Solubility Curves, Saturated, Unsaturated & Supersaturated Solutions
Summary
TLDREl guion trata sobre la solubilidad, es decir, la cantidad de soluto que se puede disolver en una solución. Se explica que la solubilidad aumenta con la temperatura y cómo se representa en una curva de solubilidad. Se discuten conceptos como soluciones saturadas e insaturadas, así como soluciones super saturadas, donde se disuelve más soluto de lo que normalmente se disolvería a una temperatura dada. Se utilizan ejemplos prácticos, como el azúcar, para ilustrar cómo se interpreta la curva de solubilidad y cómo se pueden obtener datos útiles para diferentes temperaturas y cantidades de soluto.
Takeaways
- 🧪 La solubilidad es la capacidad de un sustancia disolverse en una solución, y se mide en gramos de soluto por 100 mililitros de solvente a una temperatura específica.
- 📈 Las curvas de solubilidad muestran los puntos de saturación de un químico a diferentes temperaturas, indicando cuánta solubilidad alcanza.
- 🌡️ A medida que aumenta la temperatura, la solubilidad de los sólidos generalmente aumenta, lo que se refleja en la curva de solubilidad.
- 📊 En la curva de solubilidad, el eje y representa la cantidad de soluto disuelta (en gramos), y el eje x representa la temperatura.
- 🍬 Si se añade más soluto de lo que la curva indica como solubilidad máxima a una temperatura específica, el exceso no disolverá y quedará en el fondo de la solución.
- 💧 Una solución saturada es aquella que contiene la cantidad máxima de soluto disuelto a una temperatura determinada, y no puede disolver más sin llegar a la saturación.
- 🚫 Una solución no saturada (o insaturada) es aquella que no ha alcanzado su punto de saturación y aún puede disolver más soluto.
- 🔬 Las soluciones super saturadas contienen más soluto del que normalmente se disolvería a una temperatura específica, y se forman al disolver el soluto a una temperatura más alta y luego enfriarlo cuidadosamente.
- ❓ Al interpretar las curvas de solubilidad, se pueden responder preguntas sobre la solubilidad de diferentes sustancias a distintas temperaturas y las condiciones para alcanzar una solución saturada o no saturada.
- 🌐 Las curvas de solubilidad son útiles para comparar la solubilidad relativa de diferentes sustancias a temperaturas específicas y para determinar las condiciones necesarias para obtener una solución saturada.
Q & A
¿Qué es la solubilidad y qué representa?
-La solubilidad es la capacidad de una sustancia para disolverse en una solución. Representa la masa de soluto que puede disolverse en una cantidad dada de solvente para formar una solución saturada a una temperatura específica.
¿Cuál es la unidad normal para la solubilidad en química?
-La unidad normal para la solubilidad en química es gramos de soluto por 100 mililitros de solvente, típicamente agua.
¿Qué sucede si se agrega más soluto de lo que la curva de solubilidad indica para una temperatura específica?
-Si se agrega más soluto que lo que indica la curva de solubilidad para una temperatura específica, el soluto en exceso no disolverá y quedará en el fondo de la solución como un residuo no disuelto.
¿Qué es una solución saturada y cómo se relaciona con la curva de solubilidad?
-Una solución saturada es aquella que contiene la máxima cantidad de soluto que puede disolverse a una temperatura dada. La curva de solubilidad representa la cantidad de soluto que se puede disolver antes de que la solución se vuelva saturada.
¿Qué es una solución no saturada y cómo se determina?
-Una solución no saturada es aquella en la que aún se puede disolver más soluto a una temperatura dada. Se determina cuando la cantidad de soluto disuelto está por debajo del valor indicado en la curva de solubilidad para esa temperatura.
¿Qué es una solución super saturada y cómo se forma?
-Una solución super saturada es aquella que contiene más soluto del que normalmente se disolvería a una cierta temperatura. Se forma disolviendo el soluto a una temperatura más alta y luego enfriando cuidadosamente la solución para que el soluto permanezca en disolución hasta que se le proporcione un núcleo de nucleación.
