Nucleic Acids
Summary
TLDRNucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, are vital organic macromolecules in living organisms, composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. DNA, the primary component of chromatin, carries genetic information in an organism's genes, directing traits and activities, including heredity. RNA plays a crucial role in protein synthesis by assembling amino acids. Both are made of nucleotides, with DNA having adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, and RNA having adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine. DNA's structure is double-stranded with hydrogen bonds, while RNA is single-stranded, showcasing the complexity and importance of nucleic acids in cellular functions.
Takeaways
- 🧬 Nucleic acids are large organic molecules composed of thousands of smaller molecules, including DNA and RNA.
- 🌟 DNA is the primary component of chromatin, which condenses into chromosomes before cell division.
- 🧵 Chromosomes contain DNA organized in a specific order that forms an organism's genes.
- 🔑 Genes carry the instructions for every function, trait, and activity in an organism, including growth, reproduction, and heredity.
- 🛠 RNA plays a crucial role in protein synthesis by assembling amino acids in the correct order.
- 🌱 Both DNA and RNA are composed of elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and additionally, phosphorus.
- 🔬 Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids, consisting of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar (pentose), and a nitrogenous base.
- 🔄 DNA nucleotides have four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
- 🔄 RNA nucleotides also have four bases, but uracil (U) replaces thymine.
- 🔗 The phosphate group of one nucleotide bonds with the pentose sugar of another to form a nucleic acid polymer.
- 🌀 DNA has a double-stranded structure with strands linked by hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases, while RNA is typically single-stranded.
Q & A
What are nucleic acids?
-Nucleic acids are organic macromolecules composed of thousands or hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules, with two main types: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
What is the role of DNA in living organisms?
-DNA is the main component of chromatin, which condenses into chromosomes before cell division. It contains genes that provide the directions for every function, trait, and activity in an organism, including growth, reproduction, and heredity.
What is the function of RNA in the cell?
-RNA is involved in building specific proteins by assembling their amino acids in the correct order, which are crucial for all cellular functions in living organisms.
What elements do nucleic acids contain?
-Nucleic acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
What are the monomers of nucleic acids called?
-The monomers of nucleic acids are called nucleotides.
What are the three compounds that make up a nucleotide?
-A nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar (pentose), and a nitrogenous base.
What is the difference between the pentose sugar in DNA and RNA?
-The pentose sugar in DNA is called deoxyribose, which has one less oxygen than ribose, the pentose sugar found in RNA.
What are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA nucleotides?
-The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
What are the four nitrogenous bases found in RNA nucleotides?
-The four nitrogenous bases in RNA are adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
How do nucleotides assemble to form nucleic acids?
-Nucleotides assemble by the phosphate group of one nucleotide bonding with the pentose sugar of another, forming a nucleic acid polymer.
What is the structural difference between DNA and RNA?
-DNA is a double-stranded nucleic acid with two strands linked by hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases, while RNA is single-stranded.
Outlines
🧬 Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Structure and Function
This paragraph delves into the world of nucleic acids, highlighting their role as organic macromolecules composed of thousands of smaller molecules. It introduces the two main types: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both integral to life's processes. DNA, the primary component of chromatin, forms chromosomes and contains genes that direct an organism's traits and functions, including growth, reproduction, and heredity. RNA, on the other hand, is involved in protein synthesis by arranging amino acids. The paragraph explains that nucleic acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and are made up of monomers called nucleotides, which consist of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base. DNA nucleotides contain adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine (A, T, C, G), while RNA contains adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine (A, U, C, G). The assembly of these monomers forms a polymer, with RNA being single-stranded and DNA double-stranded, held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases.
🌟 Composition and Role of Nucleic Acids in Cellular Processes
The second paragraph continues the discussion on nucleic acids, focusing on their composition and their crucial role in cellular activities. It reiterates that nucleic acids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and are formed by nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made up of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. The specific bases in DNA are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, while in RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil. The paragraph also distinguishes between the pentose sugars in DNA and RNA, naming them deoxyribose and ribose, respectively. The music in the background signifies a transition or pause, possibly indicating the complexity and significance of the information being presented.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Nucleic Acids
💡Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
💡Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
💡Chromatin
💡Genes
💡Nucleotides
💡Pentose
💡Nitrogenous Bases
💡Adenine
💡Thymine
💡Uracil
Highlights
Nucleic acids are a type of organic macromolecule composed of smaller molecules.
