Intellectual Property Rights Topic Lecture - Part 2
Summary
TLDRThis lecture delves into the nuances of intellectual property, focusing on copyrights, patents, and trademarks. It explains the purpose of copyrights in encouraging creative work, the patent system's role in rewarding innovation, and the function of trademarks in protecting brand identity. The video also highlights the complexities of digital works, the importance of distinguishing between ideas and expressions, and the challenges faced by the US Patent and Trademark Office, including slow processing times and high costs for small entities.
Takeaways
- 📚 Intellectual Property (IP) includes copyrights, patents, and trademarks, which are legal rights to protect creations and inventions.
- 📖 Copyright is the exclusive right to copy, share, perform publicly, or create derivatives from a work, with the purpose of encouraging creative work.
- 🛍️ The 'first sale' doctrine in the U.S. allows the resale of purchased items without compensating the original creator, complicating the digital realm where 'rental'-like models exist.
- 💡 The distinction between ideas and expressions is crucial in copyright law; only expressions can be copyrighted, not the underlying ideas.
- 📝 Copyright holders are the creators or assignees, while users are those who engage with copyrighted material, such as readers or performers.
- 📅 Copyright protection lasts for the creator's lifetime plus 70 years for individuals, or 95 years for corporations.
- 🏛️ The U.S. Copyright Office, part of the Library of Congress, is responsible for establishing and enforcing copyright laws.
- 🧩 Patents are state-granted monopolies that protect inventions, with the requirement of disclosure, and last for 15 to 20 years.
- 🔬 Utility patents are the most common, covering new machines, processes, systems, and drugs, and are granted for 20 years.
- 🌱 Plant patents protect new plant varieties created by humans and are granted for 20 years, while design patents cover the aesthetic aspects of an invention for 15 years.
- 🚫 Patents are not granted for impossible inventions, laws of nature, mathematical processes, or animals, and the criteria for patentability evolve with technology.
Q & A
What is the main purpose of copyright according to the script?
-The main purpose of copyright is to encourage the dissemination and creation of creative work by granting an exclusive right to the creator for a certain period.
What is the concept of 'first sale' in the context of copyright?
-'First sale' is a concept in the United States that allows a purchaser of a copyrighted work to sell it again without compensating the original creator, which facilitates the existence of libraries and the second-hand market for books and other goods.
How does the script differentiate between an idea and its expression in copyright law?
-The script explains that copyright protects specific expressions of an idea, not the idea itself. You can write a book about a wizard kid, but you cannot copy the literal words of 'Harry Potter'.
What is the difference between a copyright holder and a user?
-A copyright holder is the creator or the organization to which the creator has assigned the copyright. A user of copyright is someone who uses a work protected by someone else's copyright, such as reading a book aloud or sharing a news article on social media.
How long does copyright protection typically last?
-Copyright protection typically lasts for the creator's lifetime plus 70 years for individuals, and 95 years for works owned by corporations.
What is a patent and how does it differ from a copyright?
-A patent is a state-granted limited monopoly where details of an invention are disclosed in exchange for intellectual property protection. Unlike copyrights, which are for creative works, patents are generally for inventions or products.
What are the three types of patents mentioned in the script?
-The three types of patents mentioned are utility patents, which protect inventions like machines or processes; design patents, which protect the design or exterior look of an invention; and plant patents, which protect new varieties of plants created by humans.
What is the role of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in the patent system?
-The USPTO is in charge of patents, handling the application process, establishing patent protection, and managing the enforcement of patent rights.
What is a trademark and how does it differ from copyrights and patents?
-A trademark is a type of intellectual property that protects a brand by distinguishing it from others, often through logos, designs, or unique identifiers. Unlike copyrights and patents, trademarks are not about encouraging creation or invention but about protecting a company's goodwill and preventing consumer confusion.
How long does trademark protection last in the United States?
-Trademark protection in the United States can theoretically last indefinitely, provided the mark remains in active use and is properly maintained.
What are some of the controversies or issues discussed in the script regarding copyrights, patents, and trademarks?
-Some controversies include the complexity of digital works and the 'first sale' doctrine, the balance between copyright protection and the public domain, patent thickets and the tragedy of the anti-commons, the challenges faced by small entities in obtaining patents, and the potential for trademarks to be used in ways that do not encourage innovation.
