What’s happening in Sudan’s civil war? | Start Here
Summary
TLDRThe crisis in Sudan, particularly in Darfur, is escalating with fears of genocide as fighting between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) intensifies. The conflict, fueled by ethnic tensions and external support, has led to near-total state collapse, massive displacement, and a humanitarian disaster with millions at risk of starvation. International efforts to resolve the conflict have been inadequate, and the world's response to Sudan's plight has been largely abandoned, despite the potential for regional and continental instability.
Takeaways
- 😥 Sudan is facing a severe humanitarian crisis with a risk of genocide in Darfur, particularly in the city of El Fasher.
- 🏰 The civil war in Sudan, which began over a year ago, has led to near-total state collapse and widespread fighting across the country.
- 🚨 The capital, Khartoum, is barely functioning, and international aid is struggling to reach those in need due to the ongoing conflict.
- 🔄 The conflict has deep roots, with the 2021 military coup derailing Sudan's democratic transition and igniting a power struggle between General Burhan and General Hemetti.
- 🏺 Darfur is a critical region where the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), led by General Hemetti, are fighting against the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) for control.
- 🔪 There is an ethnic dimension to the conflict, with Arab militias aligned with the RSF targeting non-Arab groups, reminiscent of the 2000s when the Janjaweed militias committed atrocities.
- 🌍 International actors, including the UAE and Russia, are accused of fueling the war by supplying weapons to the warring parties, prolonging the conflict.
- 🌐 The crisis in Sudan has regional implications, potentially affecting the whole of Africa, but it is not a priority for the international community.
- 🆘 There is an urgent need for protection and humanitarian aid in El Fasher, where civilians are at risk of violence and starvation.
- 🤝 Diplomatic efforts to cease the fighting have been attempted, but the complexity of the conflict, involving multiple armed groups, makes finding a resolution challenging.
Q & A
苏丹达尔富尔地区的冲突是如何开始的?
-苏丹达尔富尔地区的冲突始于2003年,当时非阿拉伯社区的反叛团体如扎加瓦、马萨利特和富尔族因感到被阿拉伯主导的政府忽视而起义反抗奥马尔·巴希尔政府。巴希尔政府通过武装当地的阿拉伯民兵,即金贾韦德,来对抗叛军,导致了大规模的杀戮、强奸、焚烧和人口流离失所。这场暴力冲突导致了达尔富尔地区长达数十年的不稳定和人道主义危机。
苏丹首都喀土穆目前的情况如何?
-苏丹首都喀土穆目前几乎无法正常运作,由于苏丹武装部队和快速支援部队之间的冲突已经扩散到包括喀土穆在内的多个地区,造成了严重的政治不稳定、人道主义紧急情况和广泛的人权侵犯。
达尔富尔地区的种族暴力是如何加剧的?
-达尔富尔地区的种族暴力自2023年4月以来加剧,当时苏丹武装部队和快速支援部队之间的战斗蔓延到了该地区。快速支援部队,源自2000年代初期的金贾韦德民兵,已经开始针对马萨利特等非阿拉伯族群和其他社区进行攻击,这些攻击包括大规模杀戮、性暴力和系统性摧毁村庄。
苏丹的人道主义危机有多严重?
-苏丹正面临世界上最大的人道主义危机之一。据联合国估计,约有2500万人需要人道主义援助,其中超过1400万儿童。此外,有超过870万人因冲突而流离失所,他们在国内或邻国寻求庇护,使得苏丹成为世界上最大的流离失所危机。
国际社会对苏丹达尔富尔地区的冲突有何反应?
-国际社会对苏丹达尔富尔地区的冲突表示严重关切。联合国安全理事会通过了决议,要求苏丹的快速支援部队停止对北达尔富尔州首府埃尔法希尔的围攻,并允许人道主义援助进入。此外,联合国秘书长安东尼奥·古特雷斯呼吁立即停止敌对行动,并恢复政治对话作为解决冲突的唯一途径。
苏丹的饥饿危机有多严重?
-苏丹的饥饿危机非常严重,据联合国估计,约有1800万人面临饥饿,其中约500万人处于饥饿的边缘。苏丹正面临其历史上最严重的急性粮食不安全水平,包括在达尔富尔、南科尔多凡、青尼罗河州、阿贾兹拉州和喀土穆等地有超过755,000人处于灾难性的食物短缺状态。
达尔富尔地区的种族清洗是否构成种族灭绝?
-有报告指出,达尔富尔地区的暴力行为与2000年代初期的种族灭绝行为模式相似,苏丹律师穆塔西姆·阿里表示,快速支援部队对达尔富尔的非阿拉伯群体使用系统性的非人化方法,这与2000年代初期的种族灭绝行为模式相同。因此,一些人权组织和专家警告说,达尔富尔可能正面临另一场种族灭绝。
苏丹的医疗系统是否受到冲突的影响?
-是的,苏丹的医疗系统受到冲突的严重影响。世界卫生组织警告说,由于苏丹敌对双方之间的激烈战斗,使得进入北达尔富尔首府埃尔法希尔的通道“完全不可能”,导致800,000人被困在没有足够食物、水或医疗支持的地区。
苏丹的人道主义援助是否得到充分资助?
-苏丹的人道主义援助远未得到充分资助。世界卫生组织官员表示,苏丹的人道主义应急响应目前只有26%的资金到位,他将此紧急情况描述为“世界上最糟糕的情况之一”。
苏丹的洪水灾害情况如何?
-苏丹的洪水灾害严重,自雨季开始以来,大雨和洪水持续造成破坏,导致数十万人流离失所,基础设施受损,道路通行受阻,并增加了疾病爆发的风险。据苏丹洪水仪表板显示,自6月以来,已有超过442,600人受到影响,至少124,600人因洪水而流离失所。
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