Psyco1

Summary

In this psycholinguistics course, students explore the history and development of the field, divided into formative, linguistic, connective, and cognitive periods. The course delves into human language's unique characteristics compared to animal communication, such as the use of vocal-auditory channels and arbitrary symbols. It also covers various subdisciplines of psycholinguistics, including theoretical, developmental, social, educational, experimental, and applied, and their relevance to language learning and cognitive sciences.

Takeaways

• 📚 The term 'psycholinguistics' was first used in the 1920s but became recognized as a discipline after a seminar at Cornell University in 1951.
• 📈 The development of psycholinguistics can be divided into four periods: formative, linguistic, connective, and cognitive.
• 🔍 The formative period was characterized by psychology and linguistics as separate disciplines, while the linguistic period in the 1950s and 1960s marked the formal emergence of psycholinguistics as an interdisciplinary field.
• 🧠 The connective period in the 1970s and 1980s focused on developing and testing various models of language processing, with an emphasis on cognitive aspects and the biological basis of language in humans.
• 🌐 The current psycholinguistic period is marked by the integration of psycholinguistics with cognitive science, neuroscience, and computational linguistics, reflecting a broader field of inquiry into the nature of knowledge and mental representations.
• 🏫 Psycholinguistics has expanded into several subdisciplines, including theoretical, developmental, social, educational, neurolinguistics, and experimental psycholinguistics, each focusing on different aspects of language and cognition.
• 🐝 Animal communication systems, such as the honeybee's waggle dance, are compared with human language to explore the possibility of animal language and attempts to teach animals human language.
• 🗣 Human language is distinct from animal communication systems, utilizing a vocal-auditory channel and arbitrary symbols that do not have a direct connection to the messages they convey.
• 🤔 Psycholinguistics examines the cognitive and biological underpinnings of language acquisition and use, considering the genetic and evolutionary aspects of language development in humans.
• 📝 The course material covers the history, concepts, and scope of psycholinguistics, its implementation in language teaching, and the various subdisciplines that contribute to our understanding of language and cognition.

Q & A

What does the term 'psycholinguistics' refer to?

Psycholinguistics refers to the study of the psychological and cognitive processes underlying language, including how language is perceived, produced, acquired, and understood.

When was the term 'psycholinguistics' first used?

The term 'psycholinguistics' appears to have first been used in the 1920s, but the birth of psycholinguistics as a discipline is often associated with a seminar at Cornell University in 1951.

What are the four periods of development in the field of psycholinguistics?

The four periods of development in psycholinguistics are the formative period, the linguistic period, the connective period, and the cognitive-psycholinguistic period.

How did the linguistic period in psycholinguistics evolve?

During the linguistic period in the 1950s and 1960s, psycholinguistics emerged as an interdisciplinary field driven by developments in linguistics and psychology, shifting from behaviorism to mentalism, influenced by Noam Chomsky's work.

What is the focus of the connective period in psycholinguistics?

The connective period in the 1970s and 1980s focused on developing and testing various models of language processing and acquisition.

How does the cognitive-psycholinguistic period differ from previous periods?

The cognitive-psycholinguistic period is characterized by the integration of psycholinguistics with cognitive science, neuroscience, and computational linguistics, focusing on the nature of knowledge and mental representations.

What are the subdisciplines of psycholinguistics mentioned in the script?

The subdisciplines of psycholinguistics mentioned are theoretical psycholinguistics, developmental psycholinguistics, social psycholinguistics, educational psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, and experimental psycholinguistics.

How does human language differ from animal communication systems?

Human language differs from animal communication systems in several ways, including the use of vocal-auditory channels, arbitrary symbols, and the complexity of its structure and use.

What is an example of animal communication mentioned in the script?

An example of animal communication mentioned is the honey bee's use of the waggle dance to inform other bees about the location of food sources.

What are the characteristics of human language as compared to animal communication?

Characteristics of human language include the use of vocal-auditory channels, arbitrary symbols, and the ability to convey abstract concepts and complex ideas.

What is the role of biology in language development as discussed in the script?

The role of biology in language development is that it provides the genetic and neurological basis for language acquisition and growth, suggesting a strong connection between language and human biology.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Psycholinguistics and Course Overview

The script introduces the second meeting of a psycholinguistics and language teaching course. The instructor apologizes for the online format and explains the necessity due to scheduling difficulties. The session will cover the history, concepts, and scope of psycholinguistics, including an overview of language development and human language. The instructor also discusses the implementation of psycholinguistics in language teaching. The session concludes with an assignment for students to submit a summary on Google Drive, serving as proof of attendance. The term 'psycholinguistics' is traced back to its first use in the 1920s, with its academic development closely linked to a seminar at Cornell University in 1951. The field's evolution is divided into four periods: formative, linguistic, connective, and psycholinguistic, each characterized by significant developments in the understanding of language and cognition.

