BIOELEMENTOS Y BIOMOLÉCULAS

MultiChannel

12 Sept 201910:58

Summary

TLDRThe video script discusses the 92 natural chemical elements, highlighting the 30 bioelements essential for cellular life, which account for 99.38% of a cell's atoms. Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen are the most abundant, forming 98.7% of the total. It explains the roles of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in cells, detailing their structures and functions. Carbohydrates serve as energy and structural material, lipids include fats, phospholipids, sterols, and pigments, proteins have diverse roles including enzymatic and structural, and nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, are crucial for genetic information and protein synthesis.

Takeaways

🌐 There are 92 naturally occurring chemical elements, with about 30 being regular constituents of cells, known as bioelements.
📊 The relative abundance of chemical elements in a cell is such that the top four elements—hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen—account for 98.7% of all atoms in a cell.
🔬 Carbon atoms have the unique ability to bond with each other, forming diverse organic molecules that are essential for life's complex structures.
🍬 Carbohydrates are organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, serving as both an energy source and structural material in cells.
🔗 Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates with a general formula of C(H2O)n, where n is 3 or greater, with glucose being the most abundant.
🤝 Disaccharides are formed by two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond, common examples include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
🍃 Oligosaccharides contain between 3 to 10 monosaccharide units and are often named based on the number of monosaccharide units they contain.
🌾 Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates with many monosaccharide units, including common types like cellulose, starch, and glycogen.
💧 Lipids are water-insoluble biomolecules with at least one hydrocarbon chain, playing various roles such as energy storage and being components of biological membranes.
🧬 Proteins are chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, with their structure and function determined by the sequence and folding of amino acids.
🌀 Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information, with DNA having a double helix structure and RNA being a single strand with uracil instead of thymine.

Q & A

How many natural chemical elements exist, and how many of them are normal constituents of a cell?
-There are 92 natural chemical elements, and around 30 of them are normal constituents of a cell.
What percentage of atoms in a cell are made up by the four most abundant elements?
-The four most abundant elements in a cell, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen, make up 98.7% of the total.
What is the mnemotechnic to remember the most abundant elements in a cell?
-The mnemotechnic to remember the most abundant elements in a cell is CHN, which stands for Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen.
What are the two main types of molecules found in a cell, and how are they differentiated?
-The two main types of molecules found in a cell are organic molecules, which contain carbon, and inorganic molecules, which do not contain carbon.
What is the role of carbon atoms in forming diverse organic structures?
-Carbon atoms have the ability to link with each other, forming diverse linear, branched, or cyclic structures known as organic molecules.
What are the two essential functions of carbohydrates in a cell?
-Carbohydrates serve as a source of chemical energy and as a structural material in a cell.
What is the general formula for monosaccharides, and which is the most abundant monosaccharide?
-The general formula for monosaccharides is C(H2O)n where n is equal to or greater than 3. The most abundant monosaccharide is glucose.
What are the main types of lipids and their functions in a cell?
-Lipids are classified into fatty acids, glycerolipids, sterols, and prenol lipids. They are used for synthesizing more complex lipids, are components of biological membranes, and serve as precursors for bile acids and hormones.
How are proteins structured and what are the types of protein structures?
-Proteins are chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Their structures are classified as primary (the sequence of amino acids), secondary (alpha-helix or beta-sheet), tertiary (3D folding), and quaternary (assembly of multiple polypeptide chains).
What are the main functions of proteins in a cell?
-Proteins can have enzymatic, structural, storage, transport, communication, and immunological functions in a cell.
What are the components and structure of DNA and RNA, and how do they differ?
-DNA is a double helix made of two complementary strands of nucleotides with nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. RNA is a single-stranded molecule with bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil instead of thymine. RNA also uses ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose.
What are the three main types of RNA and their functions?
-The three main types of RNA are messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries genetic information from DNA to protein synthesis sites, transfer RNA (tRNA) which transfers specific amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which, along with proteins, forms ribosomes involved in protein synthesis.

Outlines

00:00

🌐 Chemical Elements in Cells

This paragraph introduces the 92 naturally occurring chemical elements, highlighting that only about 30 are normal constituents of cells, known as bioelements. It emphasizes the relative abundance of these elements in cells, with hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen being the most abundant, constituting 98.7% of all atoms in a cell. The paragraph also explains the role of carbon atoms in forming diverse organic molecules, which, along with inorganic molecules like water, make up the complex structures of living organisms. It further delves into the classification and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, which are the biomolecules essential for life.

