Ano nga ba ang mga Biological Macromolecule at bakit sila kailangan ng ating katawan? | Part 1

Summary

In this episode of 'Super Cat Escuela,' host Emmanuel Alma Glassang delves into the world of biological macromolecules, exploring their properties and functions. The lesson answers intriguing questions about survival and the body's composition. It covers the four main biological macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, explaining their roles in our bodies and daily life. The script includes a discussion on true or false questions, the structure of glucose, and the significance of proteins in muscle building. It also touches on lipid solubility, the composition of nucleic acids, and the digestion process of carbohydrates, highlighting the importance of insulin. The episode promises more insights on lipids and nucleic acids, encouraging viewers to stay tuned for further scientific exploration.

Takeaways

• 🍽 We eat to provide our bodies with essential molecules needed for survival, not just to satisfy hunger.
• 🧬 The four biological macromolecules are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, all containing carbon.
• 🥩 Meat is a protein-rich food, important for muscle building and essential for those who exercise intensively.
• 🚫 Lipids are not soluble in water, which includes fats, oils, steroids, and waxes.
• ❌ Proteins are not made up of nucleotides; they are composed of amino acids.
• 🍬 Sucrose, known as table sugar, is a disaccharide made up of glucose and fructose molecules.
• 🌾 Carbohydrates serve as a primary energy source and provide structural support in plants and animals.
• 🍚 Starch, a polysaccharide, is how plants store glucose and is found in foods like potatoes and rice.
• 🔄 The digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth and continues in the stomach and small intestine, eventually breaking down into glucose.
• 🏋️‍♂️ Proteins are crucial for building and repairing tissues and are made up of amino acids linked together in a specific sequence.
• 🔗 The sequence of amino acids in proteins is vital, affecting the protein's shape and function, as seen with hemoglobin.

Q & A

What are the four biological macro molecules?

The four biological macro molecules are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Why do we need to eat food according to the script?

We need to eat food because our body requires certain molecules to survive, and food provides these molecules.

What is the role of glucose in the body?

Glucose is our body's main source of energy, obtained through the consumption of carbohydrates.

Why are proteins important for muscle growth?

Proteins are important for muscle growth because they provide the materials needed to build muscle, similar to how materials are needed to build a house.

Are lipids soluble in water?

No, lipids are not soluble in water. They include fats, oils, steroids, and waxes, all of which do not mix well with water.

What are the building blocks of proteins?

The building blocks of proteins are amino acids, not nucleotides.

What is the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides?

Monosaccharides have one sugar molecule, disaccharides have two, and polysaccharides have many monosaccharide units combined.

How is sucrose formed and what is it composed of?

Sucrose is formed when a molecule of glucose combines with a molecule of fructose, making it a disaccharide.

What is the role of insulin in the body's use of glucose?

Insulin carries glucose molecules into cells so that the body can use the energy stored in glucose.

How does the sequence of amino acids affect protein structure?

The sequence of amino acids in a protein is crucial as it determines the protein's shape and function, similar to how the sequence of letters forms different words.

What is the primary structure of proteins?

The primary structure of proteins refers to the sequence of amino acids that make up the protein.

Outlines

00:00

🧬 Introduction to Biological Macro Molecules

The video script introduces the topic of biological macro molecules with the host, Emmanuel Alma Glassang, from Gutad National High School in Florida Blanca. The episode aims to explore the properties and functions of these macro molecules, addressing questions like why we need food for survival and what molecules our body is made of. The script sets the stage for an educational journey, encouraging students to bring out their modules and notebooks to learn about carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The host poses questions to engage the audience and promises to delve into the importance of these molecules for survival.