¿Qué es un núcleo de nucleación y cómo afecta a una solución super saturada?
-Un núcleo de nucleación es un punto alrededor del cual los cristales se forman en una solución super saturada. Cuando se introduce un núcleo de nucleación en una solución super saturada, el soluto que estaba en exceso comienza a cristalizar y salir de la solución.
Si se disuelve 100 gramos de soluto en 100 mililitros de agua a 60 grados Celsius, ¿es la solución saturada o no saturada?
-La solución sería no saturada, ya que según la curva de solubilidad, a 60 grados Celsius se puede disolver más de 100 gramos de soluto por 100 mililitros de agua.
¿Cuál es el punto de saturación del soluto a 70 grados Celsius según la curva proporcionada?
-El punto de saturación del soluto a 70 grados Celsius es de aproximadamente 122 gramos por 100 mililitros de solvente.
Si se agrega 80 gramos de soluto a 100 mililitros de agua a 20 grados Celsius, ¿todo el soluto disolverá?
-No, no todo el soluto disolverá. Según la curva de solubilidad, a 20 grados Celsius, solo se puede disolver alrededor de 83 gramos de soluto por 100 mililitros de agua, dejando un residuo de 80 - 83 = 3 gramos de soluto no disuelto.
Outlines
🔬 Introducción a la Solubilidad
El primer párrafo introduce el concepto de solubilidad, explicando cómo un solvente disuelve un solute al distribuir sus partículas a nivel molecular. Se enfatiza la importancia de la temperatura y la capacidad de un solute para disolverse en un solvente, lo que determina si la solución es saturada o no. Se menciona que la solubilidad se mide en gramos de solute por 100 mililitros de solvente, y se utiliza un gráfico de solubilidad para interpretar y obtener datos sobre la cantidad de solute que se puede disolver a diferentes temperaturas.
📊 Interpretación de Curvas de Solubilidad
Este párrafo profundiza en cómo leer y utilizar las curvas de solubilidad para determinar la cantidad de solute que se puede disolver en un solvente a distintas temperaturas. Se describe el proceso de interpretar los puntos de la curva para estimar la solubilidad a temperaturas específicas, como 20, 60, 70 y 80 grados Celsius. Se discute la diferencia entre soluciones saturadas y no saturadas, y se introduce el concepto de soluciones super saturadas, que son soluciones que contienen más solute del que normalmente se disolvería a una temperatura dada, y cómo se pueden obtener al disolver el solute a una temperatura más alta y luego enfriar cuidadosamente el solvente.
🧪 Comparación de Solubilidades y Conceptos Avanzados
El tercer párrafo compara la solubilidad de diferentes sustancias a 80 grados Celsius y resuelve preguntas sobre la solubilidad de sustancias a temperaturas específicas. Se explora la idea de soluciones super saturadas y cómo se pueden desestabilizar para que el solute se cristalice. Además, se presentan ejemplos de cómo diferentes sustancias, como azúcar, nitrato de potasio, sulfato de amonio y cloruro de sodio, se comportan en soluciones a diferentes temperaturas, y se resuelven preguntas sobre la solubilidad de estas sustancias en función de su punto de saturación.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Solubilidad
💡Suelo
💡Curva de solubilidad
💡Solvente
💡Saturado
💡No saturado
💡Supersaturada
💡Núcleo de nucleación
💡Temperatura
💡Soluto
Highlights
Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve, defined as the mass of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent to form a saturated solution at a specific temperature.
Solubility curves are used to interpret the solubility of a solute at different temperatures, typically represented in grams of solute per 100 milliliters of solvent.
For solids, solubility typically increases with temperature, as illustrated by the upward trend in solubility curves.
At 20 degrees Celsius, approximately 83 grams of solute can dissolve in 100 ml of water for the given example.