05:01

🌐 Developmental Stages of Psycholinguistics

This section delves into the four developmental stages of psycholinguistics. The formative period saw psychology and linguistics as separate disciplines. The linguistic period in the 1950s and 1960s marked the formal emergence of psycholinguistics as an interdisciplinary field, influenced by developments in linguistics and psychology, shifting from behaviorism to mentalism. The connective period in the 1970s and 1980s expanded the field, focusing on developing and testing models of language processing. The current period is characterized by the integration of psycholinguistics with cognitive science, neuroscience, and computational linguistics, reflecting a diverse theoretical landscape and a broader understanding of the nature of knowledge and mental representations.

10:02

🔬 Subdisciplines and Applications of Psycholinguistics

Psycholinguistics has rapidly expanded into several subdisciplines, including theoretical psycholinguistics, which focuses on language theories related to human cognition, and developmental psycholinguistics, concerning first and second language acquisition. Social psycholinguistics examines the social aspects of language, including social identity. Educational psycholinguistics discusses the role of language in formal education, such as teaching reading and improving language proficiency. Neurolinguistics focuses on the relationship between language and the human brain, analyzing how the brain's biological structure influences language use. Experimental psycholinguistics empirically tests language production and behavior. Lastly, applied psycholinguistics concerns the practical application of findings from these subdisciplines in areas like psychology, linguistics, and language learning.

15:02

🐝 Animal Communication vs. Human Language

The script contrasts human language with animal communication systems, highlighting the unique characteristics of human language. Human language utilizes a vocal-auditory channel, where speech is produced by the mouth and received by the ear, unlike other species that may rely on auditory or chemical signals. Human language also uses arbitrary symbols, with no inherent connection between the word and its meaning, in contrast to the strong connection in animal communication systems. The example of bees' communication through dance to inform about food sources illustrates the differences in how information is conveyed. The discussion raises questions about whether animals can 'talk' in a human sense and explores various attempts to teach language to animals, emphasizing the distinct nature of human language capabilities.

Keywords

💡Psycholinguistics

Psycholinguistics is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, and understand language. It is a multidisciplinary field that combines linguistics, psychology, and cognitive science. In the video, psycholinguistics is the central theme, with the instructor discussing its history, development, and various subdisciplines, highlighting its importance in understanding language processing and acquisition.

💡Language Acquisition

Language acquisition refers to the process by which humans learn one or more languages. The video discusses language acquisition in the context of both first and second languages, emphasizing the role of psycholinguistics in examining the phonological, semantic, and syntactic processes involved in language learning.

💡Interdisciplinary

Interdisciplinary describes an approach to research that involves multiple disciplines working together to explore a topic. Psycholinguistics, as mentioned in the video, is an interdisciplinary field that integrates knowledge from linguistics, psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science to understand the complexities of language and its processing in the human mind.

💡Cognitive Science

Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of the mind and its processes, encompassing areas like artificial intelligence, psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, and philosophy. The video mentions cognitive science in relation to psycholinguistics, indicating how the study of language is intertwined with understanding cognitive processes such as reasoning and decision-making.

💡Neurolinguistics

Neurolinguistics is the study of the neural mechanisms in the human brain that control the comprehension, production, and understanding of language. In the video, neurolinguistics is highlighted as a subdiscipline of psycholinguistics that focuses on the biological structures of the brain and how they influence language use.

💡Animal Communication

Animal communication refers to the methods by which animals exchange information with each other. The video script discusses animal communication in contrast to human language, exploring whether animals can be said to 'talk' in any real sense and examining various attempts to teach language to animals.

💡Vocal Auditory Channel

The vocal auditory channel is the method by which humans primarily communicate through speech, using the vocal cords to produce sound and the ears to receive it. The video contrasts this with animal communication systems, which may use different sensory channels or signals.

💡Arbitrary Symbols

Arbitrary symbols are signs or words that have no inherent connection to the objects or ideas they represent. In the video, it is mentioned that human language uses arbitrary symbols, unlike animal communication systems where there is often a strong connection between the signal and the message it conveys.

💡Social Identity

Social identity refers to the part of an individual's self-concept derived from their perceived membership in social groups. The video touches on social psycholinguistics, which relates to the social aspects of language, including how language is used to express and shape social identity within communities.

