Categories of mental disorders | Behavior | MCAT | Khan Academy

Summary

This video script offers an insightful overview of mental disorders, emphasizing their classification and characteristics. It distinguishes mental disorders from symptoms caused by substances or medical conditions and highlights the importance of distress or disability as a key diagnostic factor. The script outlines the DSM-5's top-level categories, including neurodevelopmental, neurocognitive, sleep-wake, and anxiety disorders, among others. It also addresses the significance of cultural context and the evolution in understanding disorders like gender dysphoria, which is now recognized as a condition only when associated with distress or disability.

Takeaways

• 🧠 There are numerous mental disorders, many with overlapping features, and they are typically not attributed to medication, substance use, or other medical conditions unless specified.
• 🌐 The mental abnormalities must cause distress or disability to be considered a mental disorder, distinguishing it from mere eccentricity or unusual behavior.
• 📚 Two primary systems categorize mental disorders: the ICD-10 by the World Health Organization and the DSM-5 by the American Psychiatric Association.
• 👶 Neurodevelopmental disorders affect the development of the nervous system, including intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, and ADHD.
• 👵 Neurocognitive disorders involve the loss of cognitive functions after development, such as delirium and dementia, often due to Alzheimer's or stroke.
• 😴 Sleep-wake disorders relate to sleep abnormalities, including insomnia and sleep-related breathing disorders, as well as abnormal behaviors during sleep.
• 😟 Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive worry or fear, with specific phobias and generalized anxiety disorder being common examples.
• 😞 Depressive disorders involve persistent negative mood and can include symptoms like hopelessness and loss of interest, with a high risk of suicide.
• 😈 Bipolar and related disorders feature mood swings, including manic episodes with abnormally positive mood, rapid speech, and impaired judgment.
• 🌀 Psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia, involve psychosis with symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking.
• 🔒 Personality disorders are characterized by long-term patterns of behavior and inner experience that deviate from cultural norms and cause distress or disability.

Q & A

What are the general considerations for diagnosing mental disorders?

Mental abnormalities must not be due to the use of medications, substances, or another medical condition, and they should cause distress or disability. Additionally, the features often overlap with cultural norms, so the abnormalities must be outside what is considered normal for a person's culture.

What are the two main systems used to categorize mental disorders mentioned in the script?

The two main systems used to categorize mental disorders are the ICD-10 from the World Health Organization and the DSM-5 from the American Psychiatric Association.

What is the difference between neurodevelopmental disorders and neurocognitive disorders?

Neurodevelopmental disorders involve abnormalities in the development of the nervous system that cause mental dysfunction, while neurocognitive disorders involve the loss of cognitive and other brain functions after the nervous system has developed.

What are some examples of neurodevelopmental disorders mentioned in the script?

Examples of neurodevelopmental disorders include intellectual disability (previously called mental retardation), autism spectrum disorders, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders.

What is delirium and how does it differ from major neurocognitive disorder?

Delirium is a reversible episode of cognitive and other higher brain function abnormalities, often caused by drugs, blood abnormalities, or infections. Major neurocognitive disorder, also known as dementia, involves an irreversible and often progressive loss of cognitive functions, potentially caused by Alzheimer's disease or stroke.

What are sleep-wake disorders and what are some examples?

Sleep-wake disorders involve distress or disability from abnormalities related to sleep. Examples include insomnia, breathing-related sleep disorders, and abnormal behaviors during sleep such as sleepwalking.

How are anxiety disorders defined in the script?

Anxiety disorders are defined as distress or disability from abnormal amounts of worry or fear. They can be specific to certain stimuli (phobias) or not specific to certain stimuli (generalized anxiety disorder).

What is the difference between mood and affect as described in the script?

Mood refers to a long-term emotional state that may be positive or negative, while affect describes how a person's emotional state appears to others. Mood is more persistent and may or may not be related to specific events, whereas affect is the subjective experience a person has of their emotions.

What are the characteristics of bipolar and related disorders?

Bipolar and related disorders involve distress or disability from abnormal mood, similar to depressive disorders, but with the difference being periods of abnormally positive mood called 'mania.' During mania, individuals may sleep little, talk fast, and make bad decisions due to impaired judgment.

What is the main feature of psychotic disorders as described in the script?

The main feature of psychotic disorders is psychosis, which involves delusions or hallucinations. Delusions are fixed false beliefs not explainable by a person's cultural background, and hallucinations involve sensory perceptions without real stimuli.

