Review Buku Sejarah Indonesia Modern 1200-2008 |Sejarah Minat|

Zidane

16 Dec 202106:10

Summary

TLDRThe script discusses the modern history of Indonesia from 1200 to 2008, focusing on the impact of Islam, European colonization, and the Dutch East India Company's Cultuurstelsel system. It highlights the local resistance, the rise of Aceh, Mataram, and the influence of ethical politics leading to the formation of social and political organizations. The script also touches on the struggle for independence, the challenges faced during the New Order era, and the eventual recognition of Indonesia in international politics, emphasizing the nation's resilience and its journey towards democracy.

Takeaways

📚 The book 'Sejarah Indonesia Modern' by Safira Cak Edy Purwanto covers the period from 1200 to 2008, focusing on the modern history of Indonesia.
🌊 The arrival of Islam in the Nusantara region marks the beginning of a new era, which is considered a significant turning point in Indonesian history.
🏰 The second wave of foreign influence came with the European powers, particularly the Portuguese and the Dutch, who began to establish colonial rule.
🛡️ The Dutch East India Company (VOC) implemented a system of governance that delegated local power to Presidents and Regents, aiming to address financial shortcomings.
🌾 The Dutch introduced the Cultivation System (Cultuurstelsel) in 1831, which was a forced cultivation policy that significantly increased colonial profits.
💼 The 'Ethical Policy' was a shift in Dutch colonial policy, aiming to improve the welfare of the colonized people and criticized the previous harsh methods.
🗣️ The rise of local resistance and the formation of social-political organizations, such as unions and nationalist movements, were influenced by the Ethical Policy.
🚀 The Proclamation of Indonesian Independence was a pivotal moment that forced the nation to confront foreign powers and assert its sovereignty.
🔥 Post-independence, Indonesia faced internal challenges including economic instability, corruption, separatism, and high poverty rates.
🌐 Indonesia's participation in the Asia-Africa Conference in Bandung and its role in international politics highlighted its status as a formerly colonized nation seeking a new path.

Q & A

What is the main topic of the book 'Sejarah Indonesia Modern' by Safira Cak Edy Purwanto?
-The book 'Sejarah Indonesia Modern' discusses the modern history of Indonesia, focusing on the period from 1200 to 2008.
How does the script describe the impact of Islam on the Nusantara region?
-The script suggests that the arrival of Islam in the Nusantara region marked the beginning of a new era, referred to as the 'request coba' period, which had a significant influence on the region's history.
What does the term 'kekuatan lokal' mentioned in the script refer to?
-The term 'kekuatan lokal' refers to the local powers or forces that emerged in response to the European colonial presence, particularly in the context of the Dutch East India Company's (VOC) activities.
What is the 'Cultuurstelsel' mentioned in the script?
-The 'Cultuurstelsel' was a forced cultivation system implemented by the Dutch in their colonies, including Indonesia, to maximize profits from the production of cash crops like spices.
How did the Dutch East India Company (VOC) manage its colonial territories according to the script?
-The VOC managed its colonial territories by delegating local power to Presidents and Regents, which was a part of their system to address financial shortcomings of colonial governance.
What is the significance of the year 1831 mentioned in the script?
-The year 1831 is significant because it marks the point when the Dutch colonial budget became balanced, and the VOC had already been dissolved, leading to the Dutch government directly financing the colonial administration.
What is the 'politiek van ethische' referred to in the script?
-The 'politiek van ethische' or 'Ethical Policy' was a policy implemented by the Dutch in their colonies, which aimed to improve the welfare of the native populations and was a shift from the purely exploitative policies of the past.
How did the 'Ethical Policy' influence the Dutch colonial administration as described in the script?
-The 'Ethical Policy' led to the Dutch colonial administration becoming a reference for other colonial powers and resulted in the emergence of a unique struggle for independence, including the establishment of social and political organizations.
What role did the 'Asia-Afrika Konferensi' play in the script's narrative?
-The 'Asia-Afrika Konferensi' or Bandung Conference is mentioned as an event that highlighted the shared fate of Asian and African nations, including Indonesia, which had been colonized, and it contributed to the international recognition of Indonesia.
How does the script describe the challenges faced by Indonesia after gaining independence?
-The script describes various challenges faced by Indonesia post-independence, including economic depression, political corruption, high poverty rates, and threats of separatism, which complicated the country's transition to a stable democracy.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Indonesian Modern History Review

Safira Cak Edy Purwanto, a student from class 10 IPS 5, reviews a book on Modern Indonesian History from 1200 to 2008. The book begins with the introduction of Islam to the archipelago, marking the start of a new era known as the 'modern' period. It discusses the three stages of mental codes that have shaped the region's history. The second wave involves the arrival of European nations, particularly the Portuguese and Dutch, initiating colonial rule. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) is highlighted for its aggressive competition for spices, leading to the establishment of a despotic power structure. The VOC's model of state, based on a system of credit and residential delegation of power to local leaders, is critiqued. The Dutch implemented forced cultivation programs, such as the Cultuurstelsel, which brought significant profits from 1831. The narrative also touches on the 'ethical policy' of the Dutch, which aimed to improve the welfare of the colonized, and the rise of nationalist movements and organizations in response to colonial rule. The paragraph concludes with the eventual declaration of Indonesian independence as a culmination of these movements.