💡Applied Psycholinguistics

Applied psycholinguistics involves using the findings from psycholinguistic research to practical applications in areas such as language teaching, communication, and literature. The video mentions applied psycholinguistics as a subdiscipline that bridges the gap between theory and practice, demonstrating the real-world relevance of psycholinguistic studies.

💡Language Behavior

Language behavior encompasses the actions and reactions of individuals in relation to language use. In the context of the video, experimental psycholinguistics is discussed, which includes empirical studies on language production, language activities, and language behaviors.

Highlights

Introduction to the second meeting of the psycholinguistics and language teaching course.

Online video provided due to difficulties in rescheduling classes.

Students are asked to submit a summary for attendance proof.

The term 'psycholinguistics' was first used in the 1920s, associated with a seminar at Cornell University in 1951.

Development of psycholinguistics divided into four periods: formative, linguistic, connective, and cognitive.

Formative period characterized by psychology and linguistics as separate disciplines.

Linguistic period marked by the formal emergence of psycholinguistics as an interdisciplinary field.

Connective period focused on developing and testing models of language processing.

Cognitive period emphasizes the role of cognition and biological foundations in language acquisition.

Psycholinguistics now involves larger fields of inquiry, including the nature of knowledge and mental representations.

Integration of psycholinguistics with cognitive science, neuroscience, and computational linguistics.

Psycholinguistics has expanded into subdisciplines such as theoretical, developmental, social, educational, experimental, and applied psycholinguistics.

Discussion on human language's differences from animal communication systems.

Animals communicate through various means, but their communication is not the same as human language.

Attempts to teach language to animals and their limitations.

Characteristics of human language, such as the vocal-auditory channel and the use of arbitrary symbols.

Animal communication systems, like bees' dance, are compared to human language to understand their complexity.

Human language's arbitrariness and its distinction from the strong connection in animal signaling.