How does the script define personality disorders?

Personality disorders involve distress or disability related to personality features that are outside generally accepted societal norms. Personality disorders are traditionally grouped into clusters based on characteristics such as odd or eccentric behavior (Cluster A), intense emotional and relationship problems (Cluster B), and anxious, avoidant, or obsessive tendencies (Cluster C).

Outlines

00:00

🧠 Overview of Mental Disorders

The video begins with an introduction to the vast array of mental disorders, noting their potential for overlapping features. It emphasizes that these disorders are not attributed to medication, substance use, or other medical conditions, and that they must cause significant distress or disability to be classified as such. The speaker clarifies that eccentricity does not equate to mental illness. The video then outlines the two primary classification systems: the ICD-10 by the WHO and the DSM-5 by the American Psychiatric Association, with a focus on the latter due to the speaker's familiarity. The DSM-5 is highlighted for its 20 top-level categories, starting with neurodevelopmental disorders, which include conditions like intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, and ADHD. The video uses illustrations to aid in explaining these disorders.

05:01

👵 Neurocognitive and Sleep-Wake Disorders

The second paragraph delves into neurocognitive disorders, which are characterized by the loss of cognitive functions post-development, contrasting them with neurodevelopmental disorders where the nervous system's abnormality occurs during development. The speaker discusses 'delirium' and 'major neurocognitive disorder' or 'dementia,' explaining their causes and symptoms. The paragraph then transitions to sleep-wake disorders, which involve issues related to sleep, such as insomnia and sleepwalking, using a visual of a sleeping person to represent these conditions.

10:03

😟 Anxiety, Depression, and Bipolar Disorders

This section addresses anxiety disorders, which encompass abnormal fear or worry, with specific phobias and generalized anxiety disorder being highlighted. The discussion then moves to depressive disorders, which are marked by a persistent negative mood, and the speaker uses a frowny face to symbolize this. The paragraph further explains the difference between mood and emotions, and how depressive disorders can lead to hopelessness and a loss of interest in activities, with a high risk of suicide. Bipolar disorders are also introduced, where periods of mania, characterized by abnormally positive mood, are contrasted with depressive episodes, using a happy face to illustrate mania.

15:03

🤯 Psychotic, Trauma, and Substance-Related Disorders

The video continues with a discussion on psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, which involve symptoms like delusions and hallucinations. The speaker uses an illustration of a person hearing voices to represent psychosis. Trauma-and-stressor-related disorders are then explored, with PTSD being a key example, often resulting from traumatic events like wars or assaults. The paragraph also covers substance-related and addictive disorders, which can include a wide range of substances and behaviors like gambling, affecting mental functions and leading to distress or disability.

👤 Personality and Behavioral Disorders

Personality disorders are next, characterized by long-term mental and behavioral features that deviate from societal norms and cause distress. The speaker outlines three clusters: Cluster A with odd or eccentric behaviors, Cluster B with intense emotional and relationship issues, and Cluster C with anxious or obsessive traits. The paragraph then moves to disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders, which involve socially unacceptable behaviors, represented by a person shouting in an inappropriate setting. Obsessive-compulsive disorders are also discussed, where obsessions lead to compulsive behaviors, using the example of excessive hand-washing due to a fear of dirtiness.

🤒 Somatic Symptom, Feeding, and Elimination Disorders

Somatic symptom and related disorders are covered, where physical symptoms like pain occur without a medical cause, being of psychological origin. The video then discusses feeding and eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, characterized by insufficient food intake, and bulimia nervosa, involving binge eating and purging. Elimination disorders, which involve inappropriate urination or defecation, are also mentioned, using an illustration of a person experiencing a urinary accident.

😲 Dissociative, Sexual, and Gender Dysphoria Disorders

Dissociative disorders are explored, involving abnormalities in identity or memory, with some individuals experiencing multiple personalities or memory loss. The speaker uses an illustration of a person questioning their identity. Sexual dysfunctions are also discussed, causing distress due to abnormalities in sexual activity. Gender dysphoria is highlighted as a condition where an individual's gender identity conflicts with societal identification, using an illustration of a person identified as male by society but feeling female. The speaker emphasizes that only when this causes distress or disability is it considered a disorder.