Outlines
📚 Intellectual Property Concepts and Copyright Basics
This section delves into the fundamentals of intellectual property, focusing on copyright. It explains copyright as the exclusive right to reproduce, distribute, perform, or create derivative works from an original creation. The concept of 'first sale' in the U.S. is introduced, highlighting the distinction between owning a copy and owning the copyright. The digital era's impact on this principle is discussed, with examples of digital works that behave more like rentals than purchases. The purpose of copyright is to foster creativity and dissemination of works, balanced against the public's interest in accessing creative works. The difference between ideas and expressions in copyright law is clarified, as is the distinction between holders and users of copyrights. The automatic nature of copyright upon creation is noted, along with the importance of registration for enforcement. The duration of copyright protection is detailed, varying between individual creators' lifetime plus 70 years and 95 years for corporate-owned works. The role of the U.S. Copyright Office in establishing and enforcing copyrights is outlined, along with what is copyrightable and what is not, including government works and facts.
🛰️ Patents: Incentives for Innovation and Their Challenges
This paragraph explores patents as government-granted monopolies that reward inventors with exclusive rights to their inventions in exchange for public disclosure. It contrasts patents with trade secrets and highlights the value and transferability of patents. The paragraph explains the purpose of patents in encouraging innovation by providing a limited-time market advantage to inventors. The difference between copyrights, which protect creative works, and patents, which protect inventions or discoveries, is emphasized. The U.S. patent system's 'first to file' rule is introduced, along with the duration of patent protection, which typically lasts 15 to 20 years depending on the type of patent. The role of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in patent registration and the appeals process for patent disputes is discussed. The paragraph also outlines the three types of patents: utility, design, and plant patents, each serving different aspects of innovation. The criteria for patentability—usefulness, originality, and non-obviousness—are explained, along with examples of what is not patentable, such as perpetual motion machines and natural laws. The paragraph concludes with a discussion of the challenges faced by the USPTO, including slow processing times, inconsistency in patent granting, and the impact of litigation on innovation.
🌱 Patent Controversies and the Impact on Innovation
The third paragraph examines various controversies and issues surrounding patents, such as the debate over what should be patentable, especially in the context of evolving technology like DNA sequencing. It also addresses the problems faced by the US patent system, including slow patent examination processes, inconsistency in granting patents, and the ability for anyone to challenge existing patents. The paragraph highlights the challenges for small entities in obtaining patents due to the costs and time involved. It also discusses the negative aspects of the patent system, such as patent thickets that can stifle innovation due to overlapping claims, and the tragedy of the anti-commons, where the ownership of too many essential items leads to high search and transaction costs. The concept of patent trolls, or non-practicing entities, which buy patents to sue others rather than innovate, is also explored. The paragraph concludes by discussing how patents can raise costs for existing products due to legal fees associated with patent litigation and defense.
🏷️ Trademarks: Protecting Brands and Consumer Trust
The final paragraph shifts focus to trademarks, explaining them as a form of intellectual property that protects brands by distinguishing them from competitors. It covers the types of elements that can be trademarked, such as logos, designs, colors, and even scents or music associated with a brand. The purpose of trademarks is to protect a company's goodwill and provide consumer assurance of a product's origin. Unlike copyrights and patents, which aim to encourage creation and invention, trademarks are about protecting existing brands and preventing consumer confusion. The paragraph notes that trademark protection begins with the use of the mark in commerce and lasts indefinitely if actively maintained. Registration of a trademark is necessary to enforce it legally. The role of the USPTO in trademark registration and protection is also discussed, and the paragraph anticipates a likely smaller focus on trademarks in debate topics due to their less controversial nature compared to copyrights and patents.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Intellectual Property
💡Copyright
💡First Sale Doctrine
💡Patent
💡Trademark
💡Patent Thickets
💡Trade Secrets
💡Utility Patents
💡Design Patents
💡Plant Patents
💡Patent Trolls
Highlights
Introduction to the concept of intellectual property and its background.
Explaining the exclusive rights granted by copyright, including copying, sharing, and public performance.
The U.S. 'first sale' doctrine, allowing the resale of purchased items without compensating the original creator.
The complexity of copyright in the digital age, with examples of digital works disappearing from devices.
The purpose of copyright to encourage the dissemination and creation of new works, as derived from the U.S. Constitution.
The distinction between ideas and expressions in copyright law, with examples of non-copyrightable ideas.