There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA.
DNA is the main component of chromatin and forms chromosomes during cell division.
Genes within DNA contain directions for every function, trait, and activity in an organism.
RNA is involved in assembling amino acids to build specific proteins.
Nucleic acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids, consisting of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
DNA contains four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
RNA contains adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine as its nitrogenous bases.
The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, lacking one oxygen compared to ribose in RNA.
Nucleotides assemble into nucleic acids through phosphate-sugar bonds.
RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid, while DNA is double-stranded.
DNA strands are linked by hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases.
Nucleic acids transmit hereditary information and instruct cells on protein construction.
The specific order of DNA in chromosomes makes up an organism's genes.
Proteins are responsible for all cellular functions in living organisms.
The ability to pass on genes to offspring is a key function of nucleic acids.
Nucleic acids' structure and composition are crucial for their role in heredity and protein synthesis.
Transcripts
the final organic macromolecule we'll
cover is nucleic acids
a nucleic acid is an organic macro
molecule which means it's a large
organic compound made from thousands or
hundreds of thousands of smaller
molecules
there are two types of nucleic acids
deoxyribonucleic acid or dna and
ribonucleic acid or
rna
notice that both terms actually contain
the words nucleic acid in them
in living organisms dna is the main
component of chromatin which will
condense into the familiar chromosome
shape prior to cell division
the dna in chromosomes is organized in a
specific order that makes up an
organism's genes
genes contain the directions for every
function trait and activity in a living
organism
these activities include growth
reproduction and especially heredity
which means the ability to pass on genes
to offspring
the other type of nucleic acid rna is
integrally involved in building specific
proteins by assembling their amino acids
in the correct order
proteins are responsible for all
cellular functions in living organisms
so
what are nucleic acids made of
of course as an organic macromolecule
nucleic acids contain the element carbon
like proteins nucleic acids also contain
hydrogen
oxygen
and nitrogen
but nucleic acids also contain the
element phosphorus
so what is the structure of nucleic
acids
well both dna and rna are made up of
monomers called nucleotides
all nucleotides contain three compounds
the first compound is a phosphate group
which contains phosphorus
the second compound is a five carbon
sugar
all five carbon sugars can be called a
pentose
a good way to remember this is that pent
means five and the suffix os
means sugar
the specific pentose sugar in rna is
called ribose
the pentose sugar in dna has one less
oxygen than ribose in rna which leads to
its name deoxyribose
the third compound in a nucleic acid
nucleotide is a weak base that always
contains nitrogen
for this reason this compound is
referred to as a nitrogenous base
the nucleotides in dna contain one of
four possible nitrogenous bases
they are called adenine
thymine
cytosine
or guanine these bases are usually
abbreviated as a
t c
and g
similarly the nucleotides in rna also
contain one of four nitrogenous bases
adenine
uracil cytosine
or guanine
they are abbreviated as a
u
c and g
notice that both dna and rna have
adenine
cytosine and guanine but only dna has
thymine and only rna has uracil
so how do nucleotide monomers assemble
into nucleic acids
well
the phosphate group in one nucleotide
bonds with the pentose sugar in another
nucleotide
the assembled string of nucleotides
forms a nucleic acid polymer
even though both rna and dna have
alternating sugar and phosphate groups
there are differences in their overall
structure
for example
rna is a single stranded nucleic acid
while dna
is a double stranded nucleic acid
the two strands in dna are linked by a
hydrogen bond that connects the
nitrogenous bases from one strand to the
nitrogenous basis from the other strand
in summary
nucleic acids are organic macromolecules
the two types of nucleic acids are dna
and rna
dna and rna are used to transmit
hereditary information and to instruct
the cell how to properly construct
proteins
nucleic acids contain carbon hydrogen
oxygen nitrogen and phosphorus
nucleotides are the monomers that bond
together to form dna or rna
consist of three compounds a phosphate
group a five carbon sugar also known as
a pentose and a nitrogenous base
the nitrogenous bases in dna are adenine
thymine
cytosine and guanine
the nitrogenous bases in rna are adenine
uracil
cytosine and guanine
the five carbon sugar in dna is called
deoxyribose
while the five carbon sugar in rna is
called ribose
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