How India Built Its Largest Port

Summary

The script delves into the history and evolution of Mumbai's JNPT, India's largest container port, from its inception in 1989 to becoming a global trade hub. It highlights the port's growth, the challenges faced, and its strategic importance during wars. The summary also touches on the impact of containerization, the port's current operations, and future expansion plans, emphasizing JNPT's role in boosting India's foreign trade and its connection to over 200 ports worldwide.

Takeaways

• 🌐 JNPT, Mumbai's Jwal Nal Nehru Port Trust, is India's largest container port, handling 60 lakh containers and 78 million tonnes of cargo annually.
• 🏗️ Established in 1989, JNPT was built to alleviate the load on Mumbai Port Trust and is also known as Nava Shiva Port.
• 📚 The history of Mumbai dates back to the early 1500s with Portuguese settlement and the gradual development of trade and infrastructure.
• 🔄 Before becoming a major port, Mumbai was a collection of seven islands, which were connected over the years, starting from 1684.
• 🚂 The Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company built India's first railway line in 1853, connecting Bombay and Thane, to facilitate trade.
• 🏭 The port of Bombay saw significant growth and became a business hub, especially during the World Wars, when it was crucial for war strategy.
• 💥 A major explosion in 1944 at Victoria Dock caused extensive damage and loss of life, highlighting the need for improved safety measures at ports.
• 🚢 Post-independence, Mumbai Port Trust saw expansions and modernizations, including the Marine Oil Terminal and containerization facilities.
• 📈 JNPT's establishment was a response to the increasing cargo and containerization needs, and it has since become a leading port with global connectivity.
• 🌍 JNPT is ranked 28th among the world's top 100 container ports and handles 52% of India's containerized cargo volume.
• 🛳️ The port is continuously expanding, with plans for Terminal 4 and satellite ports to further increase trade and efficiency.

Q & A

What is the name of India's largest container port and where is it located?

India's largest container port is the Jwal Nal Nehru Port Trust, located in Mumbai.

How many containers and cargo does JNPT handle annually?

JNPT handles 60 lakh containers and moves 78 million tonnes of cargo every year.

What is the alternate name of JNPT?

JNPT is also known as Nava Shiva Port.

When was JNPT established and why was it built?

JNPT was established in 1989 to reduce the burden on Mumbai Port Trust.

What significant event in 1661 led to the British Empire gaining control over some of the islands previously under Portuguese control?

The marriage of Queen Catherine of Braganza of Portugal to Charles II of England led to the British Empire gaining control over some islands as part of the marriage treaty.

What was the purpose of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company building the country's first railway line between Bombay and Thane?

The railway line was built in view of the commerce in 1853 to facilitate trade and transportation.

How did the port of Bombay contribute during the World Wars?

During the World Wars, the port of Bombay was used for repairing and refueling ships, and for transporting weapons, ammunition, and other essential supplies, playing a crucial role in war strategy.

What major incident occurred in the port in 1944 that caused significant damage and loss of life?

A huge explosion took place in the warship SS Fort Stikine on 14th April 1944 due to an accident while unloading explosives, causing massive damage and killing over 800 people.

What is the significance of the year 1980 for Mumbai Port in terms of containerization?

In 1980, Mumbai Port updated its port facility to handle container traffic, which included the installation of handling equipment and the construction of container freight stations.

What percentage of the country's containerized cargo volume does JNPT handle?

JNPT handles 52% of the country's containerized cargo volume.

What is the current ranking of JNPT among the world's top container ports?

JNPT is ranked 28th among the top 100 container ports in the world.

What is the projected expansion for JNPT by March 2026?

Phase II of Terminal 4 is expected to start by March 2026, which will increase the port's capacity to handle more cargo annually.

How has containerization impacted the efficiency of cargo transportation?

Containerization has revolutionized cargo transportation by saving time and reducing costs, allowing goods to be packed once and transported through different modes without the need for repeated unpacking and repacking.

Outlines

00:00

🌊 Evolution of Mumbai's JNPT as India's Premier Container Port

The script delves into the history and development of JNPT, Mumbai's largest container port, established in 1989 to alleviate the load on Mumbai Port Trust. It traces the port's origins back to the city's early days as seven islands, through Portuguese settlement and British control, which led to increased trade and the need for port infrastructure. The script highlights the significance of the port during both World Wars and its pivotal role in India's trade and economy. The narrative also touches on the challenges faced by Mumbai Port and the establishment of JNPT as a modern, efficient alternative, capable of handling the growing demand for cargo and container traffic.