At 60 degrees Celsius, solubility increases, with around 112 grams of solute dissolving in 100 ml of water.
At 80 degrees Celsius, the solubility is estimated to be around 132 grams per 100 ml of solvent.
Adding more solute than the solubility limit at a given temperature results in a saturated solution with undissolved solute.
A solution with less solute than the solubility limit at a given temperature is considered unsaturated and can dissolve more solute.
Supersaturated solutions contain more solute than would normally dissolve at a certain temperature and can crystallize when a nucleation site is introduced.
Supersaturated solutions are created by dissolving a solute at a higher temperature and then carefully cooling the solution without introducing impurities.
Different solutes have different solubility curves, allowing for comparison of their solubility at various temperatures.
The saturation point of a solute can be determined by finding where the solubility curve intersects with the amount of solute溶解曲线与溶质量相交的点。
At 70 degrees Celsius, the solubility of a solute is estimated to be around 122 grams per 100 ml of solvent.
A temperature of approximately 93 degrees Celsius is needed to achieve a solubility of 160 grams per 100 ml of water for the given solute.
If 80 grams of solute are added to 100 ml of water at 20 degrees Celsius, not all of it will dissolve due to the lower solubility limit at this temperature.
Adding 140 grams of solute to 100 ml of water at 90 degrees Celsius will result in a solution where all solute dissolves, indicating an unsaturated state.
Transcripts
hey welcome to your lesson on solubility
and solubility curse before we get
started just want to talk about what
we're actually dealing with here
and what this is is we're looking at how
much solute can dissolve
within solutions reminder that when i'm
putting solute
into a solvent and it dissolves into
solution
it's basically distributing throughout
that solvent
right the solvent is breaking apart the
solute
and it's getting uniformly distributed
throughout the solution
so that means that it's all over the
place evenly
and that the solute is now a molecular
size so solu particles are incredibly
tiny
and surrounded by solvent typically
water
so that you can no longer see it because
it's such tiny size for all the solute
particles
so that's what we're dealing with here
when we're talking about solubility is
how much solute
can i dissolve in solution within the
solvent okay before it kind of gets
saturated or something like that so
we're going to look at
curves we dealt with making curves a
little bit earlier
with the lab but now we're going to take
a look at actually looking at
curves for solubility to interpret them
and get data from them
so again review solubility is the
ability of a substance to dissolve
it is the mass of solute that can
dissolve in a given amount of
solvent to form a saturated solution at
a given
temperature so that's what we're looking
at today that's what we're covering
so what we're going to look at is what's
called a solubility curve now
the normal unit for solubility that we
use in chemistry
is grams of solute
per 100 milliliters
of solvent
um so typically water but for a hundred
mils of solid
solvent how many grams of solute will
actually dissolve in that
so it shows the saturated saturation
points of the chemical at different
temperatures so if i take a look at this
graph
okay and if i look at for example 20
degrees celsius at that temperature
uh right around let's say 83 or so grams
of that solute will dissolve
maybe 84. so if i take a look here's 80
90 would be just
right in between here right between 80
and 100
so i'm not quite halfway between the two
so i would say about 83 grams
of solute would will dissolve at 20
degrees celsius
per 100 ml of water now as i actually
get to a higher temperature
the solute becomes more and more soluble
so for example if i look at 60 degrees
celsius
the solubility goes up because for
solids as i increase temperature
solubility typically increases so for
example at 60 degrees celsius
celsius if i look right here then that
value would be
a little bit over halfway so let's say
around 112
grams or so per 100 milliliters
why don't you try out this one how
soluble do you think
uh the solute will be at 80 degrees
celsius so what will the solubility of
the solute b
at 80 degrees celsius try that out
and if i take a look here right there
right i've got
about ah just over halfway there's 130
so let's say around
132 or so 132 grams
per 100 ml of solvent
is what i have going on so that would be
how much solute
i can dissolve at that temperature for