🔞 Paraphilic and Other Disorders

The final paragraph addresses paraphilic disorders, where individuals experience sexual arousal to unusual stimuli, causing distress or disability. The speaker notes that this is not a disorder unless it leads to harm or distress. The video concludes with a brief mention of 'other disorders,' a category for conditions that do not fit into the established categories but still cause significant distress or disability. The speaker reiterates the complexity and breadth of mental disorders and acknowledges the limitations of the video's overview.

Keywords

💡Mental Disorders

Mental disorders refer to a wide range of mental health conditions that affect mood, thinking, and behavior, causing distress or disability. In the video, the speaker discusses various types of mental disorders, emphasizing that they are not due to medications, substances, or other medical conditions unless specified. The video's theme revolves around understanding these disorders, their categorization, and the impact they have on individuals.

💡Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Neurodevelopmental disorders are a category of mental disorders that involve abnormalities in the development of the nervous system, leading to mental dysfunction. The video mentions conditions like intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) as examples. These disorders are linked to the video's theme by illustrating how developmental issues can lead to long-term mental health challenges.

💡Neurocognitive Disorders

Neurocognitive disorders are characterized by the decline in cognitive functions after the normal development of the nervous system. The video distinguishes these from neurodevelopmental disorders by highlighting that neurocognitive disorders involve a loss of function over time, such as in delirium or dementia. This concept is crucial for understanding the progression and nature of cognitive decline in mental health.

💡Sleep-Wake Disorders

Sleep-wake disorders involve disturbances in sleep patterns that cause distress or disability. The video uses the example of insomnia and breathing-related sleep disorders to illustrate the impact of sleep issues on daily functioning. These disorders are relevant to the video's theme as they demonstrate how sleep abnormalities can significantly affect mental health and well-being.

💡Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive and persistent worry or fear that interferes with daily life. The video mentions phobias and generalized anxiety disorder as specific types of anxiety disorders. These disorders are integral to the video's message, as they highlight how irrational fears can lead to significant distress and disability.

💡Depressive Disorders

Depressive disorders are a category of mental disorders marked by a persistently negative mood, such as sadness or hopelessness. The video discusses the impact of these disorders on individuals, including the increased risk of suicide. This keyword is central to the video's theme, as it addresses the severity and consequences of mood disorders.

💡Bipolar Disorders

Bipolar disorders are characterized by periods of abnormally elevated mood, or mania, alternating with periods of depression. The video contrasts these with depressive disorders by emphasizing the presence of manic episodes. Understanding bipolar disorders is important for the video's theme, as it showcases the complexity of mood disorders and their treatment.

💡Psychotic Disorders

Psychotic disorders involve a loss of contact with reality, often manifesting as delusions or hallucinations. The video uses the example of schizophrenia to illustrate the features of psychotic disorders. This keyword is significant to the video's narrative as it discusses the severe impact of such disorders on an individual's perception and behavior.

💡Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

Substance-related and addictive disorders involve the misuse of substances or behaviors that lead to distress or impairment. The video lists various substances like alcohol, cannabis, and gambling as potential causes of these disorders. This concept is relevant to the video's theme as it explores how external factors can contribute to mental health issues.

💡Personality Disorders

Personality disorders are characterized by enduring patterns of behavior that deviate from cultural norms and cause distress or impairment. The video discusses clusters of personality disorders, such as Cluster A (odd or eccentric behavior) and Cluster B (intense emotional and relationship problems). Understanding personality disorders is crucial for the video's theme, as it addresses how ingrained traits can lead to mental health challenges.

💡Feeding and Eating Disorders

Feeding and eating disorders are characterized by abnormal eating habits that interfere with physical health or psychosocial functioning. The video mentions anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa as examples. These disorders are relevant to the video's theme as they demonstrate how mental health issues can manifest in physical symptoms and behaviors.

Highlights

Mental disorders can have overlapping features and are not attributed to medication, substances, or medical conditions.

Mental abnormalities must cause distress or disability to be considered a disorder.

The DSM-5 and ICD-10 are the two main systems used to categorize mental disorders.

Neurodevelopmental disorders involve abnormalities in the development of the nervous system.

Intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, and ADHD are categorized under neurodevelopmental disorders.

Neurocognitive disorders are related to the loss of cognitive functions after development.

Delirium and dementia are examples of neurocognitive disorders.

Sleep-wake disorders involve abnormalities related to sleep, such as insomnia and sleepwalking.

Anxiety disorders are characterized by abnormal amounts of worry or fear, including phobias and generalized anxiety disorder.