Transcripts

asalamualaikum warahmatullahi

wabarakatuh Hello

students today eh is the second meeting

of pycholinguistic and languistic

teaching course I'm sorry for deciding

to only give you this online video for

learning eh it's due to the difficulties

of replacing and rescheduling the class

for five

Cles I will give you the material

related to the history concept and Scope

of

psycholinguistic then A Brief overview

of language sprint and human language

lastly it's about the

implementation and topics of

psycholinguistics in language teaching

in the end of the session I will ask you

to submit a summary consisting of at

least four sentences up to F eh 10

sentences in Google

Drive eh this is for replacing or as a

proof of your

attendance the term psycholinguistic

appears to have first been used to refer

to the psychology of language

19 the of pingtic as disci is link to

Ain at cnel university in

1951 jadi

Eh pychinguistic ini tampaknya pertama

kali digunakan untuk merujuk pada

psikologi bahasa pada tahun

1920-an namun kelahiran polinguistik

sebagai suatu disiplin ilmu ini sering

dikaitkan dengan seminar di Cornel

University pada tahun

1951 and then the development of the

field can be divided into four

periods first one is formative period

secondly is linguistic period the

thirdly connective period the last is

cycholinguistic period Ok The First Eh

stages is e for

ining and

pying and

pyelop jadi pada tahap formatif ini eh

antara pikologi danmuingk ini menjadi eh

masing-masing disiplin ilmu sendiri ya

yang masih

terpisah and then for the linguistic

period in 1950s and

1960s this par Marks The formmal imerge

of psycholinguistic As an

interdisciplinary field driven by

development inp linguistics and

psychology pada tahap linguistik

perkembangan ilmu linguistik ini awalnya

beraliran behaviorism ya lalu beralih ke

mentalis

eh digagas oleh skinner yang menerbitkan

buku chamski Static

structures memberikan kritik tajam

kepada teori behavior lalu membuat

psycholinguistik yang diminati banyak

orang dan semakin eh berkembang serta

didukung oleh berkembangnya ilmu

neurolinguistics and then the connective

period in 1970s and 1980s during this

time the field expanded at the focus on

developing and testing various models

language processing and

aququicient kemudian berkembang dengan

tahapan di periode kognitif ya di mana

eh

bidang yang diuji dengan dalam

psolinguistik ini dengan fokus

pengembangan pemerolehan bahasa ini

Sudah diuji dan dikembangkan

Eh polinguistik pada tahap ini mulai

mengarah pada peran kognisi dan landasan

biologis manusia dalam memperoleh

bahasa Kemudian pada tahap ini mulai

dibicarakan tentang peran biologi pada

bahasa ser rasa bahwa Biologi adalah

landasan bahasa bertumbuh sehingga

pertumbuhan bahasa manusia berhubungan

secara genetik dengan pertumbuhan

biologisnya and then psycholinguistic

theory the last and Most current period

in psycholinguistic is one Me by the

development of conognective Science As

an interdolutionary activity

psycholinguistic is now involved in

larger field of inquiry that is The

Nature of

knowge and the structure of mental

representations and how these are used

in mental process like reasoning and

Decision Making current psycholinguistic

theory also reflects a considerable

theoretical variety in psychology and

linguistic This spirit is also

characterized by the the integration of

psycholinguistic with cognitive Science

neuroscience and computational

linguistics

pada tahap ini psikolinguistik tidak

lagi sebagai ilmu yang terpisah dari

ilmu-ilmu lain karena pemerolehan

penggunaan bahasa manusia memuat banyak

e cabang ilmu pengetahuan lainnya

sehingga psikolinguistik tidak terdiri

dari psiko dan linguistik saja tetapi

memuat ilmu-ilmu lain seperti neurologi

genetika eh danutional linguistik atau

yang berhubungan dengan komputer

teknologi yang terkait dengan eh

perkembangan eh dan pemerolehan

bahasa and then psycholinguistic has

developed rapidly and expanded into

several

subdisciplines including theoretical

cycling

oc on theor of language rel to humaness

in language such asonetics synx Design

discourse and internation and then

developmental

psychinguistics eh it is related to

language first

languageici and second

languageicient it examines phonological

Semantic and synetic processes in stages

and then social pycholinguistic rel to

the social aspect of language including

social

identity and then educational

psycholinguistic discuss general aspects

of formal education at school including

The Role of language in teaching reading

teaching proficiency and improving

language ability toprs andingsuryingutic

language language production and the

human and then

experimental pycholinguistics covered

and experimented in all language

Productions and language activities

language

behaviors and last is

applied pycholinguistics concerned with

the application of the findings of Six

subdiscipline of psycholinguistics

explain before ins

kemudian pingis ini berkembang dengan

sangat cepat menjadi beberapa

subdisiplin ilmu di dalam H

2015 menyebutkan ada setidaknya

tuisiplmu dari linguisti pertama adalah

theoretical psychinguistic yang berfokus

pada teori-teori bahasa yang dihubungkan

dengan proses mental seperti fonetik

kemudian syx discourse intonasi kemudian

eh developmental psycholinguistic ini

adalah kajian dalam eh psikolinguistik

yang dihubungkan dengan pemerolehan

bahasa baik itu pemerolehan bahasa

pertama maupun pemeroleh bahasa kedua

yang menguji Bagaimana tahapan-tahapan

ee perkembangan bahasa di area fonologi

kemudian morfologi semantik sintetik

maupun discourse kemudian sociial

psyolinguistik yang berhubungan dengan

aspek-aspek sosial dalam bahasa yang

digunakan dalam komunitas

sosial kemudian yang keempat adalah

educational psycholinguistic ini adalah

subdisiplin dari psikolinguistik yang eh

membicarakan terken terkait dengan

aspek-aspek umum dalam pendidikan formal

di sekolah yang meliputi peranan bahasa

Dalam pengajaran Eh misalnya pengajaran

reading kemudian teaching Prov dan

bagaimana meningkatkan kemampuan untuk

mengekspresikan eh pikiran dan perasaan

kemudian yang kelima adalah

pingu atau neurolinguistik yang berfokus

pada hubungan antara bahasa kemudian eh

language production dan eh human brain

ini menganalisis Bagaimana peran eh

eh human brain dan eh biological

structure ya struktur biologis dari otak

ini yang mempengaruhi Bagaimana

penggunaan bahasa kemudian experimental

psycholinguistic ini adalah subdisiplin

ilmu dari psikolinguistik yang

eh menguji secara empiris terkait dengan

produksi bahasa kemudian aktivitas dan

perilaku bahasa kemudian yang terakhir

adalah applied psycholinguistic ini

berhubungan dengan aplikasi dari eh

berbagai subdisiplin ilmu tadi yang

keenam subdisiplin ilmu dari

psikolinguistik

Eh pada beberapa area seperti psikologi

kemudian linguistik sendiri kemudian

juga diterapkan di dalam pembelajaran eh

bahasa atau language learning

eh dan juga ada beberapa yang diterapkan

di dalam eh beberapa komunikasi dan

[Musik]