the hundred mils of water now
let's talk about what happens if i add
more if i add more than 132 grams let's
say i add 140 grams
at 80 degrees celsius of whatever the
solute is
to water let's say it's sugar okay so i
add let's say
140 grams of sugar to 100 ml of water at
80 degrees celsius
what would happen is not all the sugar
would dissolve i would have
8 grams or so of sugar that would be
left over
at the bottom of my solution that simply
would not dissolve
so my solution would be saturated and i
can't get any more to dissolve at that
point
okay 132 grams is the max amount
of sugar that would dissolve at 80
degrees celsius and that 100 ml of water
so that's the amount that's needed to
make a saturated solution
now what if we added just 120 grams okay
we added 120 grams of sugar
at 80 degrees celsius to the 100 ml of
water well in that case
i would have been unsaturated solution
it would all dissolve
but i still would be able to dissolve
more so i would call that
unsaturated it hasn't quite reached yet
its saturation point of the max amount
of solute that would dissolve
at that temperature so saturated
solutions that would
that's what this curve represents is how
many grams will dissolve
at that temperature for 100 mils of
water or solvents okay and we already
kind of went through that but as i look
at this
this curve represents the amount that i
can put in
before no more would be able to be
dissolved and i would have a saturated
solution
so here's another question and actually
we already covered this so i'm just
going to skip past this
we already did that one this one we
haven't done okay we didn't do 70
degrees celsius so try that out
what is the saturation point of the
solute at 70 degrees
celsius
and we have to guess a little bit here
but if i go to 70ish
then i would interpret that right around
122 grams or so
okay 122 grams per 100 mils
of solvent is what i put that at for 70
degrees celsius
just over 120 uh what temperature is the
saturation point of the solute 160 grams
per 100 mils of water try that one out
so 160 grams is right here so that means
that for temperature
okay i'm right about right about there
so 90 would be at this point so i would
read that
as right around uh 93
93 or so degrees celsius would be i
think
the right answer for that given our
curve so we can actually get
values for any temperature in this range
or any mass that i have of solute within
this range right between
let's say around 72 or so all the way up
to 164
ish so i could actually figure out let's
say
i want to dissolve 100 grams of sugar
well then i know that i need to get the
water to up to at least 42
degrees celsius or 43 degrees celsius
somewhere in that range
okay so i can get a bunch of data from
this curve which is kind of neat
so here's another question if a student
added 80 grams of solute to 100 ml of
water at 20 degrees celsius
would all of it dissolve
so here's 20 and i'm adding a hundred
so the answer is no it wouldn't all
dissolve uh in fact the max that i can
actually have dissolve
is somewhere around that like 82 83
grams
okay so i would have 17 grams sitting at
the bottom of this solution
that cannot dissolve at the end of the
day it won't go into solution so it
reaches saturation at 83 grams
and i can't get any more to dissolve
after that if a student added 140 grams
of solute to 100 grams of water at 90
degrees celsius
would all of it dissolve
so i'm adding 140 grams
at 90 degrees celsius so here's 90 right
here
okay and i'm adding 140 grams
so given the fact that this is under the
curve
yes it would all dissolve yes
and what would you call the solution
well because i'm not yet at the
saturation point
i haven't put in the max solute that i
can and have it dissolve
i would call this unsaturated it's not
there yet
i could put more in and it would
dissolve
for me so that's an unsaturated solution
a term we haven't talked about yet is
super saturated solutions
now we don't want to talk too too much
about this but they're neat on a super
saturated solution it's a solution that
contains
more solute that would normally dissolve
at a certain temperature how i make a
super saturated solution
is i first heat it up to a higher
temperature and dissolve as much as i
can
and then i carefully cool it down making
sure i don't get any impurities or
anything else in there
and the solute sometimes will stay in
solution
so what that means is it won't come out
it won't crystallize but it stays
in solution um even though it should not
be able to have that much dissolved
so for example let's say i heated up you
know uh this
sugar water solution to 80 degrees
celsius
and i put in a full 120 grams of sugar
