TANAM PAKSA, KEKUASAAN BELANDA DI INDONESIA | Sejarah Indonesia
Summary
TLDRThis historical video script delves into the Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia, starting from 1816. It explains the implementation of the 'culture system' or forced cultivation system, introduced by Johanes Van den Bosch in 1829 to overcome economic crises. The system exploited indigenous people, forcing them to grow export crops like coffee, tobacco, sugarcane, and indigo. Despite the wealth it generated for the Dutch, it violated human rights and led to suffering among the native population. The script also touches on the political debate between liberal and conservative elites regarding the system, the influential books 'Suiker' and 'Max Havelaar' that criticized forced cultivation, and the eventual shift to a private enterprise system, which continued to inflict suffering on the Indonesian people through forced labor and taxes.
Takeaways
- 🇳🇱 The Dutch colonial power in Indonesia began after the British were defeated in 1816, leading to the establishment of Dutch rule.
- 🌾 The 'culture system' or forced cultivation system was introduced by Johanes Van den Bosch in 1829 to improve the Dutch economy by exploiting the colonies' resources.
- 👨🌾 Indigenous farmers were required to cultivate export crops such as coffee, tobacco, sugar cane, and indigo on a portion of their land, which was then taxed by the Dutch government.
- 📜 The forced cultivation system was regulated through the 'staatsprond' or state decree, specifically Staad.pro Hoon 1834 Number 22.
- 🏆 Indigenous rulers were incentivized with 'culture percentages' to encourage the production and delivery of agricultural goods to the Dutch government.
- 🔄 The implementation of the forced cultivation system often exceeded the legal limits, with more than 1/5 of farmers' land being used for the system.
- 😔 The system violated basic human rights, causing suffering among the native people while the Dutch profited immensely from the exploitation of Indonesian resources.
- 💰 From 1831 to 1877, the Dutch amassed a wealth of 832 million guilders, which allowed them to pay off debts and rebuild fortifications.
- 📚 Two influential books, 'Suiker' by Fransen van der Pot and 'Max Havelaar' by Multatuli, criticized the forced cultivation system, leading to its gradual abolition.
- 🌐 The transition to a liberal economic system, where private enterprise took over economic activities in the colonies, still resulted in the suffering of the Indonesian people due to continued forced labor.
- 🛣️ The Dutch continued to enforce labor on the population for infrastructure projects like roads, bridges, railways, irrigation systems, and forts, despite the shift to a private enterprise system.
Q & A
What significant event took place in 1816 that marked the beginning of Dutch colonial power in Indonesia?
-In 1816, the Dutch successfully defeated the British forces in the region of Tuntang, Salatiga, marking the beginning of Dutch colonial power in Indonesia.
What economic crisis did the Dutch face at the onset of their rule in Indonesia, and how did they plan to resolve it?
-The Dutch faced an economic crisis due to the high costs of waging war and maintaining the government. They sought to resolve this by exploiting their colonies for profit.
Who was Johanes Van den Bosch, and what proposal did he make to the Dutch king in 1829?
-Johanes Van den Bosch was a figure who proposed a political and economic system to the Dutch king in 1829. His proposal, known as the 'culture system,' aimed to improve the Dutch economy by cultivating cash crops for the world market.
What is the meaning of 'culture stelsel' and how was it implemented?
-'Culture stelsel,' meaning 'cultivation system' or 'forced cultivation,' was implemented by exploiting the native population through forced labor, compelling them to grow export crops like coffee, tobacco, sugarcane, and indigo.
What were the specific regulations of the forced cultivation system as outlined in the 'Staatsblad' of 1834?
-The 'Staatsblad' of 1834 stipulated that native farmers had to provide 1/5 of their land for forced cultivation, were exempt from taxes on the harvest, and had to surrender the produce to the Dutch government. The native rulers played a crucial role in enforcing these regulations.
How did the native rulers benefit from the forced cultivation system, and what was the term for their bonus?
