Lesson 4: Media and Information Sources | Media and Information Literacy
Summary
TLDRThis video script delves into the world of information literacy, focusing on the types of information sources—primary, secondary, and tertiary—and how to identify them. It also guides viewers on finding and evaluating media information, emphasizing the importance of distinguishing facts from truths. The script highlights the role of libraries and the internet as rich sources of information and concludes with a practical framework for assessing the credibility and value of media content.
Takeaways
- 📚 Information is defined as processed data or knowledge derived from various sources, which can include ideas, thoughts, feelings, emotions, or learnings.
- 🔍 There are three main categories of information sources: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary sources are original, first-hand materials; secondary sources involve analysis of primary materials; tertiary sources summarize primary and secondary materials.
- 🏺 Examples of primary sources include artifacts, diaries, autobiographies, letters, manuscripts, music sheets, official documents, emails, journals, conference proceedings, artworks, architecture, patents, and audio/video recordings.
- 📰 Secondary sources like newspaper articles, literature reviews, textbooks, and biographies involve the interpretation and analysis of primary sources.
- 📚 Tertiary sources include encyclopedias, dictionaries, guidebooks, manuals, directories, and other compiled works that synthesize information from primary and secondary sources.
- 🌏 Indigenous media, such as folk tales, songs, and dances, serve as a form of communication for cultural preservation and expression, and can be a significant source of information.
- 🏢 Libraries are repositories of media and information, offering various services like user services, technical services, computer services, and administrative services, and can be classified into school, academic, public, and special libraries.
- 🌐 The internet is a global network that allows sharing of information for various purposes, making it a vast source of media and information that can be accessed quickly with a keyword or phrase.
- 🔑 Evaluation of information involves considering its factuality and truthfulness, distinguishing between facts based on empirical research and personal beliefs or philosophical ideas that may also be considered as truths.
- ❓ To assess information, questions to ask include the credibility of the source, the medium used for conveying the information, the purpose of the information, how it is presented, and its value to the audience.
- 📝 The CRAAP test (Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose) is a useful method for evaluating the quality and reliability of information in media.
Q & A
What is the definition of information according to the script?
-Information is described as processed data and/or knowledge derived from study, experience, instruction, signals, or symbols. It can be ideas, thoughts, feelings, emotions, or learnings that are communicated or have been communicated.
What are the three main categories of information sources mentioned in the script?
-The three main categories of information sources are primary sources, secondary sources, and tertiary sources.
What is a primary source and what are some examples?
-A primary source is an original, uninterpreted, or first-hand material created by a person or persons involved in a particular activity or event. Examples include artifacts, diaries, autobiographies, letters, manuscripts, music sheets, official documents, emails, journals, periodicals, conference proceedings, artworks, architecture, and patents.
What is a secondary source and how does it differ from a primary source?
-A secondary source is information obtained through the analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of primary source materials. It differs from a primary source in that it is not a first-hand account but rather an interpretation or analysis of primary sources.
What is a tertiary source and why are encyclopedias and dictionaries considered as such?
-A tertiary source involves information that collects, organizes, and summarizes primary and secondary source material. Encyclopedias and dictionaries are considered tertiary sources because they present a collection of different pieces of information that could have stemmed from primary and secondary sources.
What is an example of indigenous media and why is it important?
-Indigenous media is a form of media conceptualized, produced, and circulated by indigenous people for cultural preservation, artistic expression, political self-determination, and cultural sovereignty. An example is folk songs like 'Harana' and 'Kundiman' in the Philippines, which are important as they represent the culture and can educate others about it.
Why are libraries considered a good source of media and information?
-Libraries serve as repositories for media and information, offering a wide range of resources such as books, journals, and databases. They provide services that link people to the information they seek and offer technical, computer, and administrative services to support information access and management.
What is the role of the internet in accessing media and information?
-The internet is a global network that allows users to share and access information quickly and easily. With a keyword or phrase, users can find a vast amount of information in a short time, making it an essential tool for media and information access.
What is the difference between facts and truths according to the script?
-Facts are pieces of information based on empirical research and quantifiable measures, indisputable and proven. Truths may include facts but can also encompass personal beliefs or philosophical ideas. Truths are widely accepted norms or beliefs that apply to situations.
What are some questions to ask when evaluating information in media?
-When evaluating information, ask about the source's credibility, the medium used to convey the information, the purpose of the information, how the information is presented, and whether the information is valuable to you as an audience.
