitalism and again there is Justice in

some ways in both of these

criticisms the capability approach

itself as developed by Martia sen is

open to quite a wide range of different

interpretations and it can be used to

justify some market-based inequalities

for

example in that sense it's correct that

it doesn't automatically in imply a

criticism of capitalism

itself on the other hand in other

interpretations if we take seriously an

idea of equality of capability and if we

look at the kinds of structural

constraints that operate on people's

capabilities it can have really quite

radical

implications so I think the important

thing to note here is that it's all in

the interpretation and that as with any

tool it can be put to a range of uses

some more radical than others the

analytical framework that lies behind

the capability approach our

understanding of what constrains

capabilities and what levers we can pull

in order to expand capabilities is key

in understanding how the approach can be

taken forward in policy

terms so to try and summarize some of

what I've said today then about the

capability approach and its potential

for integrating equality and human

rights approaches

is one weakness is that the capability

approach is informationally demanding by

which I mean that if one is to take a

very multi-dimensional approach and look

for evidence across a whole different

range of domains of an individual's life

then look to disaggregate that

systematically by gender age disability

religion and belief and so on that means

an awful lot of of data Gathering an

awful lot of information is requ re ired

and that can be

challenging but I think on the other

side the fact that it is genuinely

multi-dimensional and doesn't seek to

combine apples and pears into an overall

index something called subjective

well-being say or simply a measure of uh

GDP or resources is itself a

strength particularly people coming from

a human rights background and especially

a legal human rights background are

sometimes concerned that using a

capability approach weakens the link

with legally enforcable and specific

rights and again I think to a certain

extent that is true although some uh

some human rights are at least in in

principle enforcable under domestic and

international law capabilities are not

linked article by article and hence are

not directly actionable it moves us one

step away from a purely legal

framework I think there are ways in

which one can link it back through two

specific legal uh rights and indeed the

human rights measurement framework uh

that poly vizard developed alongside the

equality measurement framework uh has

done exactly that but by itself

capabilities are not do not have share

that that direct link uh to legally

enforcable

rights

on the other hand because it does draw

both on human rights principles human

rights values and on human rights

Frameworks in terms of identifying the

capabilities that should be a priority

some versions of the capability approach

specifically for example the equality

measurement framework do I think serve

to help to integrate equality and human

rights thinking and

perspectives another weakness of the cas

capability approach that may be seen is

that it's too academic too abstract too

far removed from people's daily

lives the the flip side of that I think

is that it is well grounded

theoretically and so can be defended

against charges of being arbitrary

perhaps more easily than some other

approaches but there is a task to be

done in terms of translating these more

abstract principles into really concrete

examp examples such perhaps as those

that I started the talk with

today finally it may be seen as a

weakness of the capability approach that

it's underspecified Although our

application the equality measurement

framework has developed a comprehensive

list of capabilities and indeed measures

to set against those

capabilities the capability approach

itself in a Martis s's version has no

spec pre-specified list of

capabilities and in that case it is open

to a number of different

interpretations but that very openness

does mean that there's plenty of room

for adaptation to local context and

indeed more participatory bottom up

approaches to uh defining a capability

list uh and putting the capability

approach to pract into practice in a

particular setting and

circumstances well thank you very much

for watching and thank you for your time

please do feel free to get in touch with

me to follow up and continue the

discussion I'd love to hear what your uh

questions and comments are uh and I hope

I may have a chance to do so in the

future if you want more information uh

there are Publications and further

details of the equality equality

measurement framework um at this link

here or you can simply search for

equality capability and human rights

Thank you very very

much