-The native rulers benefited from the forced cultivation system through a bonus known as 'culture procenten,' which was a percentage of the agricultural produce they delivered to the Dutch government. The larger the delivery, the greater their bonus.
What were the consequences of the forced cultivation system for the native people of Indonesia?
-The forced cultivation system violated the basic human rights of the native people, causing suffering as they were compelled to grow crops for the benefit of the Dutch at the expense of their own well-being.
How did the Dutch benefit financially from the forced cultivation system between 1831 and 1877?
-Between 1831 and 1877, the Dutch amassed a wealth of 832 million guilders from the forced cultivation system, allowing them to pay off debts of the VOC and rebuild fortifications.
What were the two books published in 1860 that criticized the forced cultivation system and led to its gradual abolition?
-The two books were 'Suiker' by Fransen van der Pot and 'Max Havelaar' by Edward Douwes Dekker, known by his pen name Multatuli, which heavily criticized the system and contributed to its eventual replacement with a liberal economic system.
What was the 'private enterprise system' that replaced the forced cultivation system, and how did it affect the people of Indonesia?
-The 'private enterprise system' replaced the forced cultivation system by allowing private entities to manage economic activities in the colonies. However, it still involved forced labor and the exploitation of the Indonesian people for the benefit of the Dutch economy.
What additional burdens did the Indonesian people face under the Dutch rule apart from the forced labor?
-Apart from forced labor, the Indonesian people also had to pay taxes and contribute to the construction of infrastructure such as roads, bridges, railways, irrigation systems, and forts, which further exacerbated their suffering.
Outlines
😔 Dutch Colonialism and Forced Cultivation System in Indonesia
This paragraph discusses the Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia, beginning with the Dutch victory over the British in 1816. It delves into the economic crisis faced by the Dutch and the implementation of the forced cultivation system (culture stelsel) proposed by Johanes Van den Bosch in 1829. This system exploited the native population by compelling them to grow export crops like coffee, tobacco, sugarcane, and indigo. The paragraph outlines the specific regulations of the forced cultivation system as detailed in the Staatsblad Pro Hoon 1834 Number 22, which included the provision that native farmers had to allocate 1/5 of their land for these crops, surrender their harvests to the Dutch government, and work under the supervision of native rulers. These rulers were incentivized with 'culture percentages' based on the amount of agricultural produce surrendered. The paragraph highlights the abuses and human rights violations that occurred under this system, leading to widespread suffering among the native people while the Dutch reaped substantial profits from the Indonesian economy.
📚 Criticism and Transition from Forced Cultivation to Private Enterprise
The second paragraph continues the historical narrative by discussing the economic benefits and the moral dilemmas associated with the forced cultivation system. It mentions the significant profits made by the Dutch, which amounted to 832 million guilders, allowing them to pay off debts and rebuild defenses. However, the paragraph also highlights the criticism of the system, particularly from the liberal political elite in the Netherlands, and the eventual shift towards a more liberal economic system after the publication of two influential books: 'Suiker' by Fransen van der Pot and 'Max Havelaar' by Edward Douwes Dekker, better known by his pen name Multatuli. These works spurred a gradual phase-out of the forced cultivation system and a transition to private enterprise, although forced labor continued in the form of infrastructure development for the Dutch economy. The paragraph concludes by emphasizing the ongoing suffering of the Indonesian people despite these changes, as they were still subjected to forced labor and heavy taxation, while their agricultural yields declined.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Culture System
💡Johanes van den Bosch
💡Forced Labor
💡Economic Crisis
💡Indigenous People
💡Governor-General
💡Export Crops
💡Private Enterprise
💡
💡Sugar Contracts
💡Max Havelaar
💡Liberalism
💡Conservatism
💡Human Rights Violations
Highlights
Introduction to the Dutch colonial power in Indonesia after the British were defeated in 1816.
The Dutch faced an economic crisis due to high war expenditures and sought solutions.