Differentiating between a copyright holder and a user, with examples of each.
The moment of creation as the establishment of copyright, even before registration.
Copyright protection duration, which lasts for the creator's lifetime plus 70 years for individuals, or 95 years for corporations.
The role of the Copyright Office in the U.S. federal government for establishing and enforcing copyrights.
What is copyrightable and what is not, including government works and facts.
The evolution of what is considered copyrightable with technology advancements.
Controversies over what constitutes copyright infringement, such as search engines and Google Books.
The definition and purpose of patents, including the disclosure requirement for protection.
The difference between copyrights for creative works and patents for inventions or products.
The process of establishing patent protection through the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO).
The duration of patent protection, which is 15 to 20 years depending on the type of patent.
The three types of patents: utility, design, and plant patents, each with different durations and protections.
Criteria for patentability, including usefulness, originality, and non-obviousness.
Challenges with the USPTO, such as slow processing times and inconsistency in results.
The impact of patents on innovation, with arguments for and against their effectiveness.
The concept of patent thickets and the tragedy of the anti-commons as barriers to innovation.
The issue of patent trolls and their impact on litigation and innovation.
The final concept of trademarks, their purpose, and how they differ from copyrights and patents.
Trademark protection, its establishment, and the role of the USPTO in trademark registration.
The potential for trademark protection to last indefinitely if kept active.
Transcripts
hi Debaters this is part two of a set of
topic lectures on the 2024 2025
intellectual property topic um the first
topic lecture introduced the concept of
intellectual property and some
background on it this topic lecture will
take it further and talk about the key
Concepts in the
resolution so in this lecture we will be
talking about copyrights patents and
trademarks we'll start by talking about
copyright what is copyright copyright is
the exclusive right to copy share
perform publicly or generate sequels or
toys based on a work that you um or a
company that you own have created and to
allow or not allow others to do that in
the United States we have the concept of
first sale which means that um once you
have purchased something you then can
sell it again without paying the
original author that's the reason we can
have libraries it's also the reason um
that we have used books so if you buy a
book um you can then give it to a used
bookstore or sell it to used bookstore
can sell it again and no money goes back
to the original Creator the original
Creator only gets uh paid on that first
sale that said this has become a lot
more complicated by digital works if
you've ever had a Kindle book uh
disappear or something disappear off of
your iPhone because Apple lost the
rights to that piece of music um even
though you purchased it you have really
only rented it so the purpose of
copyright is to encourage the
dissemination and creative work and in
part one we looked at where that comes
from in the US Constitution um but the
idea idea is that by granting an
exclusive right to a Creator um you are
encouraging them to create those
things one thing that's really important
to understand in the concept of
copyright is the difference between
ideas and expressions so copyright
expresses or protects specific
expressions of an idea you can write
your own book about an orphan kid who is
a wizard and goes to boarding school and
finds out he needs to save the world you
cannot copyright Harry Potter and sell
it to your friends um and those are the
difference between an aidea the idea of
the wizard kid and the expression um the
literal words um that were written there
another concept that's important to
understand in copyright is the
difference between a holder and a user
so the holder is the creator um or the
organization that they have assigned
that copyright to so every time you
write an email you are the holder of a
copyright if you um create a Tik Tock
video and post that you are the holder
of a
copyright on the other hand uh there are
also users of copyrights users of
copyrights are the person person who
uses a copyright assigned to someone
else so if you read a book out loud if
you sing a cover song and open mic night
if you retweet or share a news article
on social media you are the user of
someone else's copyright and that
copyright was established the moment
that work was quote fixed in a tangible
medium of expression I'll say that again
fixed in a tangible medium of expression
that means that the moment a poem was
written down uh copyright exists the
moment um that video was recorded the
copy copyright exists um if you want to
enforce your copyright against others
you eventually are going to need to
register it um but the right exists even
before you register it you just can't
enforce that right until it's
registered copyright protection lasts
the Creator's Life Time plus 70 years so
if you create something today um and
then you go on to live a nice long life
um your copyright on the thing you
created today will exist until 70 years
after your death um on the other hand if
a corporation owns something if you know
Apple creates something today um then it
lasts 95 years so something owned by a
corporation 95 years um something that
is created by an individual it's the
Creator's lifetime plus 70 years who's
in charge of copyrights the copyright