05:00

🧬 Structure and Function of Biomolecules

The second paragraph discusses the structure and classification of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It explains that lipids are insoluble in water and have various functions, including forming cell membranes and serving as precursors for hormones. Proteins are described as chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, with their structure and function varying based on the sequence and spatial arrangement of these amino acids. The paragraph also details the structure of DNA as a double helix and RNA as a single strand, both composed of nucleotides, and the differences in their nitrogenous bases. Lastly, it touches on the types of RNA, including messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA, and their roles in protein synthesis.

10:02

🎵 Music and Protein Synthesis

The third paragraph is shorter and primarily contains musical interludes, with a brief mention of the synthesis of proteins. It mentions that transfer RNA carries a specific amino acid from the cytoplasm to the growing polypeptide chain during protein synthesis, and ribosomal RNA is associated with proteins to form ribosomes, which are the sites of protein synthesis. The paragraph ends with a musical note, indicating a transition or conclusion in the video script.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Chemical Elements

Chemical elements are substances that consist of atoms with the same number of protons in their atomic nucleus. In the context of the video, it discusses the 92 naturally occurring elements, with approximately 30 being common constituents of cells, known as biogenic elements. These elements are essential to understanding the composition of living organisms and their biochemical processes.

💡Biogenic Elements

Biogenic elements are a subset of chemical elements that are normal constituents of cells. The script specifies that these elements sum up to 99.38% of the total atoms in a cell, highlighting their fundamental role in the biological processes that sustain life.

💡Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, and Nitrogen

These are the four most abundant elements in a cell, making up 98.7% of the total. They are the building blocks of organic molecules and are central to the video's theme of cellular composition. The script uses the acronym 'CHN' to help remember these elements.

💡Organic Molecules

Organic molecules are compounds that contain carbon and are capable of forming complex structures. The video mentions that carbon atoms can link to each other to form diverse linear, branched, or cyclic structures, which are the basis of organic molecules.

💡Inorganic Molecules

In contrast to organic molecules, inorganic molecules do not contain carbon. An example given in the script is water, which makes up approximately 70% of a cell. These molecules are important for various cellular functions, despite not being part of the organic framework.

💡Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are biomolecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, typically with a hydrogen:oxygen atom ratio of 2:1. The script explains that they serve as a source of chemical energy and as structural material in cells. They are classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides, with glucose being the most abundant monosaccharide.

💡Lipids

Lipids are biological molecules that are insoluble in water and are composed of hydrocarbon chains or rings. The video script describes different types of lipids, including fatty acids, phospholipids, sterols, and others, which have various roles in cells, such as being components of cell membranes and energy storage.

💡Proteins

Proteins are polymers made up of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The script outlines the different levels of protein structure, from the primary sequence of amino acids to the quaternary structure formed by multiple polypeptide chains. Proteins perform a wide range of functions in cells, including enzymatic activity, structural support, and transport.

💡Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, are the genetic material of cells. The video script explains the structure of DNA as a double helix and RNA as a single-stranded molecule. They are composed of nucleotides, which include a nitrogenous base, a sugar molecule, and a phosphate group. Nucleic acids are central to the theme of genetic information and protein synthesis.

💡Transcription

Transcription is the process by which the genetic information from DNA is copied into RNA. The script mentions that during transcription, complementary base pairing occurs, with adenine pairing with uracil (in RNA) and guanine with cytosine, a process vital for gene expression.

💡Ribosomes

Ribosomes are cellular structures that facilitate protein synthesis. The script describes them as complexes associated with proteins, where the function of ribosomes is to synthesize proteins based on the information carried by mRNA.

Highlights

There are 92 naturally occurring chemical elements, with approximately 30 being regular constituents of the cell and known as bioelements.

The relative abundance of chemical elements in the cell is detailed, with certain elements making up 99.38% of the total atoms in a cell.

The remaining 0.62% of the cell's composition is made up of other elements, showcasing the predominance of a few key elements.

The four most abundant elements in the cell are hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen, which can be remembered using the mnemonic CHN.

These four elements alone account for 98.7% of the cell's composition.