What does the acronym CRAAP stand for and how can it be used to evaluate information?
-CRAAP stands for Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, and Purpose. It is a set of criteria to evaluate the quality and reliability of information, considering its timeliness, fit to needs, source credibility, correctness, and intention.
Outlines
📚 Introduction to Information Literacy and Sources
This paragraph introduces the fourth lesson on information literacy, focusing on the types of information sources. It defines information as processed data or knowledge derived from various experiences and symbols. The main categories of information sources are primary, secondary, and tertiary sources. Primary sources are original materials like artifacts, diaries, and official documents. Secondary sources analyze and interpret primary materials, while tertiary sources summarize information from both. Examples of primary sources include personal artifacts, diaries, letters, manuscripts, and official documents like birth certificates. The paragraph emphasizes the importance of understanding these categories for effective information sourcing.
🌐 Exploring Indigenous and Library Media Sources
The second paragraph delves into the concept of indigenous media, which is media created by indigenous people for cultural preservation and expression. Examples include folk tales, songs, and dances, which are representative of a culture's way of life. The paragraph also highlights the role of libraries as repositories of information, offering various services such as user services, technical services, and administrative services. Libraries are categorized into school, academic, public, and special libraries, each serving different needs and audiences. The importance of libraries as sources of media and information is underscored, along with the various services they provide to facilitate access to knowledge.
🌐 The Internet as a Media and Information Source
This paragraph discusses the internet as a global network that facilitates the sharing of information. It emphasizes the ease and speed with which information can be accessed online, requiring only a keyword or phrase. The paragraph also introduces the concept of evaluating information and media, distinguishing between facts, which are based on empirical research, and truths, which may include personal beliefs or philosophical ideas. It stresses the importance of accessing information that is both factual and truthful, and the political nature of facts, which are established by witnesses and testimony. The paragraph concludes by emphasizing the need for careful handling and processing of information and media.
🔍 Evaluating Media and Information: The CRAAP Test
The final paragraph provides a framework for evaluating media and information using the CRAAP test, which stands for Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, and Purpose. It explains the importance of assessing the timeliness, fit with one's needs, credibility of the source, reliability and correctness of the information, and the intention behind the information. The paragraph encourages the audience to ask critical questions about the information they consume and to evaluate its value and benefit to their life and learning. The CRAAP test is presented as a useful tool for making informed judgments about the media and information encountered.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Information Literacy
💡Primary Sources
💡Secondary Sources
💡Tertiary Sources
💡Indigenous Media
💡Libraries
💡Internet
💡Facts
💡Truths
💡Evaluation of Information
Highlights
Information is defined as processed data or knowledge derived from various sources.
Three main categories of information sources: primary, secondary, and tertiary sources.
Primary sources are original, uninterpreted materials created by individuals involved in an event.
Examples of primary sources include artifacts, diaries, autobiographies, letters, manuscripts, and official documents.
Secondary sources involve analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of primary source materials.
Newspaper articles, literature reviews, textbooks, and biographies are considered secondary sources.
Tertiary sources summarize primary and secondary source materials, such as encyclopedias and dictionaries.
Indigenous media as a form of communication for cultural preservation and political self-determination.
Examples of indigenous media include folk tales, songs, dances, and other cultural expressions.
Libraries serve as repositories for media and information, offering various services to users.
Different types of libraries include school, academic, public, and special libraries.
The internet is a global network allowing users to share information for various purposes.
Importance of evaluating and assessing information in media for factuality and truthfulness.
Facts are based on empirical research and quantifiable measures, while truths may include personal beliefs.
Questions to ask when evaluating information: Who is the source? What is the medium? What is the purpose?
The CRAAP test for evaluating information: Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, and Purpose.
The necessity to stand by facts and truth when accessing and processing information and media.