05:01

🍚 Carbohydrates: Energy and Structure

This segment delves into the world of carbohydrates, explaining their role as a primary source of energy for the body and their structural importance in plants and animals. The script outlines the classification of carbohydrates based on the number of sugar molecules they contain, including monosaccharides like glucose, galactose, and fructose; disaccharides like sucrose; and polysaccharides like starch and chitin. The process of how the body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose and how glucose is utilized for energy is described, along with the role of insulin in facilitating glucose entry into cells. The importance of the sequence of amino acids in proteins is also touched upon, setting the stage for further discussion on proteins.

10:02

🔗 Proteins: The Building Blocks of Life

The script continues with an exploration of proteins, emphasizing their composition from amino acids and their diverse roles in the body, such as collagen in skin and keratin in hair and nails. It explains the basic structure of an amino acid and how different R groups result in various amino acids. The process of protein synthesis in ribosomes and the significance of the sequence of amino acids in determining protein structure and function are discussed. The example of hemoglobin is used to illustrate how changes in the sequence of amino acids can alter protein shape and function, leading to conditions like sickle cell anemia. The segment also introduces the concept of intermolecular forces and how they influence protein shape, hinting at the complexity of molecular biology.

Keywords

💡Biological macro molecules

Biological macro molecules are large molecules that are essential for the structure and function of living organisms. In the video, they are the central theme, as they are the building blocks of life, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The script discusses their properties and functions, emphasizing their importance for survival.

💡Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, typically with a hydrogen-oxygen ratio of 2:1, as in water. They serve as a primary source of energy for living organisms. In the script, glucose is highlighted as an example of a monosaccharide and the body's main source of energy. The discussion also includes disaccharides like sucrose and polysaccharides like starch.

💡Proteins

Proteins are large biomolecules made up of amino acids and are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs. The script explains that proteins are crucial for building muscles and are made up of amino acids, with examples like meat, eggs, and fish being rich in proteins. It also touches upon the importance of the sequence of amino acids in proteins.

💡Lipids

Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds that include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids. They are insoluble in water and play various roles, including energy storage and cell membrane structure. The script clarifies that lipids do not mix well with water, contrasting them with other biological macro molecules.

💡Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides and include DNA and RNA. They carry genetic information and play a crucial role in the synthesis of proteins. The script introduces nucleic acids by mentioning DNA and the structure of nucleotides, emphasizing their distinct role from proteins.

💡Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates and cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars. They are the building blocks for more complex carbohydrates. The script uses glucose, galactose, and fructose as examples, highlighting their different sources and functions in the body.

💡Disaccharides

Disaccharides are carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharide molecules joined together. They are broken down into monosaccharides during digestion. The script identifies sucrose, or table sugar, as a disaccharide made up of glucose and fructose.

💡Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of long chains of monosaccharide units. They serve as storage forms of energy and structural components. The script mentions starch and caitine as examples, with starch being a storage form of glucose in plants and caitine forming the exoskeleton of certain animals.

💡Amino acids

Amino acids are organic compounds that form the monomers of proteins. They contain an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain that varies among different amino acids. The script explains that proteins are made up of amino acids and discusses the importance of the sequence of these acids in protein synthesis.

💡Insulin

Insulin is a hormone that regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates by promoting the absorption of glucose from the bloodstream into the cells. The script describes insulin's role in allowing glucose molecules to enter cells, which is critical for energy utilization and maintaining blood sugar levels.

💡Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. The script mentions photosynthesis as the way plants make glucose, which is essential for their survival and serves as a source of energy for other organisms.

Highlights

Introduction to the importance of biological macro molecules in our body and their functions.

Discussion on why we eat and the role of food in providing essential molecules for survival.

Explanation of the four biological macro molecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

True or false questions about biological macromolecules to test understanding.

Carbohydrates contain carbon, confirmed as true with the example of glucose.

Meat as a protein-rich food source, important for muscle growth.

Lipids are not soluble in water, a common characteristic of fats, oils, steroids, and waxes.

Proteins are made up of amino acids, not nucleotides, which are the building blocks of nucleic acids.

DNA as an example of a nucleic acid, highlighting its role in biology.

Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.