Depressive disorders involve negative mood and related symptoms like hopelessness and loss of enjoyment.

Bipolar disorders are distinguished by periods of abnormally positive mood, or mania.

Psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia, involve psychosis characterized by delusions and hallucinations.

Trauma-and-stressor-related disorders occur after traumatic or stressful events, with PTSD being a key example.

Substance-related and addictive disorders are caused by the abnormal use of substances that affect mental functions.

Personality disorders involve personality features outside societal norms that cause distress or disability.

Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders are characterized by unacceptably disruptive or impulsive behaviors.

Obsessive-compulsive disorders involve distress or disability from obsessions or compulsions.

Somatic symptom and related disorders are characterized by psychological symptoms mimicking physical illness.

Feeding and eating disorders involve mental or behavioral abnormalities related to food, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

Elimination disorders are related to inappropriate urination or defecation.

Dissociative disorders involve abnormalities of identity or memory, sometimes presenting as multiple personalities.

Sexual dysfunctions are related to abnormalities in sexual activity or performance.

Gender dysphoria is recognized as a disorder only when it causes distress or disability, not merely due to gender identity.

Paraphilic disorders involve distress or disability related to atypical sexual arousal, causing harm or distress.

The 'other disorders' category is for mental disorders that don't fit into the established categories.

Transcripts

- [Voiceover] In this video I want to talk briefly

about the different types of mental disorders.

There is an enormous number of mental disorders,

many of which may have overlapping features.

For most categories of mental disorders

there is usually a stipulation

that the mental abnormalities are not due

to the use of medications, substances,

or another medical condition,

in which case the mental abnormalities

are considered to be symptoms

of that underlying cause

rather than a mental disorder in and of itself.

Also, because features of mental disorders

often overlap with mental and behavioral aspects

of some people considered to be within the bounds

of what is normal for a person's culture,

another general consideration

is that the mental abnormalities

cause distress or disability.

Distress or disability.

Distress or disability.

This is a key point

because that means that a person

that's just unusual or eccentric

does not have a mental illness,

so that a person that's a little weird

is not mentally ill.

So to give a very superficial overview

of the types of mental disorders

I'll go through some of the top level categories,

and recall that there are two main systems

in use currently to categorize the mental disorders.

There is the ICD-10

from the World Health Organiazation,

and then there's the DSM-5

from the American Psychiatric Association.

I'll go through the categories of the DSM-5

just because I'm a little bit more familiar

with that system,

but there would be a lot of similarities

between the two systems.

The DSM-5 has 20 top level categories.

I'll start with the neurodevelopmental disorders.

These disorders involve distress or disability

from an abnormality in development

of the nervous system

that causes mental dysfunction.

Let me just draw a little baby here.

Let me just draw this little guy,

and we'll put some diapers on him

to represent a developing nervous system,

and particularly a developing brain.

There's all sorts of things

that can happen to the brain during its development

that can lead to abnormal, mental function.

Some of the disorders in this category

of neurodevelopmental disorders include

intellectual disability

which was previously called mental retardation.

The autism spectrum disorders are in this category,

and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders

are in this category.

Like all the other categories of mental disorders

there is also a group within

the neurodevelopmental disorders

called "other neurodevelopmental disorders"

for any that don't fit all the criteria

of one of the specific disorders in this category,

but when this category is the best fit for the disorder,

so I won't mention that again,

but just keep in mind that every one

of these big categories has

an other category at the end of it.

The next big category is called

the "neurocognitive disorders" which involve

distress or disability from the loss

of cognitive and often other functions of the brain

after the nervous system has developed.

Let me just draw a little old person

walking along, walking with a cane,

and the distinction here between these

neurocognitive disorders,

and the neurodevelopmental disorders

is that with the neurocognitive disorder

the nervous system developed,

and then lost functions as opposed

to the neurodevelopmental disorders

where usually the function

was never gained in the first place

because the abnormality of the nervous system

happens during development.

There are a couple of big categories of disorders

within the neurocognitive disorders.

One is called "delirium,"

and delirium is the name for

a reversible episode of abnormalities

of cognitive and other higher brain functions

from many potential causes

such as certain drugs,

abnormalities of certain components of the blood,

or certain types of infections.

Major neurocognitive disorder

which is also called "dementia,"

and its milder versions usually involve

irreversible and often progressive loss

of cognitive and other higher brain functions

from many potential causes

such as Alzheimer's disease, or stroke.