05:02

🏗️ Expansion and Modernization of JNPT

This paragraph discusses the construction and expansion of JNPT, detailing the financial aspects, including loans from various sources such as the World Bank and the Government of India. It outlines the port's capacity, the types of cargo handled, and the continuous updates required to accommodate larger ships and increased cargo volumes. The script also explains the importance of standardized containers in streamlining port operations and reducing costs. Furthermore, it touches on the port's international connectivity, its ranking among global container ports, and future expansion plans, including the development of additional ports and facilities to enhance India's trade capabilities.

10:06

🛳️ The Impact of Containerization and Modern Shipping on Global Trade

The final paragraph explores the impact of containerization on the efficiency of global trade, starting with its inception in the USA in the 1960s and its subsequent adoption worldwide. It contrasts the traditional method of loading and unloading cargo with the modern containerized system, emphasizing the time and cost savings achieved through standardized containers. The script also mentions the evolution of ship sizes, with a focus on the world's largest container ship, MSC, and the economic benefits of super tankers. Additionally, it addresses contemporary challenges such as smuggling, drug trade, and piracy, highlighting the measures taken by Indian authorities and the international community to combat these threats and ensure the safety of maritime trade.

Keywords

💡JNPT

JNPT, or Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust, is India's largest container port located in Mumbai. It is a crucial hub for international trade, handling a significant portion of the country's cargo and container traffic. The port's importance is highlighted in the script as it was built to alleviate the pressure on Mumbai Port Trust and has since become a vital part of India's maritime infrastructure.

💡Containerization

Containerization refers to the process of packing goods into standardized shipping containers for efficient and cost-effective transport. It revolutionized the shipping industry by speeding up loading and unloading times and reducing damage to cargo. In the script, the increase in containerization is mentioned as a reason for the expansion of Mumbai's port facilities and the establishment of JNPT.

💡Port Trust

A Port Trust is a statutory body responsible for the administration and management of a port. In the context of the video, the Bombay Port Trust played a significant role in the city's development and economic growth. The script discusses the evolution of the port and the establishment of JNPT to enhance Mumbai's port capacity.

💡Mumbai Port Trust

Mumbai Port Trust is the administrative body that oversees the Mumbai Port, one of India's oldest and most significant ports. The script mentions the need for JNPT due to the increasing traffic and limitations of Mumbai Port Trust, emphasizing the historical and operational significance of Mumbai Port Trust in the region's maritime trade.

💡Nava Shiva Port

Nava Shiva Port is another name for JNPT, reflecting its role as a modern and efficient port facility. The script refers to JNPT as Nava Shiva Port to highlight its status as India's first container port and its importance in the country's maritime trade.

💡Ballot Pier

Ballot Pier is a historical landmark in Mumbai, named after the Chairman of Bombay Port Trust who contributed to its development. The script mentions Ballot Pier as an example of the port's early infrastructure that played a role in making Mumbai a major port city.

💡Cargo Handling

Cargo handling involves the processes of loading, unloading, storing, and managing cargo in a port. The script discusses the modern cargo handling facilities at JNPT, which have been instrumental in increasing the port's capacity and efficiency in handling the large volumes of cargo.

💡20 Foot Equivalent Unit (TEU)

A 20 Foot Equivalent Unit (TEU) is a standard measure used to describe the cargo capacity of a container ship or port. It represents the volume of a 20-foot-long shipping container. The script uses TEUs to quantify the cargo volume handled by Indian ports, including JNPT.

💡Merchant Navy

The Merchant Navy refers to the maritime industry involved in the transport of cargo and passengers by sea. The script mentions the crew of the merchant navy who operate the ships that visit ports like JNPT, emphasizing their role in international trade and transportation.

💡Maritime Trade

Maritime trade is the exchange of goods across international waters via sea transport. The script discusses the historical development of Mumbai's port and its evolution into a major maritime trade hub, underlining the importance of ports like JNPT in facilitating global commerce.

💡World Wars

The World Wars had a significant impact on the use of ports for military purposes, including the transportation of war supplies. The script mentions the increased use of Mumbai's port during both World Wars, highlighting the strategic importance of port facilities in times of conflict.

