Shaping - Modifikasi Perilaku- 8

Summary

The video lecture discusses the concept of 'shaping' in behavioral psychology, focusing on how new behaviors are developed through reinforcement. The instructor explains shaping using examples like teaching children to speak and training animals. Key points include identifying behaviors that approximate the target behavior, reinforcing successive steps, and gradually achieving the desired behavior. The lecture also covers the application of shaping in different contexts, such as helping the elderly walk after surgery and extending the duration between restroom visits. The session concludes with instructions for a group activity related to applying shaping techniques.

Takeaways

• 🧠 Shaping is a technique used to develop new behavior by reinforcing closer approximations to the target behavior.
• 📚 The concept of shaping involves identifying existing behaviors that are close to the desired new behavior and gradually reinforcing them.
• 👶 An example of shaping is teaching a child to speak by reinforcing sounds like 'baba' or 'mama' as they approach correct words.
• 👍 Reinforcement plays a critical role in shaping, where behaviors that resemble the target are reinforced, while undesired behaviors are extinguished.
• 🐀 B.F. Skinner's experiments with rats demonstrated shaping by rewarding successive actions leading to the target behavior, such as pressing a lever to get food.
• 🏃‍♂️ Shaping can be used to restore old behaviors, like teaching an elderly person to walk again after hip surgery.
• ⏳ Shaping can also modify the dimensions of existing behaviors, such as prolonging the time between urination for individuals with frequent urination issues.
• 🔍 Effective shaping involves identifying the right starting behavior, setting appropriate steps, and choosing the correct reinforcements.
• 📊 Shaping involves continuous monitoring and adjusting reinforcements as behaviors get closer to the target.
• 📝 Shaping techniques can be applied to various scenarios, and careful analysis is needed to design the process, as discussed in the provided lesson.

Q & A

What is the primary focus of the discussion in the video?

The primary focus of the discussion is on the concept of 'shaping,' a technique used to develop or modify behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior.

How does shaping differ from extinction in behavioral psychology?

Shaping involves reinforcing behaviors that progressively resemble the target behavior, while extinction involves stopping the reinforcement of a behavior, leading to its gradual disappearance.

What is an example of shaping as discussed in the video?

An example of shaping provided in the video is teaching a child to say 'mama.' Initially, the child might say 'mama,' and this attempt is reinforced until the child learns to say 'mama' correctly.

What is the role of reinforcement in the shaping process?

Reinforcement plays a crucial role in shaping by encouraging behaviors that are closer to the desired behavior. Positive reinforcement, like smiling or praising, strengthens the behavior that is being shaped.

How did Skinner's experiment with rats demonstrate the shaping process?

Skinner's experiment with rats demonstrated shaping by observing how rats gradually learned to press a lever to obtain food. The rats were reinforced for behaviors that progressively led to the target behavior of pressing the lever.

What are the steps involved in the shaping process?

The steps involved in shaping include identifying the target behavior, determining the initial behavior that resembles the target, selecting appropriate reinforcements, and reinforcing successive approximations until the desired behavior is achieved.

Can shaping be used to modify behaviors in adults? Provide an example.

Yes, shaping can be used to modify behaviors in adults. An example given in the video is helping an elderly person relearn how to walk after hip surgery by reinforcing steps that progressively resemble normal walking.

How can shaping be applied to extend the duration between urinations for someone with frequent urination issues?

Shaping can be applied by gradually increasing the time intervals between bathroom visits, reinforcing the ability to hold off urination longer each time until a more normal frequency is achieved.

What is the significance of differential reinforcement in the shaping process?

Differential reinforcement is significant in shaping as it involves reinforcing behaviors that are closer to the target behavior and not reinforcing less desirable behaviors, thereby guiding the individual toward the desired outcome.

Why is it important to set realistic intervals during the shaping process?

Setting realistic intervals during shaping is important to ensure the behavior is reinforced at appropriate times, making the process more effective and helping the individual successfully progress toward the target behavior.