Carbohydrates serve as energy sources and provide structure in plants and animals.

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are different types of carbohydrates with varying numbers of sugar molecules.

The process of how starch in potatoes is broken down into glucose for energy.

Proteins are essential for body structure and are made up of amino acids with different R groups.

Protein synthesis in the ribosome and the importance of the sequence of amino acids.

The role of hemoglobin in carrying oxygen in the blood and the impact of sequence changes on its function.

Proteins' shapes are influenced by intermolecular forces and the sequence of amino acids.

Upcoming discussion on lipids and nucleic acids to complete the understanding of biological macro molecules.

Transcripts

good day super k teens and welcome to

another episode of super cat escuela

i'm emmanuel alma glassang from gutad

national high school in florida blanca

and i will be your teacher host for this

episode

today we will be learning about the

biological macro molecules their

properties

and their functions in this episode we

will be able to answer a lot of

interesting questions like why can't we

survive without food

or what molecules is our body made of

or even questions about food that you

eat or about your body

this is a very interesting lesson indeed

and i know that you are all excited to

start so

what are you waiting for bring out your

module and notebook

and let's all learn science together

[Music]

my first question for you is why do we

eat

and i know that some of you will say

weird because we're hungry

and that's the obvious answer isn't it

but there's more to it than hunger

when your tummy aches because of hunger

it is your body telling you that it

needs certain molecules inside

to survive and today we will learn what

these molecules are

and why they are important to your

survival

the four biological macro molecules are

carbohydrates proteins

lipids and nucleic acids on page two of

your module you will see 15 true or

false questions about these

four biological macromolecules today is

saturday so i hope that by this time you

have already answered these

questions now we are going to discuss

the answers to some of these

okay so for question number one true or

false

carbohydrates contain carbon

the answer is true yes carbohydrates

contain carbon

the image you see on the right is the

structure of glucose which is an example

of carbohydrates

as you can see it has six carbons

actually all of the biological

macromolecules

contain carbon now let's try answering

question number two

true or false meat is an example of a

protein-rich

food

the answer again is true yes

meat is rich in protein meat is the

muscle part of the chicken

beef or pork our muscles are also mostly

made up of proteins

that is why those who go to the gym to

grow mussels

usually eat lots of foods that are rich

in protein

like meat eggs nuts and fish

don't you think it makes sense when you

want to build a house the two basic

things that you need are labor

and materials even if you labor to build

your house

if you don't have the materials like

blocks and cement

then you won't be able to build it the

same is true with building a muscle

no matter how hard you labor if you

don't eat protein

your body will not have materials to

build your muscle

let's now move to the next question

true or false lipids are soluble in

water

the answer is false there are many types

of lipids

we have fats oils steroids and waxes

they are all different but one thing

they have in common is that they all

do not mix well with water that is why

the answer is false

let's now answer question number four

true or false proteins are made up of

nucleotides

the correct answer is false proteins are

made up of amino acids

the image on the right shows the

structure of nucleotides

they have a nitrogenous base a phosphate

group

and a 5 carbon sugar or a sugar that has

5

carbon atoms nucleotides are not the

building blocks of proteins

they are the building blocks of nucleic

acids

is the term nucleic acid familiar to you

if yes maybe because you already know

that the initialism

dna stands for deoxyribonucleic acid

dna is an example of nucleic acid this

means that the answer to question number

five

is true let's now move on to question

number six

true or false sucrose is a disaccharide

the correct answer is true disaccharides

are a type of simple carbohydrates that

have two monosaccharide molecules

sucrose is also known as the table sugar

it is made up of one molecule of glucose

and one molecule of fructose

since it is made up of two sugar

molecules it is considered

as a disaccharide we will talk more

about disaccharides in the discussion

and we will not answer and discuss all

15 questions

but if you have more questions about

page two you can always contact your

physical science teacher or you can