sastra psycholinguistic discuss about

human language so when we discuss about

human language maybe any question in our

mind that human language is different

from animal language and then can

animals talk can we teach animals as our

language so study of

ent in 2008 discuss the topics examined

related to animal communication systems

that are compared with human language to

see if animals can be said to talk in

any real sense and various attempts to

teach language to animals are

considered animals communicate to a wide

variety of means and Reason for example

to get food to find meat to warn to

treaten and etc for example in a be

communication system honey Bees inform

other Bees about the existence of food

the vicinity by Performing a serious of

body Movement

called general B

has patterns namely round indicating the

Food source is near the

h indicating the location of the Food

source is intermediate distance from the

Hi and Wing indicating the Food source

is at far distance from

the ya Bisakah hewan berbicara kemudian

kalau bisa Apakah kita bisa mengajarkan

hewan berbicara seperti

manusia jadi ada beberapa

eksperimen dan kajian sebelumnya terkait

dengan

ee bahasa hewan yangembahas

topik-topik terkait dengan sistem

komunikasi hewan yang dibandingkan

dengan bahasa manusia untuk melihat

apakah hewan dapat dikatakan berbicara

dalam arti sebenarnya dan berbagai upaya

untuk mengajarkan bahasa kepada hewan

juga

dipertimbangkan sebagai contoh di sini

adalah penelitian ee terkait dengan

sistem komunikasi lebah ya lebah madu

eh

menggunakan informasi yang berupa

Gerakan tubuh ya dengan tarian Untuk

menginformasikan kepada lebah lain

tentang keberadaan makanan di

sekitarnya jadi secara umum tarian lebah

ini mempunyai tiga pola yang

berbeda yaitu yang pertama menunjukkan

sumber makanan berada di dekat

sarang dengan tarian yang berbentuk

bulat kemudian tarian yang berbentuk

Sabit ini menunjukkan letak sumber

makanan berada pada jarak menengah dari

sarang kemudian tarian dengan mengibas

dengan menunjukkan sumber makanan yang

berada jauh dari

sarang So how about human language

human language has a number of

characteristics that compared with

animal communication system as the first

one is vocal auditory channel human

language uses vocal and auditory channel

speech is produced by the Mode and Re

receiv by

ear even though other specious like

Birds cows and Foxes other animals have

only auditory signals such as Cricket

and other CH chemical Us By

inss and then eh

arbit human language uses natural

symbols There is no connection between

the word as a symbol the symbol for

example

eh mother in English and then Indonesian

Ibu eh Japanese eh smbol and other for

example in Sunda Ambu and

etc so There is no strong connection

between the message they are sending and

the signals they ususe to convey

it however

animals animals have strong connection

between the message they are sending and

the signals They use to convey it for

example aedences faster if the source of

nectar is closer and it doesn't slower

if it is f

Jadi kalau

eh bahasa manusia ini mempunyai beberapa

karakteristik di antaranya yang pertama

adalah vocal auditory channel atau

saluran pendengaran vokal di mana bahasa

manusia ini menggunakan saluran vokal

dan pendengaran ucapan yang dihasilkan

ini dihasilkan oleh mulut kemudian

diterima oleh telinga meskipun spesies

lain juga seperti burung sapi dan rubah

dan hewan lainnya mungkin hanya memiliki

sinyal pendengaran seperti jangkrik dan

saluran lain seperti

bahasa yang lain yang digunakan oleh

serangga kemudian bahasa manusia ini

juga ariter ariter itu maksudnya

sembarang jadi bahasa manusia ini

menggunakan sign dan simbol tidak ada

hubungan antara

sign atau simbol sebagai lambang

misalnya tadi saya sampaikan ada kata

mother di bahasa Inggris yang merujuk

atau mrefer pada kata yang

sama di bahasa Indonesia ibu kemudian di

Jawa mungkin bisa simbok kemudian di ee

daerah lain misalnya bisa Ambu dan

daerah-daerah lainnya juga bisa hal yang

lain nah berbeda dengan hewan ya hewan

mempunyai hubungan yang kuat antara

pesan yang mereka kirimkan dengan sinyal

yang mereka gunakan untuk

menyampaikannya nya misalnya tadi Kalau

seekor lebah mencari

ee lebah ini akan

ee berkomunikasi menyampaikan pesannya

melalui tarian dengan menari lebih cepat

jika ingin menunjukkan sumber makanan

ini lebih dekat Tetapi dia akan menari

dengan lebih lambat apabila sumber

makanannya ini jauh