Highlights

Mumbai's Jwal Nal Nehru Port Trust is India's largest container port, handling 60 lakh containers annually and moving 78 million tonnes of cargo each year.

The port, also known as Nava Shiva Port, was established in 1989 to alleviate the load on Mumbai Port Trust.

The history of Mumbai's port development dates back to the early 1500s with the arrival of the Portuguese and the gradual establishment of trade and military settlements.

In 1530, the Portuguese gained control of the region through a treaty with Mughal Emperor Humayun.

The British Empire acquired some of the islands in 1661 as part of the marriage deal between Queen Catherine of Braganza and Charles II of England.

Mumbai's transformation into a major city began with land reclamation and the connection of its seven islands, starting from 1684.

The Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company built India's first railway line between Bombay and Thane in 1853, boosting commerce.

Bombay Port Trust was established with the construction of Ballot Pier, which became a hub for business activities.

During World War I and II, the port's significance grew as it was used for repairing and refueling ships, and transporting war supplies.

A major explosion in 1944 at Victoria Dock resulted in significant damage and loss of life, highlighting the need for improved safety measures.

Post-independence, the port underwent refurbishment and expansion, including the Marine Oil Terminal and new passenger berths.

JNPT was conceived in the 1980s to address the increasing cargo and containerization demands that Mumbai Port Trust could not accommodate.

The construction of JNPT began in 1986, and by 1989, it was operational with a capacity of 15 lakh TEUs.

JNPT's expansion continued with the addition of private terminals, liquid cargo terminals, and the deepening and broadening of its canal.

The port handles 52% of India's containerized cargo volume and is ranked 28th among the world's top 100 container ports.

JNPT is connected to over 200 ports globally and is undergoing further expansion with Terminal 4 Phase II expected to commence by March 2026.

The port's operations involve a crew of merchant navy officers who are trained in various aspects of ship management and cargo handling.

The introduction of containers in 1960 revolutionized shipping, leading to standardized containers and significant time and cost savings.

Modern container ships, such as MSC's 400-meter long vessel, can carry 24,000 TEUs and have reduced the overall cost of shipping.

Smuggling and drug trade are concerns for cargo ships, with Indian authorities recovering drugs in multiple cases.

Sea piracy poses a significant threat, especially in regions near Somalia and Yemen, prompting international patrols and Indian Navy surveillance.

Transcripts

India's largest container port is Mumbai's Jwal Nal Nehru Port Trust, where

60 lakh containers pass through. It moves 78 million tonnes of cargo every year. This 8400-

acre port is also known as Nava Shiva Port. It was established in 1989.

It was ready to be built which was built to reduce the burden on Mumbai Port Trust.

To know how JNPT became so big today, we

will have to go back a few years. This was even before the establishment of Mumbai, when this city was not Rather,

it was divided into seven islands. The Portuguese came here for the first time in the early 1500s and gradually

started settling. During this time, they started needing to increase trade.

To fulfill the basic needs of their soldiers, they established areas like Mahim, Parel and Worli.

The Portuguese got a proper control of this region by

signing a treaty with the Mughal Emperor Humayun in 1530.

Due to the lack of much trade activities in the early 1600s, they did not

consider it necessary to build any major port, mostly the port of Surat.

In 1661, Queen Catherine of Bagge of Porch was married to Charles II of England. In the deal of this marriage ,

some of the islands which were under Portuguese control

had to be given to the British Empire. Understanding the trade value and

due to geographical location, work started to make Mumbai a major city in which

a lot of land was also reclaimed from the sea. From 1684, the work of connecting these seven islands

started. By 1691, Mazgaon and Bombay mainland. Land was reclaimed between

1711 and Parel was connected to Mahim and the next year Mahim was connected to Worli. Now

connecting Worli to the rest of the parts became a big challenge. Due to a large sea coming in between,

Colaba was also left after 120 years till 1838. Parts were connected and this is how

Bombay became a city. Apart from new residents, some industries like fishing and

agriculture were also seen here. In view of 18533 de commerce, the Great Indian

Peninsula Railway Company built the country's first railway line between Bombay and Thane. We have talked about this

in detail. To watch the second video, click on the I button.