The sleep-wake disorders

involve distress or disability

from abnormalities related to sleep.

So let me just draw this person over here

who's got their eyes closed and they're very sleepy.

We'll just say they are sleeping,

so here they're snoring away,

and this will represent our sleep-wake disorders.

Disorders in this category include insomnia,

and breathing related sleep disorders

that involve insufficient amounts

of uninterrupted sleep,

and there are other disorders in this category

that cause abnormal sleepiness when awake.

Additional disorders in this category

involve abnormal behaviors during sleep

such as sleep walking.

The anxiety disorders involve distress,

or disability from abnormal amounts of worry or fear.

So for these let me just draw

a little kind of worried person over here,

just looking very worried about this whole situation.

Some of the anxiety disorders are specific

to certain stimuli which are known as phobias,

like a lot of people have

a phobia of spiders or snakes.

While other disorders in this category

are not specific to certain stimuli

including a common one called

"generalized anxiety disorder."

Panic disorder is in this category

which involves panic attacks

which are episodes of intense anxiety

that may cause people to be afraid

to leave their homes.

The depressive disorders involve distress,

or disability from abnormally negative mood.

Let me put a frowny face right here

to represent abnormally negative mood.

The term "mood" is used in several ways.

One way the term mood is used

is to refer to a long-term emotional state

which may be positive or negative.

In this way the word "mood" is related to emotions,

but emotions are thought of as usually

brief experiences often related to specific stimuli

like getting something you want,

whereas mood is more persistent,

and may or may not be related to specific events

in a person's life.

The second way the term mood is used

is as the subjective experience

a person has of their emotions,

and another term "affect" is often used

to describe how a person's emotional state

appears to others,

so that mood may refer to what

a person is saying they feel

like they may say they feel sad,

while affect may refer to the person crying.

In addition to negative mood

the depressive disorders often involve

related symptoms such as feelings of hopelessness,

or loss of enjoyment in activities.

These disorders carry a particularly

high risk of suicide which is a major cause of death

in people with many types of mental illness.

Bipolar and related disorders involve

distress or disability from abnormal mood

similar to the depressive disorders,

but the difference is that these disorders

may have periods of abnormally positive mood

which are called "mania."

So let me draw, in addition to this frowny face here,

let me draw a very happy face,

and maybe a too happy face,

kind of a way too happy face for mania.

During periods of mania people will often

sleep little, talk fast,

and may make bad decisions from impaired judgment

about the risks of activities,

or their own abilities,

and this can lead to all sorts

of social or legal problems

with this category of disorders.

Schizophrenia spectrum,

and the other psychotic disorders

is the next category which involves distress,

or disability from what is called "psychosis."

So for that let me draw this person up here,

and we'll say "up in their brain

"they are hearing voices,"

which is a common symptom

of some psychotic disorders.

Psychosis involves certain features

such as delusions or hallucinations.

Delusions are fixed false beliefs

not explainable by a person's cultural background

such as having special powers,

or the idea that one's thoughts are controlled

by somebody else.

Hallucinations involve sensory perceptions

without real stimuli such as hearing voices

that are not there.

With psychosis disorganized thinking may occur

as well as what are called negative symptoms

which may involve decreased emotional expression,

motivation, or social behavior.

Schizophrenia may have any of these features,

and the other disorders in this category

usually have some of them.

The trauma-and-stressor-related disorders

involve distress or disability

that may occur after mentally traumatic,

or stressful events leading to mood,

emotional, behavioral, and other abnormalities.

Post-traumatic stress disorder

is the prototype disorder in this category

which has had many previous names

because it has been common after wars

throughout history.

Let me just draw a soldier here

carrying his gun to represent somebody

who may have post-traumatic stress disorder.

I'll give him a helmet, too,

but this can occur after many different types

of stressors in addition to war or combat.

These disorders are common after all kinds

of traumatic experiences such as rape, assault,

and natural disasters.

Substance-related and addictive disorders

involve distress or disability

from the abnormal use of substances

that affect mental functions.

Let me just draw a glass of some kind of alcohol here

to represent the different substances

that can be related to this category,

but there are a lot of substances

that can affect mental functions,

and cause a substance related disorder.

These include alcohol, caffeine, cannabis,

hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives,

hypnotics, anxiolytics, stimulants,

and tobacco, amongst others.