Transcripts
[Music]
good day everyone welcome back to median
information literacy for the fourth
lesson we will be talking about media
and information sources for today we
will discuss the following the first one
are the different types of information
sources we'll also talk about how to
find resources of information and last
but not the least we'll talk about how
we could evaluate information in media
let us first go back to the definition
of information if you could still recall
information is simply described as
process data and or knowledge derived
from study experience instruction
signals or symbols this could be ideas
thoughts feelings emotions or even
learnings that we want to communicate or
we have been communicated with in terms
of sourcing information there are three
main categories
from which we could derive it we have
what we call primary sources
secondary sources and tertiary sources
primary sources are simply described as
an original
uninterpreted or first-hand material
created by person or persons involved in
a particular activity or an event so
basically they are first-hand witnesses
to the particular event that could be a
source of import nation as for secondary
sources these are simply information
obtained through the analysis
interpretation and evaluation of primary
source materials therefore if you have
already in your hand primary references
and you analyze
interpret or evaluate those primary
resources your own interpretation
analysis and evaluation is already
considered a secondary source of
information tertiary sources on the
other hand involve information that
collects organizes and summarizes
primary and secondary source material so
it's basically the combination of the
use of primary and secondary sources one
example of a primary source is an
artifact an artifact is simply a
material object that has been used by
people from a long time ago so these are
material objects that are representative
of their way of life or their culture
artifacts may include personal
accessories jewelries tools and other
objects that they have used in their
everyday lives diaries and
autobiographies could also be considered
as another example of primary sources
diaries or personal recollections of a
person whereas autobiographies are
simply
stories of life written by that
particular person printed and
handwritten letters could also be
considered as primary sources of
information especially if they are
signed another example is manuscripts
which is simply the printed or
handwritten text format of a speech or a
dialogue for example music sheets or
compositions of songs could also be
considered as primary sources of
information official and original
documents that could be personal in
nature could also serve as primary
sources of information in fact your
birth certificate is considered to be a
primary source of your personal infor
may shot that is the reason why you
probably would have noticed that every
time that you apply for something
especially if it's something that is
related to government transactions they
would probably be looking for your birth
certificate or asking for a copy of your
birth certificate other examples of
primary sources also include emails
journals periodicals and conference
proceedings artworks and architecture
could also be considered as examples of
primary sources you probably might be
wondering why because these objects are
reflective of culture are reflected of
the time when it was first produced
patents are also considered to be an
example of primary sources similarly
audio and video recordings could also be
considered as primary sources of
information how about secondary sources
of information newspaper articles are
already considered secondary sources of
information because these have been
written by people who have gathered
information
from other sources or other people that
have witnessed the specific event that
they are talking about so it's not
necessarily them that have seen it
firsthand that's why we could consider
newspaper articles as secondary sources
of information they have already
included their analysis their
interpretation of that particular event
when writing or producing newspaper
articles another good secondary source
of information is literature reviews if
you would still remember literature
reviews are simply an analysis a
synthesis of different related
literature textbooks and biographies are
considered to be secondary sources so
please do take note of the difference
between autobiographies and biographies
biographies are stories of lives of one
particular person that has been written
by another person and like autobiography
wherein that particular person is
already talking about his or her own
life moving on encyclopedia in
dictionaries however are already
considered tertiary sources why remember
that encyclopedias already present a
collection of different pieces of
information that could have stemmed or
came from primary and secondary sources
similarly with dictionary as well so
these two reference materials unlike
textbooks could be considered as
tertiary sources guidebooks and manuals
are also considered tertiary sources
similarly directory such as the yellow
pages and
school year books could be considered as
tertiary sources you probably might be
wondering where can we even find media
and information sources first and
foremost indigenous knowledge could be a
great source of media and infor may show
according to wilson at all in 2015
indigenous media is a form of media that
is conceptualized produced and
circulated by indigenous people
as vehicles for communication
specifically for cultural preservation
cultural and artistic expression
political self-determination and
cultural sovereignty some examples of
indigenous media include folk tales folk
songs and folk dances so take for
example here in the philippines our
myths and legends could be considered as
folktales harana kundiman uyayi could
already be considered as folk songs and
are very good examples of indigenous
media because they are representative of
our own culture and other people outside
the philippines could learn about our
culture through these things folk dances
on the other hand could include
technically
etc you also have to remember that there
is also one very good place wherein you
could find a vast amount of information
and that is the library so for the
longest time libraries have already
served as a very good repository for
media and information which makes it a
very good source of media and
information as well
ifla in 2003 described libraries as
places
and means of access to information
ideas and works of imagination so this
is basically a place where you can find
lots and lots of ideas thoughts feelings
that have been expressed in written or
printed form the library does not simply
serve as a place wherein you could read
books or where you could stay if you