05:03

🌍 Post-Colonial Indonesia and the New Order

The second paragraph discusses the challenges faced by Indonesia after gaining independence, particularly the economic crisis that hit Asia. The 'New Order' regime, which initially brought stability, was quickly undermined by economic despair, leading to its eventual downfall. The paragraph also addresses the issues of corruption, separatism, and poverty that plagued the country, affecting its democratic development. The narrative suggests that despite these challenges, Indonesia began to play a role in international politics, as evidenced by its participation in the Asia-Africa conference in Bandung, which marked a significant moment in the country's post-colonial history.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Islam

Islam is one of the world's major religions, originating in the 7th century. In the context of the video, Islam's introduction to the Nusantara (Indonesian archipelago) marks a significant historical period, indicating the beginning of a new era in the region's cultural and religious landscape. The script mentions 'masuknya Islam di nusantara' which signifies the spread of Islam and its impact on the local societies, shaping the modern history of Indonesia.

💡VOC

VOC stands for the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie). It was a chartered company established in 1602, which played a crucial role in Dutch colonial expansion. The video refers to VOC as a model for colonial governance, with its 'sistem kredit residensial' or credit residential system, which delegated power to local authorities like Presidents and Regents to manage financial shortcomings, illustrating the economic and political strategies employed during the colonial period.

💡Cultuurstelsel

The Cultuurstelsel was an agricultural system implemented by the Dutch in their colonies, particularly in Indonesia. It required local farmers to cultivate export crops like sugar, coffee, and spices on a portion of their land, which were then sold to the Dutch at fixed prices. This system is highlighted in the video as a means through which the Dutch gained significant profits, particularly after 1831, when the colonial budget became balanced and VOC's debts were settled.

💡Ethical Policy

The Ethical Policy, or 'politiek etis novel' in Dutch, was a policy shift in Dutch colonial governance in the late 19th century. It aimed to improve the welfare of the native population and was a response to criticisms of the exploitative nature of the Cultuurstelsel. The video suggests that this policy became an important reference for colonial officials and led to a unique struggle for independence, indicating a shift in the colonial approach and its impact on the local population.

💡Nationalism

Nationalism is a political ideology that involves a shared sense of identity and self-determination for a group of people. In the video, the rise of nationalism in Indonesia is depicted through the establishment of social and political organizations, publications by national figures, and the spread of ideas of democracy and self-governance. This is exemplified by the script's mention of 'kampanye Gagasan, dan ideologi burger' which reflects the growing movement for a unified Indonesian identity and independence.

💡Revolution

The term 'revolution' in the video refers to the struggle for independence and the transformation of the political landscape in Indonesia. It is characterized by actions such as intimidation, kidnapping, and the killing of government officials and police, as mentioned in the script with 'revolusioner muda mengintimidasi menculik dan membunuh para pejabat.' This reflects the violent and radical measures taken by revolutionary groups to challenge the existing order and assert the sovereignty of the people.

💡Asia-Africa Conference

The Asia-Africa Conference, also known as the Bandung Conference, held in 1955 in Indonesia, is a significant historical event mentioned in the video. It was the first international conference of Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent. The conference aimed to promote economic and cultural cooperation and oppose colonialism. The video's reference to 'Magelang asia-afrika' situates Indonesia within the broader context of decolonization and the emerging international relations among non-Western nations.

💡New Order

The 'New Order' refers to the authoritarian regime under President Suharto in Indonesia, which lasted from 1967 to 1998. The video mentions the 'orde baru' in the context of the economic crisis and political instability that led to its downfall. The New Order is characterized by its repressive policies, corruption, and the suppression of dissent, which are alluded to in the script as factors contributing to its eventual collapse.

💡Corruption

Corruption is the abuse of power for personal gain, and it is a recurring theme in the video's discussion of Indonesia's political history. The script mentions 'korupsi' in the context of the New Order and the challenges faced by the country's democratic institutions. Corruption is depicted as a significant issue that undermines governance and public trust, contributing to the broader social and political problems of the time.

💡Democracy

Democracy is a system of government where power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or through elected representatives. The video discusses the challenges faced by Indonesia's democracy, including corruption, separatism, and poverty. The script's reference to 'demo berdemokrasi' highlights the aspirations for a more open and accountable government, as well as the ongoing struggle to achieve these ideals in the face of various obstacles.

Highlights

Introduction of the book review: 'Sejarah Indonesia Modern', covering from 1200 to 2008.

Discussion on the arrival of Islam in the Nusantara, marking a significant historical timeline.

Analysis of European colonialism, focusing on the Portuguese and Dutch competition over spices.

Explanation of Dutch colonial activities, including harsh economic measures and exploitation.

Introduction of local resistance movements, highlighting the roles of kingdoms like Aceh, Demak, and Mataram.

The Dutch VOC's strategy to implement a residential credit system by delegating power to local leaders.

Introduction of the 'Cultuurstelsel' (Forced Cultivation System), which increased Dutch profits.

Impact of the forced cultivation policy, leading to financial recovery of the Dutch government.

Discussion on the Dutch Ethical Policy, marking a shift towards educational reforms and social change.

Van Deventer's article highlighting Dutch responsibility and debt to the Indonesian people.

Growth of nationalist movements in response to the Ethical Policy, including modern organizations and political parties.

The declaration of Indonesian independence, a pivotal moment in the struggle against colonial rule.

Post-independence challenges faced by Indonesia, including internal revolution, corruption, and the influence of Japan.

Emergence of Indonesia on the international political stage through movements like the Asia-Africa Conference.

The fall of the New Order regime due to the Asian economic crisis, corruption, and political instability.