18735

A ballot was awarded to the person who also became the Chairman of Bombay Port Trust. Later,

he worked to build a pier which was named after him. Ballot

Pier was earlier a small pier with approach jetty, due to which Bombay

started emerging as a major port. It became a hub of business activities not

only of Bombay but of the entire country. 15 years later in 1888 Victoria Dog

was opened, which became Bombay's first modern dog facility. By the early 1900s, Bombay's

shipping operations increased significantly. Its use

increased significantly during both World Wars. During World War One, ships also began to be repaired and refueled so that

they could This port was very important for the war strategy so that war could be sent to the world and its

location also proved to be important . Even during the World War for the Asia Pacific Theater,

ships here were used to transport weapons, ammunition and other essential supplies.

He also strengthened his security measures and

defenses so that the port could be protected from enemy attack. A

huge explosion took place in the war ship SS Force Skin in Victoria Dock

on 14th April 1944. Explosives were being shipped in it, which met with an accident while unloading. A

huge fire broke out and a huge explosion was seen which caused a lot of damage to

the ships, ports and people stuck in the ports. It was completely destroyed and 13 more ships were destroyed along with it.

More than 800 people were killed , according to many estimates.

This figure is more than 1300 and 2500 people were injured. Due to this, more than 50000 tonnes of

food grains and 50000 tonnes of shipping were also destroyed and the huge

damage caused to the port was a huge fire which took three days to extinguish. Refurbishment of the port

and pier work continued for years until after independence. In 1950,

the Marine Oil Terminal at Butcher Island was made operational with three jetties that

could handle large crude oil and all product tankers, as well as

an extension to Ballot Pier. Gaya In 1970,

containerization for Pacific Lee luxury cruises increased with the addition of a new passenger berth. The first container vessel arrived at Mumbai Port.

American President Line's second such

port facility was updated to handle container traffic in 1980, which included containers. Handling equipment

was placed, container freight stations were built, and railway lines were connected that

could transport containers from ports to inner cities. By 1984, another

An oil berth was constructed which

could receive tankers of 125,000 displacement per tank. During this period, Mumbai Port had to face many problems such as slowness in the channel,

road congestion, rail traffic congestion and labor issues, due to which

there was a need for a new port. JNPT entered here to reduce the burden a bit.

In view of the increasing cargo and containerization, the authorities decided in the early 1980s to

increase its capacity i.e. improving sea and land transport facilities

like new birds, railway lines, truck lanes and Storage Facility Bombay

Port Rust, despite being the leading port at that time, was not ready for this, so

the government chose Nava Seva to build a new port. It

became India's first container port. At that time Nava Seva was just a fishing village and Mumbai and Navi Mumbai

Due to being at close distance of both Mumbai, it became a suitable place. It

was to be built in an area of ​​6385 acres. There was no major challenge in land acquisition, so this work was done easily.

Piling work of this port started in 1986, after which construction started.

It took approximately Rs 00 crore to build it, out of which Rs 957 crore

was received as loan from different agencies, Rs 343 crore from World Bank

, Rs 328 crore from Government of India, Rs 50 crore from Kandla Port Rs and Chennai

Port. 10 crores in 1989, phase one of the port was ready

with container terminal and modern cargo handling facility. It had a capacity of 15 lakh tuse.

In the next few years, its second phase private terminal and liquid cargo

terminal also opened. From liquid terminal to India The biggest commodity of India

is Refined Petroleum and Crude Oil which keeps coming and going due to which Bharat Petroleum and Indian

Oil operate. The size of the ships is continuously increasing, so to ameliorate them,

there is a need to do regular updates in the port like terminal. Also increasing the size and

depth of the canal and improving storage and logistics.

Boskalis International Company deepened and broadened the canal in 2012 and

also became the fourth container terminal in 2018. This year, 78 million tonnes of cargo has been transported from here

last year. A total of 58.3 lakh tonnes of cargo has been handled, up by 3 from last year.

Containers used to transport cargo are called 20 Foot

Equivalent or TU. A unit has been created which is used to calculate the cargo.

The volume of a standard 20 feet long shipping container is

called TU. Indian ports handle 2626 crore metric tons of cargo every year,

out of which 161 crore metric tons are handled by major ports and the remaining 101

crore metric tons are handled by other minor ports. The total value of foreign trade

in 2021-22 was ₹ 3.5 lakh crore for exports and ₹ lakh crore

for imports. Including all ports, about 95% of the volume

comes from C bond trade and the total 70% value is handled by India under the Neighborhood First Policy. GNPT has

signed treaties with Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal and Bhutan to

boost seat rates, reduce travel time and make it easier to reach even the states.