Johanes Van den Bosch proposed a system to improve the Dutch economy through forced cultivation of marketable crops.
The 'culture stelsel' or forced cultivation system was implemented, exploiting the native population for maximum profit.
Details of the forced cultivation system were regulated in the 'Staatsblad' or state journal of 1834, requiring native farmers to allocate 1/5 of their land for export crops.
The system involved native rulers who played a crucial role in enforcing the cultivation and were rewarded with 'culture procenten' or cultivation percentages.
The forced cultivation system led to human rights violations and suffering among the native population.
The Dutch profited immensely from the system, amassing wealth and paying off debts, as detailed from 1831 to 1877.
The system was controversial among Dutch political elites, with liberals opposing and conservatives supporting it.
The publication of 'Suiker' and 'Max Havelaar' criticized the forced cultivation system, leading to its gradual abolition.
The transition to a liberal economic system involved private enterprise in the colony, still causing suffering due to continued forced labor.
The Dutch intensified forced labor for infrastructure projects like roads, bridges, railways, irrigation, and forts for economic purposes.
Despite the economic reforms, the native population continued to suffer from forced labor and taxation while facing declining agricultural yields.
The video concludes with a call to action for viewers to support the channel through shares, likes, and subscriptions.
Transcripts
Halo assalamualaikum warahmatullahi
wabarakatuh Selamat datang di video
sejarah dinasti pada video sebelumnya
kita sudah membahas tentang masa
kekuasaan Inggris di Indonesia pada
tahun 1816 Belanda berhasil mengalahkan
pasukan Inggris di daerah Tuntang
Salatiga Sejak saat itu dimulailah
kekuasaan Kolonial Belanda di Indonesia
jadi sekarang kita akan membahas
Bagaimana Belanda berkuasa di Indonesia
diantaranya melalui sistem tanam paksa
dan sistem usaha swasta simak terus ya
sejak masa awal kekuasaannya kondisi
perekonomian Belanda maupun tanah
jajahannya sedang dalam masa krisis
karena mereka banyak mengeluarkan dana
untuk membiayai perang pemerintah
Belanda terus mencari cara untuk
memperbaiki krisis
ini yang mereka alami lalu pada tahun
1829 seorang tokoh bernama Johanes Van
den Bosch mengajukan usulan kepada raja
Belanda mengenai Sistem politik dan
ekonomi menurut Van Den Bosch untuk
memperbaiki perekonomian Belanda di
tanah jajahan harus dilakukan penanaman
tanaman yang laku di pasaran dunia Van
den Bosch berprinsip bahwa tanah jajahan
adalah sapi perah yang harus
dieksploitasi semaksimal mungkin untuk
keuntungan penjajah sistem penanaman
menurut Van Den Bosch diberlakukan
dengan memanfaatkan kaum pribumi dengan
cara kerja rodi
Hai kaum pribumi wajib ikut kerja konsep
vandenbos inilah kemudian dikenal dengan
istilah culture stelsel yang artinya
tanam paksa usulan mengenai sistem tanam
paksa ini disetujui oleh raja Belanda
Van Den Bos kemudian diangkat sebagai
gubernur jenderal yang berkuasa di
Indonesia terutama pulau Jawa secara
umum tanam paksa adalah sistem yang
mewajibkan para petani pribumi untuk
menanam tanaman yang dapat diekspor di
pasar dunia seperti kopi tembakau tebu
dan nila secara rinci beberapa ketentuan
tanam paksa diatur dalam lembaran negara
atau staad.pro Hoon 1834 Nomor 22
lembaran negara tersebut diantaranya
berisi petani pribumi harus
menyediakan 1/5 dari tanahnya untuk
pelaksanaan tanam paksa tanah petani