into there so i put 120 grams
into 100 mils of water at 80 degrees
celsius
and then i carefully cool it down okay
and i let it cool down cool down cool
down
to let's say room temperature to 20
degrees celsius
well at this point i have 120 grams
of sugar in a hundred mils of water at
20 degrees celsius so
the amount of solute i have dissolved is
way higher than should be able to
dissolve at this temperature
but because i heated it up first
dissolved it and then cooled it down
the sugar will stay in solution
sometimes if i'm very careful
and then all of a sudden as soon as i
touch it or add a dust particle or
an impurity or anything right away it's
going to all crystallize out and go
right down to here and all of this
solute
will come out of solution and
crystallize and become like a solid in
there
okay which is really neat to see if you
haven't already looked look at
hot ice videos or super saturated sodium
acetate that's the easiest one to make a
super saturated solution of so it's all
over the interwebs and you can take a
look at those videos
and i think i've already linked one in a
previous video so i'm not sure if i'll
link another one here
as well okay so that's how you make a
super saturated solution again
is you dissolve the solute at a higher
temperature and then you
carefully cool it down okay and then
that solute will stay
in solution and will only crystallize
out once it's disrupted
or given a dust particle or some kind of
impurity and then it will crystallize
out
we call the thing that we add a site of
nucleation a set of nucleation is what
crystals form around
um so if i don't have a site of
nucleation i'm not going to actually
have the crystals being able to come out
of solution okay even as i lower the
temperature
but as soon as i add that thing to have
the crystals build around
well now all the sun boom i end up
having a super
saturated solution and it comes out of
solution at that time
okay some questions where i have a bunch
of things so here i've got
sugar potassium nitrate ammonium sulfate
and sodium chloride okay all plotted on
the same curve
and you might be like hey that value for
sugar doesn't match what we just did
yeah because i just kind of said let's
say it's sugar i have no idea what that
was
i have no idea what the solute was we
were just kind of using that as an
example
for you to think about a specific solute
so now that i take a look at these four
different things again i'm trying to
figure out which substance is more
soluble at 80 degrees celsius so i'd
look at 80
and then i'd go and go oh here it is
right there
there's my solubility my highest thing
so the answer would be for this
sugar for the next one what substance is
saturated at a hundred grams per hundred
grams of water
at 64 degrees celsius so which one is
hitting 100 grams at 64. so here's 64.
right around 70 would be here um ish
right so 64 would be right around this
so up
broom so the answer would be potassium
nitrate that would be the thing that is
at 100 grams per hundred mils of water
at 64 degrees celsius you might notice i
keep on saying
mils while this presentation says grams
normally that's the unit we use is per
100 ml of water so i'm just kind of
sticking with that
okay another example of 59 degrees
celsius two substances have the same
saturation point
what is the saturation point and what
are the two substances try that out
and the answer is right here yeah i have
sodium sulfate and potassium nitrate
reaching the same value at that point
um so uh
ammonium sulfate as i mess up
writing here ammonium
sulfate which we can spell with either
an f or a ph we use the f which is the
normal spelling here
and then potassium nitrate are the two
substances that we're dealing with
and what is the saturation point well
given that this is zero this is a
hundred uh
i i'd say that's around 90. let's just
go with 90. this is estimating right
because we don't have an amazing scale
here to use
uh but that's fine you know around 90
grams per hundred mils is what we've got
okay moving on if i have an unsaturated
solution i already talked about this a
bit
uh that means it's a solution in which
more solute can be dissolved at a given
temperature so
as long as i'm under this line i am at
an
unsaturated solution so for example if i
have 100 grams at 60 degrees celsius i'm
still unsaturated
because i could dissolve another 12 or
so grams in there
i can dissolve more so that would be
unsaturated at that point
okay so hopefully that makes sense of
solubility curves and you learned a bit
any questions let me know have a great
day
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