GNPT single-handedly handles 52% of the country's containerized cargo volume. It is among the world

's top It is ranked 28th among the 100 container ports and JNPT

is connected to more than 200 ports across the world. It

is being further expanded for the future. Phase II of Terminal 4 is expected to start by March 2026, which will be combined

annually. The capacity of the entire port will increase to 48 lakh TU. JNPT

is also preparing to build another port in Wadhwan in Northern Maharashtra and

is also developing four satellite ports at Wardha, Sangli and Nashik

to further increase trade in the country. To operate the ships that come to the ports,

a crew of some people work day and night, whose top officers are called merchant navy.

Their job is to take the ships from one place to another in which the cargo

can be petroleum or people. Like in cruise ships, they are called sellers or merchant

navy officers. Many people like to work in merchant navy

because they get a chance to see different countries and meet new people. It is

quite different from a normal job and It is also fun, they are given special training,

from running the ships to surviving in the ocean because they

have to stay in the sea for several months, apart from this, how to transport the cargo safely,

how to do loading and unloading, all that too. It is taught that in this the shipping containers

are very heavy and since they have come from international travel, there is a special need for them.

Processes have to be followed which mostly falls on the port authority.

First of all, the shipping documents are prepared in which dates, cargo list, name of the importer, exporter

and other details are mentioned. Then the containers

are visually inspected by the port officers

to verify that After this, equipment such as cranes,

folk lifts or any other lifting machines are used. While unloading,

the crane first removes the containers from the ship and places them on the truck either

Specialized logistics systems are also used to organize thousands of containers

for onward transport or to a storage facility

. Almost every port has a temporary storage area where

containers are stored for a few hours or days. After which its further

journey can start till its final destination or after opening it, the goods

can be transported separately. For this, safety procedures

are first completed and then the container is opened and unloaded from the public lift. During this time, the custom office

also does random checks so that no illegal stuff comes. Although nowadays we

cannot imagine shipping without containers, but it was not always like this.

Containers were used for the first time in 1960 in the USA. Earlier, each cargo pallet or box

was loaded and unloaded one by one, due to which a lot of time was wasted on the ships.

Seeing the advantage of containers at ports, in the early 1970s, Europe and Japan also

started accepting it and gradually This method has become quite popular. Now the containers

have become much bigger than before and

it has become necessary to have special train storage space and railway lines in the ports to lift them. Many experts consider

container shipping as a major transport of the 20th century. Revolution also believes that

use of standardized containers saves huge losses and time. Goods can be

packed only once and can be transported through different modes of transport like trucks, rail and ship.

There is no need for repeated unpacking and repacking.

This also reduces port charges and demurrage costs. Traditional cargo ships that

unload their cargo the old way

have to spend more than half, or in many cases, 70 percent, of the time in ports loading and unloading as the ships

spend at port. Nowadays, the size of ships has

also increased a lot. Today MSC

is the largest container ship in the world. It is 400 meters long and 61 meters wide. It is bigger than many sky scrapers and

at one time Can easily carry 24000 TU. Similar super tankers have also been made

which transport oil in huge amounts. These

reduce the overall ton shipping cost, that is why they are being made. Cruise liners have also become quite popular these days

. In which people can celebrate luxury holidays by traveling between different locations.

There have also been allegations of smuggling and drug trade in cargo ships.

Indian authorities have recovered drugs in multiple cases. This was

the country's biggest drug bust last year from these major ports.

In one such port, it was seen that to hide these illegal substances, false compartments are made in the containers and

these smugglers try to clear the shipping by using fake documents.

Apart from smuggling, the threat of sea piracy is also very big. International In the trade,

especially for Indian cruise ships, which form the sea crew on about 11 ships around the world, currently

more than lakh Indian workers are working in different ships around the world,

some of them are unskilled workers and some are highly skilled merchant navy.

Officers, earlier piracy used to be seen more in this sea near Somalia, now

it has reduced there but it has increased near Yemen. International organizations regularly

patrol this region to protect it from piracy, which India has in the Arabian Sea.

To monitor this spread over million square kilometers, the Indian Navy has also

deployed maps of more than 12 Warship Long Range Survey Planes and Drones.

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