office is in charge of copyrights it's a
relatively small Branch um of the United
States federal government um as part of
the Library of Congress and in the third
video we'll look in more detail about
the parts of the government and how they
relate um to different parts of the
topic but for now it's important to
understand um that the copyright office
is in charge of copyrights and they are
the ones who establish and enforce
copyrights if you want to register your
copyright you would register it with the
copyright
office what's copyrightable and what's
not copyrightable um things that are
copyrightable include this this big long
list it's it's almost everything is
copyrightable a literary work a map um a
music the sound and the lyrics um
choreography for a particular dance is
copyrightable software is copyrightable
architectural designs are copyrightable
most things that are created cre um that
are sort of a creative work are
copyrightable things that are not
copyrightable are things that the United
States federal government has produced
um government works are not
copyrightable and facts themselves are
not copyrightable you can't copyright um
the distance of the Earth to the sun
even if you were the one who discovered
that um if you um you know discover uh
some other fact about the world you
can't copyright that that said the list
changes as copy as technology changes
the original list was very small it was
sort of literary works and maps and
charts and that was just about it um as
um technology has expanded you know as
music could be recorded and um and and
reproduced in a fixed medium then all of
a sudden music became copyrightable as
movies existed as as Recording
Technology has improved then movies can
be copyrighted and the most recent ad on
this list was software software um
couldn't be copyrighted when it first
started and now it can two other um
controversies in copyright and what's
copyrightable over your lifetime have
included search engin
um that those were a question because
obviously the search engine has to index
a web page in order to um be searchable
and so um the owners of the web page
initially protested to being included in
search engines I think eventually most
dropped their suits because they
determined that they would much rather
be in a search engine then excluded from
that search engine um and so that got
litigated in favor of the search engines
and then Google Books um there was about
10 years of litigation on Google books
about whether including a little snippet
from a book um in Google Books was
counted as a a copy opyright
violation there is sort of a a need to
balance copyright protection uh if you
are arguing that status quo protection
is too weak um you're probably making an
argument about how easy is this to
copyright stuff or to excuse me to copy
things um that you know when you are um
copying something if you want a song you
can quickly copy that with tech using
technology that didn't exist you know 20
or 30 years ago and all of a sudden you
can have that song um in a way that you
couldn't back before uh technology
allowed things to be copied on the flip
side those people who think status quo
protection is too strong um you know is
is talking about things like sampling
and everyone's worried about getting
sued all the time and that that um
creates too strong copyright
protection the second key Concept in the
resolution is patents and I think this
is likely to be the largest area in the
resolution in terms of um how many
affirmatives are going to be in that
area we'll talk about that more in part
three what's a patent a patent is a
state granted limited Monopoly where you
disclose the details of a creation in
order to get um intellectual property
protection on it so unlike Trade Secrets
which we talked about briefly in the
first video um it's no longer a secret
once you uh disclose it as a patent but
um you can prevent others from making or
selling the product um patents
themselves can be bought or sold or
licensed so others can use it they tend
to be very valuable um and the holder
gets the exclusive right to manufacture
or sell or build on the tech um so it
protects both the physical product and
the idea of the product you can't just
make your own product along the same
lines um that would be a violation of
patent
protection the purpose of having a
patent system is similar to the
copyright system it is giving an
incentive to create things um because
the Creator gets a limited period where
only that Creator can make money on it
it's the same balance we talked about in
the first video between rewarding
Innovation and preventing um Eternal
monopolies a major difference between
copyrights and patents is that
copyrights are for uh creative Works
something like a poem um and patents are
generally um for uh products that have
been created something like a mouse trap
we'll we'll look at the three types of
patents in just a
moment patent protection is established
when um the patent holder or the patent
Seeker uh applies with the United States
patent and trademark office um and we
have a first to file system not a first
to invent system that changed um in the
last 20 years or so um and the first to
file system says that the person who
files first on that invention um is the
is the owner of that invention um rather
than having to prove you were the first
person to have that idea um that has
changed because of Technology um and how
quickly things can get um created so the
idea is that you would need to establish
patent protection very quickly patent
protection lasts 15 to 20 years after
that it goes into the public domain
where anyone can use it um and um so
once the copyright or the patent
protection has expired um then it is
available for others to use in their um