want some peace and quiet there are also
different kinds of library services
offered for example user services
include functions and linking people to
the information they are looking for so
if you need to look for a specific piece
of information the library could help
you out with that libraries also offer
technical services wherein they could
function in gathering cataloging and
preparing library materials recently
libraries also offer computer services
wherein they could maintain databases
software programming web design and
computer maintenance in the library
itself last but not the least libraries
also include administrative services
which includes managing the library and
services conveying contracts supervising
library employees and preparing budgets
necessary for the operations of the
library libraries could also be
classified into different times we have
the school libraries which would often
refer to small libraries that could be
found in the primary and secondary level
schools academic libraries on the other
hand are often found in universities or
colleges academic libraries more often
than not offer more advanced resources
compared to school libraries libraries
that are found in a local or in a city
could be considered as public libraries
now these libraries are accessible to
people living near or within that area
they're also what we refer to as special
libraries special libraries or libraries
that could be found in the most unusual
places so take for example in this
picture that i have presented this is a
library inside a mall another very good
source of media in information is of
course the internet shelly and campbell
in 2012 defined the internet as the
global network of computers
that allows computer users around the
world to share information for a variety
of purposes a click of a button or a
touch of a finger you could now access
so many pieces of information in a very
small amount of time so all you all you
need is a keyword or a key phrase and
the internet will show you where to get
more pieces of information about it
right now it is not very difficult for
us to access and acquire information in
media therefore it has become imperative
that we are aware of how to evaluate and
assess the information and media that we
are seeing or looking at what does it
mean it only means that we have to be
aware of how to properly distinguish
information in media remember that in
accessing information and media we
always need to stand by facts and the
truth these two words are often used
together but they are actually two
different things facts are pieces of
information that are based on empirical
research and quantifiable measures so
it's something that has been produced
because of research therefore it's
something that is indisputable it's
something that you cannot refute it
definitely occurred in the past it
really happened because there are
witnesses to it or it has been backed up
by science or governed by research facts
are also proven through calculation and
experience however facts are malleable
by context what does it mean it could be
interpreted in different ways depending
on the context wherein it is presented
truths on the other hand may include
fact but it can also include personal
beliefs or philosophical ideas other
people have simply described truth as a
fact that you believe applies to
situations truths are also kind of a
norm something that has been accepted
widely by many people to simply put it
fact and personal reason equal a basic
truth now why are we even discussing
these two things because it is very
important that when we access
information in media it is both factual
and truthful in fact according to hannah
aaron factual truth is always related to
other people it concerns events and
circumstances in which many are involved
it is established by witnesses and
depends upon testimony it's something
that could be proven and could be
supported by witnesses it exists only to
the extent that it is spoken about so if
people are not talking about it then
there might not be some factual truth to
it even if that particular thing occurs
in the domain of privacy it is political
by nature this is the reason why we have
to be very much concerned with how we
handle and process information and media
we always need to stand by what is
factual and what is truthful a good
combination of the two could result to a
very good evaluation of information in
media in the assessment of information
there are several questions that you
could ask yourself to help you evaluate
first question that you could ask is who
or what is the source of the information
where is it coming from are these
sources actually credible in
establishing the credibility of the
source of information you have to ensure
its validity
its accuracy and its reliability how
valid is the information presented or
how valid is the source of the
information how accurate is it and how
reliable they could be the second
question that you can ask is what is the
medium used to convey or to relay that
piece of information is it from the
television is it from the newspaper or
is it acquired or related with the use
of the internet or the computer third
question that you could ask is knowing
its purpose what is the purpose of the
information what does it intend to do is
it to inform people is this information
conveyed to persuade other people to
educate to gain profit to influence or
is this piece of information simply
propaganda another question that you
could ask is how is this specific
information made how is this information
presented to you is it in a form of a
text is it in a form of a multimedia is
it presented in an online platform last
but not the least as an audience as a
consumer of information and media you
also have to ask yourself is it valuable
to you how does it add to your life your
learning to your thoughts to your
beliefs simply put how does it benefit
you as an audience in short when you are
presented with information in media you
could simply just ask yourself is it
crap c-r-a-a-p
now what do these letters stand for
c-r-a-a-p stands for c currency the
timeliness of the information is this
piece of information even up-to-date
relevance means how does this
information fits into your needs again
how would it help you how does it
contribute to you and to what you
already know the first letter a stands
for authority or the source of the
information again establish credibility
of the source the next letter a stands
for accuracy basically it's the
reliability and correctness and the
concreteness of the information could it
be supported by evidence last but not
the least again evaluate its purpose
what is the reason why this information
exists in the first place what is the
intention of this piece of information
or media that's it for our discussion
here are my sources and references
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