yang dipakai untuk tanam paksa bebas
dari pajak hasil panen wajib diserahkan
kepada pemerintah Hindia Belanda
penduduk pribumi yang bekerja di lahan
tanam paksa diawasi oleh penguasa
pribumi sedangkan penduduk yang bukan
petani wajib bekerja di pabrik-pabrik
atau perkebunan milik pemerintah dalam
pelaksanaan sistem tanam paksa peran
penguasa pribumi sangat penting sebagai
penggerak petani dan penghubung dengan
pemerintah Belanda para penguasa pribumi
diberi bonus atau disebut dengan culture
procenten oleh pemerintah Belanda
semakin besar setoran hasil pertanian
yang diberikan kepada pemerintah Belanda
semakin besar pula culture procenten
yang didapat penguasa pribumi Oleh
karena itu demi
dapat culture presenter yang besar para
penguasa pribumi memaksa para petani
untuk menanam sebanyak-banyaknya adanya
culture presenten yang didapat oleh
penguasa pribumi memicu banyak terjadi
penyelewengan dalam pelaksanaan sistem
tanam paksa penyelewangan tersebut
diantaranya tentang luas tanah Menurut
ketentuan seperti yang tadi sudah
disebutkan tanah pertanian yang
digunakan untuk keperluan tanam paksa
tidak melebihi dari 1/5 luas tanah
pertanian yang dimiliki petani namun
dalam pelaksanaannya lebih dari 1/5
bahkan lebih dari setengah luas tanah
milik petani digunakan untuk tanam paksa
dapat dikatakan pelaksanaan sistem tanam
paksa umumnya tidak sesuai dengan
ketentuan baik dari segi luas tanah
waktu penanaman dan sebagainya
Hai sistem tanam paksa telah melanggar
hak-hak asasi manusia karena membawa
penderitaan bagi rakyat pribumi
sementara itu Belanda telah mengeruk
keuntungan dan kekayaan berlimpah dari
Indonesia atau tanah Hindia Belanda
mulai dari tahun 1831 sampai dengan 1877
kekayaan Belanda mencapai 832 juta
gulden karenanya utang-utang VOC dapat
dilunasi dan benteng-benteng pertahanan
dapat dibangun lagi dengan kata lain
Belanda telah menikmati keuntungan
diatas penderitaan rakyat pribumi sistem
tanam paksa memang telah memperbaiki
perekonomian Belanda namun
pelaksanaannya yang tidak manusiawi Ini
menimbulkan pro dan kontra di
para elit politik Belanda elit politik
Belanda yang kontra terhadap sistem
tanam paksa adalah kelompok liberal
sedangkan elit politik Belanda yang pro
terhadap sistem tanam paksa adalah
kelompok konservatif pada tahun 1860
terbit dua buah buku yang semakin
mendorong prodan kontras sistem tanam
paksa kedua buku tersebut berjudul
suiker contracten atau kontrak-kontrak
gula karya fransen vander pot dan yang
kedua buku berjudul Max Havelaar karya
Edward Douwes Dekker atau yang lebih
dikenal dengan nama samarannya Multatuli
kedua buku ini memberi kritik keras
terhadap sistem tanam paksa sejak
terbitnya kedua buku ini secara
berangsur sistem tanam paksa mulai
dihapus dan digantikan dengan sistem
ekonomi liberal
Hai dimana kegiatan ekonomi di tanah
jajahan diserahkan kepada pihak swasta
sehingga disebut juga sebagai sistem
usaha swasta dalam pelaksanaannya
penerapan sistem usaha swasta ini tetap
membawa penderitaan bagi rakyat
Indonesia karena Pelaksanaan kerja paksa
masih terus dilakukan bahkan Belanda
semakin gencar memaksa rakyat membangun
jalan raya jembatan jalur kereta api
saluran irigasi dan benteng-benteng
untuk kepentingan roda perekonomian
Belanda disamping harus melakukan kerja
paksa rakyat juga masih harus membayar
pajak
Hai sedangkan hasil pertanian mereka
menurun rakyat pribumi tetap hidup
menderita teman-teman tunggu terus
kelanjutan video sejarah dinasti ya
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like dan subscribe jangan lupa
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