inventions there are a couple of
exceptions to this one is that if the
patent and trademark office the USPTO um
delays the approval of a patent
sometimes they will extend the length of
time that the person has the patent um
and another is that some uh
Pharmaceuticals have a longer uh patent
protection due to uh lobbying from the
pharmaceutical
industry who's in charge of patents um
the patent and trademark office is in
charge of patents this is part of the
Federal Branch of the constit or of the
government um and then uh it is managed
by uh the USPTO in the Department of
Commerce in the executive branch of the
government patent claims um go to the
court of appeals for the federal circuit
if things are um going to be debated if
somebody's suing over a patent and we'll
talk about this in a lot more detail in
part
three so there are three types of
patents um the most common by far are
utility patents this is probably what
you're thinking of when you think of a
patent it protects inventions such as
machines or processes it protects
systems it protects drugs um and most
patent apps are probably going to be
about utility patents utility patents
are granted for 20 years 20 years on
utility patents the second most common
uh types of patents are design patents
um that protects the design or exterior
look of an invention so the shape of a
water bottle um could be patent
protected um as as a very specific type
of shape um that might have some
benefits um and those design patents
last 15 years
finally the third category is called
plant patents um it protects new
varieties of plants that are created by
a human it's the least common type of
patent um and those are granted for 20
years there are three tests to establish
patentability um a patented product must
be useful so there must be some reason
that it's going to exist um it must be
original um another term for this is
that there's no prior art meaning
someone else hasn't already created this
thing um and it has to be nonobvious you
can't just combine two things that are
already patented and say um that you now
get a patent on this on this cool new
thing if it is an obvious um use of an
existing patented thing then it it would
not get patented or at least that's the
goal in terms of what's not patentable
um things that are impossible are not
patentable you cannot get a patent on a
perpetual motion machine um you can't
patent laws of nature or scientific
principles you can't patent gravity even
if you were the one who discovered it um
you can't patent math um or mathematical
processes you can't patent mental
processes or business methods you can't
patent animals and you can't patent
words or phrases um this list also
changes as technology changes there's
been a lot of debate about what should
be patentable in the area of DNA and DNA
sequencing um and my guess is there will
be some affirmatives um based on
patenting and and biotechnology um and
maybe expanding the list of what's
patentable but we'll talk about that in
part
three there are some problems with the
US patent and trademark office that the
AF could attempt to solve um one of them
is that it's really slow um it is
somewhat a result of funding somewhat a
result of overwork and somewhat a result
of just how long it takes to figure out
if something should be patentable um but
patents the patenting process can be
very slow um it can also be inconsistent
and results are uncertain we talked
about the three tests for patent
eligibility well there's a human who
looks at those three tests and tries to
establish whether um you know if that is
the case for a particular type of patent
um and that can lead to inconsistent
results um that if you had gotten a
different uh TR patent examiner you
might have gotten a different result on
the patent another thing is that anyone
can challenge a patent which slows
things down further um there are there
we look at the list of affirmatives in
in part three we'll talk about whether
um that's something that the federal
government should look at um one thing
that's interesting about the US patent
and trademark office is that it is
entirely funded by fees um Congress does
not fund the patent and trademark office
it is funded by the fees that are taken
in when you file for a patent um and
actually Congress often comes in and
takes their money um that Congress takes
um a good bit of um the the patent and
trademark offices funding um to use for
other purposes um and that might be
something that further slows things down
another problem with the patent and
trademark office um is that it can be
really small for small entities um small
firms to get patents because of how
expensive and timec consuming it is both
to do the research to prove that it
should be patentable and that there's no
one else who's already um patented it
and uh just to you know research um hire
the lawyers who are going to argue your
case for you you especially if a patent
is challenged and then finally um the
patent and trademark office itself
instituted new software in 2023 and
unfortunately it hasn't functioned very
well um so that could be something um
that perhaps an affirmative could deal
with um there are two sides to an
argument about patents and Innovation um
the side for patents encouraging
Innovation which is sort of what they're
supposed to do um is that patents reward
first movers they reward somebody who
takes a risk and tries to invent
something new um that those guaranteed
Returns on investment fund future
Innovation so if you are a um
pharmaceutical company you are certainly
going to argue that you need patent
protection so that you can fund future
research in um patents or or future
patentable items you can fund future
research in new drugs um that maybe you
say would not exist without that patent