reach out to me on my facebook page

sciencequella let's now move on to the

next part of this episode which is the

discussion part

please turn your modules on page 8 and

let's talk about

carbohydrates when i hear the word

carbohydrate the first

things that enter my mind are rice bread

and potatoes

all of these are examples of food rich

in carbohydrate and all of them are good

sources of energy

however providing energy to our body is

not the only purpose of carbohydrates

they also provide structure in plants

and animals

carbohydrates can be classified

depending on how many sugar molecules

they have

a carbohydrate that has one sugar

molecule is a monosaccharide

examples of monosaccharide are glucose

galactose and fructose

galactose is found in milk and milk

products

fructose is found in fruits and glucose

is our body's main source of energy

plants make glucose through the process

of photosynthesis where they use the

energy from sunlight

to convert carbon dioxide and water into

oxygen

and glucose unlike plants we are not

capable of making glucose

we have to eat it and that's where our

body gets most of its energy from

when two of these monosaccharides

combine they form disaccharides

for example when a molecule of glucose

and a molecule of fructose combine

sucrose or table sugar is formed when

many monosaccharide units combine

they form polysaccharides an example of

polysaccharide is caitine

caitine is a major component of the

exoskeleton

or shells of crabs lobsters beetles and

scorpions

another example of polysaccharide is

starch

when plants synthesize glucose they

combine these glucose molecules together

to form starch this way they are able to

store glucose for when they need it

you can find these starch in potatoes

rice and other grains

so what happens when we eat potatoes

inside the mouth the potato is broken

down into smaller pieces when we chew

what we can't see there is how the

enzymes in our saliva

breaks down the starch into its smaller

components

it then goes down to our stomach through

the esophagus

the acid there further breaks down the

food

it then goes to the small intestines

where enzymes there further break the

food down

into glucose the glucose molecules go to

the bloodstream

what we want to happen here is for the

glucose molecules to enter the cells

so our body can use the energy stored in

glucose

for that to happen the hormone insulin

carried these glucose molecules

into the cell the enzymes that break

down food into smaller units like the

amylase

and the insulin that carry glucose to

the cells

are all examples of another biological

macromolecules

the proteins let's talk about proteins

when you look at yourself in the mirror

most of what you see is protein

the collagen in your skin is a protein

that helps fight wrinkles and fine lines

keratin is a protein that makes up most

of your hair

your nails and the outermost layer of

your skin

as mentioned earlier proteins are made

up of amino acid

the image on the right shows the basic

structure of an amino acid

it contains an amino group a carboxyl

group

and an r group different amino acids

have different

r groups examples of amino acids are

glycine alanine and valine to form

proteins

different amino acids are being combined

in the ribosome through the process

called

protein synthesis the sequence by which

different amino acids are combined

together

is very important it can be compared to

how we sequence letters to form a word

for example

if the letters e a and t are sequenced

this way

the word reads eat but if they are

sequenced this way

it becomes t if you change the sequence

further

it now reads eight the sequence of amino

acids in a protein is called the primary

structure of proteins

it is very important that the sequence

of amino acids

is correct take the protein hemoglobin

for example

the hemoglobin in the red blood cells

carries oxygen in the blood

if the sequence is changed the

hemoglobin changes

in shape it then makes the red blood

cells look like a sickle in times

when the oxygen levels are low as a

result

they may get stuck in the blood vessels

proteins don't look like long lines of

amino acids

in the previous episode you learned

about the intermolecular forces of

attraction

these are the forces that push the

molecules together

you also learned about the dipole-dipole

bond that happens in polar molecules

some of these amino acids are polar so

instead of staying straight

some of these amino acids are attracted

to one another

some form hydrogen bonds and others form

disulfide bonds

because of these the protein assumes a

shape depending on what amino acids are

there

and the sequence at which they are

placed so far we have learned about

carbohydrates and proteins

later we will learn all about lipids and

nucleic

acids so don't go away we'll come back

for more science concepts only here at

super k telescuela