The mental affects of these substances

may cause mental abnormalities

similar to the other types of mental disorders

including mood abnormalities, anxiety symptoms,

or psychosis.

Other addictions like gambling

are also included in this category

because they share many aspects

of addiction to substances.

The personality disorders involve distress,

or disability related to personality.

Personality involves long-term

mental and behavioral features

that are characteristic of a person.

There is a huge spectrum of personality types

that are generally considered acceptable

by a person's culture.

Personality disorders involve personality features

that are outside generally accepted societal norms,

and which cause distress or disability.

These have traditionally been grouped into clusters.

Cluster A often has odd or eccentric behavior.

Cluster B often involves intense emotional,

and relationship problems.

Let me just draw this very intense person over here

to represent somebody in cluster B,

and cluster C is often anxious,

avoidant or obsessive.

Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders

involve distress or disability from behaviors

that are unacceptably disruptive or impulsive

for a person's culture.

Let me just draw this person over here

shouting very loudly in an inappropriate setting.

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

involve distress or disability

from obsessions or compulsions.

Obsessions are thoughts that recur involuntarily,

and which are often unwelcome.

Compulsions are activities that a person feels

they must do and which are often

related to an obsession.

A common example is someone having an obsession

that their hands are dirty,

and then a compulsion to wash their hands

many more times a day than would be normal.

Somatic symptom and related disorders

involve distress or disability from symptoms

similar to those that may occur with illness

unrelated to a mental disorder,

but the symptoms are of psychological origin

with or without also having symptoms

of a general medical condition at the same time.

An example of this could be someone

that has abdominal pain,

so they're saying "ow, my abdomen hurts,"

but there's actually not anything

physically wrong with the abdomen.

The tissues of the abdomen are just fine,

and it's really caused

by psychological factors like stress.

Feeding and eating disorders involve

distress or disability from mental,

or behavioral abnormalities related to food.

Disorders in this category include

anorexia nervosa, where a person takes in

an insufficient amount of food.

So we'll say this person is turning down

a perfectly nice slice of pizza

even though they're actually way below

their healthy body weight,

and another common disorder in this category

is bulimia nervosa which involves

binge eating and purging.

The elimination disorders involve

distress or disability from urination or defecation

at inappropriate times or places.

I'll just draw this person over here

who has had a urinary accident,

and they're trying to cover it up.

The dissociative disorders involve

distress or disability from abnormalities

of identity or memory.

So let me just draw this person over here

asking "who am I?"

Some of the people with these disorders

seem to have multiple personalities,

or may have lost memory for parts of their lives.

The sexual dysfunctions involve distress,

or disability from abnormalities and/or

performance of sexual activity.

So I'll just write R-Rated over here.

Gender dysphoria involves distress or disability

caused by a person identifying themself

as a different gender than that

identified by society,

so as an example let me just draw a person here

who society identifies as being male,

and I'll just represent that with pants,

but they themselves feel that they are female,

and I'll just represent that with a skirt.

This category requires an important

distinction to be made.

If people experience distress or disability

regarding gender identity

the distress and disability constitutes the disorder.

A person identifying with another gender

without distress or disability

does not have a mental disorder.

Previously, there was much stigmatization

surrounding this issue,

and older categorization systems

that did consider identification with another gender

as a mental disorder in and of itself.

The paraphilic disorders involve people

that have distress or disability

related to having sexual arousal to unusual stimuli,

or what would be considered unusual

for that person's culture,

so I'll also just point this over

to the R-Rating over here.

So now similarly to gender dysphoria

people that have sexual arousal to unusual stimuli

do not have a mental disorder

unless it causes distress or disability,

or for this category activities related to it

could cause harm to another,

particularly children or other people

without sufficient decision-making capacity

for proper consent.

The last category is just called "other disorders."

I'm just going to draw

a big question mark here for this one.

The entire purpose of this category

is for any person that appears

to have a mental disorder

causing distress or disability,

but one that doesn't fit well

in any of these other categories of mental disorder.

The vast majority of people with a mental disorder

will fit in one of these

big categories of mental disorders,

but very rarely a person just won't fit,

but does clearly have a mental disorder,

and that's what this other disorders category is for.

So that's all I have time for now,

and, obviously, there's a lot more information

with all the specific disorders

that are contained within these

top level categories of the DSM-5,

but to keep this video to a reasonable length

I'm just going to stop right here.