protection funding um and that it gives
an incentive to build a better mouse
trap meaning um there is a strong
incentive um to improve existing things
um because you might be able to uh
patent the thing that you improve
on the flip side though there are
certainly people who argue that patents
discourage Innovation and and those
arguments are are also very good um one
of them is this concept of patent
thickets so um a patent Thicket is when
you can't innovate in an area because
there are too many overlapping patent
claims maybe you have a really cool idea
for a new you know wearable watch that's
better than the Apple watch but you
can't to do that um you can't really do
it because the Apple has so many
competing claims with other companies um
that makes it really difficult to patent
in that area another one is called the
sort of tragedy of the anti-commons the
idea is that too many essential items
are owned by individuals um which means
that search costs and transaction costs
are really high um people won't use
resources um well because it is just
like too much trouble or too risky um to
in order to do that um that creates
problems um the tragedy of the
anticalins you may have heard of the
concept of patent trolls um or patent
harvesting companies sometimes also
known as non-practicing entities npes
these are companies that buy up patents
just to sue others they're not trying to
make the product that is patented
they're just trying to prevent others
from making that product um and it's
interesting because lawyers in this area
will often take cases on contingency um
and there are entire finance companies
that just invest in patent lawsuits so
um it's a lot of litigation without a
lot of innovation benefit to people um
another problem is that small companies
can get shut out we talked about how
difficult it is for small companies to
get in with the patent and trademark
office and be able to prove their case
and that can really create problems for
Innovation because sometimes those small
companies are the ones who are
discovering really cool new things uh
there are situations where litigation
costs the the cost it is to pay the
lawyer to negotiate with the existing
company swamps the benefit of you know
creating your new thing and then the
final issue is that it raises costs on
existing products a lot of times when
you are buying a product a chunk of the
cost that you are paying is the cost
that they are paying to their lawyers um
to to defend their patents and so that
can create um a real circumstance where
um existing products are much more
expensive um and thus new things don't
necessarily get
created the final Concept in the
resolution which I think is going to be
the smallest by far in terms of number
of AFS in the area is
trademarks um and uh the reason that I
think that there this is going to be the
smallest area of the topic is that it
tends to not have the sort of big impact
things that Debaters are looking for um
but there are some trademark apps that
are likely to be included so what's a
trade Ark a trademark is a type of
intellectual property that protects a
brand by distinguishing it from other
brands so we're talking logos here we're
talking design we're talking color um
there are even P there are even
trademarks on the smell in a store or
particular music um a container shape
can be trademark anything that really
signals to you this is a product from X
brand and not ybr that's probably
trademarked it doesn't prevent other
companies from creating competing
products you just can't use the same
images or the same shape or the same
look such that people would be confused
the purpose of having a trademark system
is a little bit different um it is not
based on the idea of encouraging
invention or creation just like like um
copyrights and patents instead
trademarks exist um for the protection
of a company's quote Goodwill in the
marketplace um meaning that a company
gets to protect their stuff um and it
also is uh ostensibly designed for com
consumer protection or convenience that
you know when you buy that Coca-Cola it
really is Coca-Cola brand Coca-Cola and
not the generic mark
one so again the difference between
copyrights and patents and trademarks is
that copyrights and patents are designed
to encourage creation and invention um
and trademarks are really not about the
incentive to innovate at all it is only
about protection of a company that
already probably exists uh trademark
protection is established the moment you
use the mark in Commerce so the moment
you create a logo and then use that to
advertise your product or your company
that you have trademark on that that
said just like copyrights you have to
register it in order to defend
it trademark protection um lasts
theoretically infinitely um you must
keep it active in order to have it but
theoretically your trademark protection
could last
forever and in the United States the US
patent and trademark office just like
patents is in charge of trademarks um
there's not really a global system you
really have to file in every
country so that's the overview of
copyrights patents and trademarks in
part three we will look at a affirmative
and negative arguments uh on the topic
and likely uh AFS and negs that you're
going to research over the course of the
year in the meantime thanks for watching
and see you for part three
Посмотреть больше похожих видео
Intellectual Property Rights Topic Lecture - Part 1
Intellectual Property Rights Topic Lecture - Part 3
Intellectual Property Detailed - How to Build a Startup
Introduction to IP: Crash Course Intellectual Property #1
Understanding Intellectual Property (IP)
Create. Sell. Bank! Intellectual Property 101-Kuuttila
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)